Application Of Ethical Principles Research Articles

ЭТИКА И МОРАЛЬ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ БИЗНЕСЕ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

In this article the author reflects on the application of ethical principles in the business environment, starting with the definition of business ethics and considering the approaches of various schools of thought to the presence of an ethical component in the entrepreneurial activity. The author provides a wide range of arguments against the view that the goals of business should be primarily growth and profit and that ethical principles of business are secondary or irrelevant. The article provides a historical overview of the development of philosophical and ethical thought in this regard and, in particular, briefly formulates the key views on this topic of the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, the mercantilists of the 17th century, Bernard Mandeville and Adam Smith in the 18th century, John Keynes in the first half of the 20th century, as well as some modern authors and figures. In conclusion, the author states a strong increase in the role of moral assessments and ethical formulations in business at the present time and formulates the idea that the ethical side of a company’s activities is beginning to approach the classical factors of production in importance. However, the author questions the sincerity of thinking about business ethics in modern society.

Ethical considerations in evaluating discharge readiness from the intensive care unit.

Evaluating readiness for discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) is a critical aspect of patient care. Whereas evidence-based criteria for ICU admission have been established, practical criteria for discharge from the ICU are lacking. Often discharge guidelines simply state that a patient no longer meets ICU admission criteria. Such discharge criteria can be interpreted differently by different healthcare providers, leaving a clinical void where misunderstandings of patients' readiness can conflict with perceptions of what readiness means for patients, families, and healthcare providers. In considering ICU discharge readiness, the use and application of ethical principles may be helpful in mitigating such conflicts and achieving desired patient outcomes. Ethical principles propose different ways of understanding what readiness might mean and how clinicians might weigh these principles in their decision-making process. This article examines the concept of discharge readiness through the lens of the most widely cited ethical principles (autonomy [respect for persons], nonmaleficence/beneficence, and justice) and provides a discussion of their application in the critical care environment. Ongoing bioethics discourse and empirical research are needed to identify factors that help determine discharge readiness within critical care environments that will ultimately promote safe and effective ICU discharges for patients and their families.

A no-win situation: psychiatrists navigating competing obligations between free will, paternalism, duty of care, and position of guarantee

This paper examines the ethical tensions psychiatrists encounter in balancing competing obligations to patients and society, heightened in the COVID-19 era. With reference to the Italian situation, legal concepts such as duty of care or the rule of law defined “position of guarantee” engender heightened duties of care but generate discordance concerning patient autonomy. As a matter of fact, Italian psychiatrists are considered responsible for the effects of their interventions on patients and their behaviors. Consequently, managing involuntary treatment, assessing risk, and worrying about liability strain practitioners' efforts to uphold non-maleficence. As mental healthcare needs escalate globally amidst resource constraints, the application of ethical principles is imperative. Evidence-based approaches prioritizing collaborative harm reduction over social control must be reinforced through education, oversight, and organizational policies. With balanced civil commitment criteria and realistic expectations acknowledging risk prediction limits, therapeutic alliances can be maintained. Greater investment in community-based systems can mitigate coercion and marginalization. Psychiatrists worldwide endeavor to uphold beneficence and non-maleficence within shifting accountability landscapes. This perspective advocates collective efforts to promote patient welfare through equitable, quality care. Navigating the multifaceted nexus of competing obligations demands thoughtful dialogue and judicious reforms responsive to both practitioner and patient needs. By engaging with ethical complexities with scientific rigor and compassion, psychiatry can uphold humane, ethical standards despite mounting challenges.

The relevance of ethics in the European Union’s second public health programme

Aim: The objective of this paper was to investigate whether ethical values were explicitly identified in the Second Public Health Programme (2008-2013) of the European Commission.
 Methods: A qualitative case study methodology of exploratory nature was followed. The data used were the summaries of the project proposals and Public Health Programme objectives and was retrieved from the publicly available Consumers, Health and Food Executive Agency database. Since the PHP was finalized during the study, the study only focused on the summaries of the fifty-five finalized project proposals while excluding the ongoing projects and those projects at the reporting stage. The full proposals for the projects are confidential and thus could not be retrieved. However, the project summaries were inarguably sufficient to conduct the study. Using a table, a content analysis method in addition to the ethical framework, was applied in order to analyze and categorise the project findings.
 Results: The results unfold that, out of the seven ethical principles, only ‘equity’ and ‘efficiency’ were explicitly considered in eighteen projects and four projects respectively. Moreover, from the shared health values, eight projects identified aspects pertaining to ‘accessibility to quality health care’ while ‘solidarity’ was only discussed in one project. Lastly, the ethical aspects ‘ethics’ and ‘values’ were identified in three projects and in one project respectively.
 Conclusions: From the results, there is a limited consideration of ethical principles within the projects. Therefore, future public health programmes could use this as an opportunity to emphasis on the inclusion and application of ethical principles in public health projects.

ЕТИЧНІ ДИЛЕМИ СУЧАСНОГО ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ПОСЕРЕДНИЦТВА: АДАПТАЦІЯ ДО СУЧАСНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

In the contemporary global context, the role of political mediation is increasingly pivotal in resolving conflicts at every stratum, from the local to the global arena. However, amidst rapid global transformations, ethical dilemmas in mediation processes become more pronounced and demand urgent attention. This article focuses on a comprehensive examination of current ethical conundrums in political mediation. It pays particular attention to the mediator’s responsibility, the selection of strategies and methodologies that foster trust and dialogue, and a critical analysis of mediation examples that demonstrate a diversity of approaches and outcomes. The piece thoroughly investigates the broad spectrum of challenges associated with the application of ethical principles in mediation processes and attempts to discern how modern global trends and challenges affect conventional political mediation methods. It also provides a historical perspective, scrutinizing the evolution of academic perspectives on ethical dilemmas in politics through various historical epochs. The study observes that the ethical issues in contemporary political mediation and its adaptation to new challenges often remain outside the scope of scholarly discourse. This lack of adapted concepts and methodologies necessitates further academic efforts and scrutiny of ethical issues within the context of current political negotiations and mediation. The author suggests additional research into the impact of global trends, such as globalization, technological innovations, and an increase in political mediation actors, on the ethical dimensions of this sphere.

Tools for Embedding and Assessing Sustainable Development Goals in Engineering Education

This paper presents three tools developed within the framework of the project EDINSOST2-SDG, aimed at embedding and assessing the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Engineering curricula. ESD is promoted through the introduction into engineering curricula of learning outcomes related to sustainability and, specifically, to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The first tool, the “Engineering Sustainability Map”, contains ESD-related learning outcomes that any engineering student should have acquired upon completion of their studies. These learning outcomes are described according to four sustainability competencies: (1) Critical contextualization of knowledge, (2) Sustainable use of resources, (3) Participation in community processes, and (4) Application of ethical principles. The second tool, the “Sustainability Presence Map” of a degree, shows the percentage of the presence in the curriculum of each sustainability competency. The calculation of the presence of each competency is based on the effective integration of the related learning outcomes into a specific curriculum. Respective data are provided by teachers responsible for the coordination of the different subjects of the degree, collected by means of a questionnaire. The third tool presented is a questionnaire aimed at measuring the level of ESD that students perceive they have acquired through each competency. The comparison of data resulting from the Sustainability Presence Map with the data from the student questionnaire is the first step that allows the effectiveness of embedding ESD in a degree to be determined, a proper learning assessment will confirm such effectiveness. The three tools presented in this work have undergone a validation process and are currently being used in a set of engineering degrees related to the EDINSOST2-SDG project. The results of the application of these tools are part of the future research work of the authors.

Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses about Nursing Ethical Principles at the Trikora Salakan Regional General Hospital Banggai Regency Central Sulawesi Province

Introduction: The ethical principles of nursing consist of autonomy, beneficial, justice, non maleficience, veracity, fidelity, confidentiality and accountability. Based on observations made by researchers at the hospital, that there were 6 nurses who leaked the patient's identity, then the researcher asked 6 nurses whether it was necessary to explain to the patient when taking action the nurse said it was not necessary. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of nurses about the principles of nursing ethics at the Trikora Salakan General Hospital, Banggai Islands Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Method: This type of research is descriptive which aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of nurses about the ethical principles of nursing. This type of data uses primary data and secondary data. Collecting data using a questionnaire with 25 assessment items with knowledge and attitudes. Data analysis used univariate analysis. The population in this study were nurses in the inpatient room of the Trikora General Hospital, Salakan. The sample in this study were all implementing nurses in the inpatient room at Trikora General Hospital Salakan with a total sample of 52 respondents. Result: Showed that the knowledge of good by 82 , 7 %, enough knowledge as much as 17.3%, while as much as 76.9% good attitude, the attitude of quite as much as 23.1%. It is hoped that nurses can maintain the application of ethical principles to patients so that they feel comfortable in the hospital.

Factors related to implementation of nursing care ethical principles in Indonesia.

Background: The implementation of ethical principles is crucial in carrying out nursing care, since it is part of the 12 basic competencies, that should be possessed by a nurse. This study aims to analyse the factors associated with the implementation of nurses’ ethical principles.Design and Methods: This study used a quantitative research design, with a cross-sectional approach. The participants consisted of 389 nurses, working in the medical ward of the hospitals, in Indonesia. Data were analysed using the bivariate analysis, t-test, ANOVA and multiple linear regression test.Results: There were no significant relationships between the demographic factors and the ethical behaviour. There was a relationship between caring behaviour and the application of ethical principles (p=0.000, and a correlation coefficient of 0.602).Conclusion: Nurse ethical behaviour was improved, by increasing their caring attitude.Significance for public healthThe implementation of nursing services should always make provisions for good care, uphold the code of ethics, apply ethical principles, and other related services. There are seven ethical principles of nursing, namely autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, veracity, fidelity, and confidentiality. The implementation of nursing ethics depends on, the personal nurse, and other factors that serve as an influence. This study discusses the factors related to implementation of nursing care ethical principles in Indonesia.

Implications of Paul Tillich's Ethics in Personal and Business Ethics

Tillich’s reflections on ethics and morality included reflections on their connection with religion. His conclusion is that morality is the essence of religion, and that theological ethics should be present in every part of systematic theology. In this respect, Tillich accentuates the religious dimension of the moral imperative, the religious sources of moral demands, and the religious elements in moral motivation. It can be observed that the application of ethical principles as laid out by Tillich creates a solid network within the social community, and any deviation from the set constellation represents a weakening of that network. We wanted to prove this with our empirical research.

Soft skills and ethical aspects of business communication in the professional activity of accountant

The relevance of the research topic is highlighted. At present, when many of the functions previously performed by the accountant, are successfully carried out by automated accounting systems, the appropriate education and experience in the specialty are not enough. In order to be in demand in the labor market, the accountant must have, in addition to professional competencies, a number of communication skills and personal skills. The content of hard skills and soft skills, the ability to check and assess the level of their mastering in specific indicators are considered. It is investigated which communicative skills and soft skills should be provided while training specialists in accounting and taxation in the field of higher education. Analysis of higher education standards in specialty 071 «Accounting and Taxation» for the first (Bachelor's and second) (Master's) degrees of higher education is carried out and general and special competencies that correspond to soft skills and those program learning outcomes that these competencies allow to achieve. There are common and different soft skills, which correspond to the competencies and make it possible to achieve program learning outcomes for different levels of higher education in accordance with the standards of higher education in specialty 071 «Accounting and Taxation». It is determined that such basic general cultural norms of communication, which form of expression is tolerance, tact, social and cultural awareness of a person, according to higher education standards in specialty 071 «Accounting and Taxation», are equally important for applicants at both levels of higher education. Such common skill as responsibility is associated with the ability to adhere to professional ethics and apply ethical principles in the performance of professional duties. It is defined that special competencies associated with the acquisition of soft skills for both of these higher education standards relate to the application of ethical principles. It is established that the standards of higher education in specialty 071 «Accounting and Taxation! take into account ethical aspects in the context of both general ethics (spiritual aspect) and professional ethics (practical aspect). The requirement to take into account current trends in changing the priority of soft skills in training the accounting professionals and in professional activities and to develop exactly those skills that are in demand now and in the near future is substantiated.

Commentary: Social Media and the Ethical Principles of its use in Public Health and Health Education Research

Social media or web-based interventions are powerful and effi cient tools that have been widely applied in several areas of public health. Social media has become one of the most important approaches for recruitment or intervention, increasing awareness and knowledge of health issues, and in uencing attitudes towards health behavior change. The following article is a narrative review of following subtopics: a) application of social media in public health research and b) role and application of ethical principles in social media based research and highlights the application of ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice and surrounding issues faced by health education researchers while conducting health education research. We propose revisions to the code of ethics for health education specialists incor-porating application of ethical principles in social media usage.

Psychology Students’ Understanding of Ethics and Application of Ethical Principles

Background: The American Psychological Association (APA) has called on undergraduate psychology programs to embed training in ethics throughout their curricula. Although guidelines and resources exist, research on students’ understanding of and ability to apply the discipline’s ethical principles is limited. Objective: The purpose of this study was to learn more about psychology students’ perceptions of their undergraduate training in ethics, understanding of what it means to behave ethically, and competence at applying ethical principles. Method: Forty-four psychology students rated their undergraduate coursework and fieldwork training in ethics, described what it means to be ethical, and proposed a department honor code. Responses were independently coded using a rubric based on APA’s five ethical principles. Results: Participants reported that their undergraduate training gave them an adequate understanding of ethics. The majority included at least three ethical principles in their descriptions of ethical behavior but fewer than three principles in their proposed honor codes. Upper-level students rated their fieldwork training in ethics significantly higher than lower-level students. Participants with higher ratings of fieldwork training in ethics included significantly more ethical principles in their honor codes. Conclusion: Findings support APA’s call to embed training on ethics throughout the undergraduate curriculum.

Are We Training in Sustainability in Higher Education? Case Study: Education Degrees at the University of Salamanca

In this work, we analyzed the progress made in learning sustainability competencies by students belonging to the four Bachelor Education degrees at the University of Salamanca: Early Childhood Education Teacher, Primary Education Teacher, Pedagogy, and Social Education. To assess this progress, the instrument we used was the student questionnaire designed by the EDINSOST project. The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions related to the four sustainability competencies defined in 2011 by the Conference of Rectors of Spanish Universities: (1) critical contextualization of knowledge, (2) sustainable use of resources, (3) participation in community processes, and (4) application of ethical principles. The students answered the questions using a four-point Likert scale. The analysis of the answers determined the students’ perception of their own learning related to sustainability competencies. A total of 230 first-year and 96 fourth-year students responded to the questionnaire. The comparison between the first- and fourth-year students’ answers to each question enabled an evaluation of the improvement perceived by the students in their sustainability competencies. We analyzed the results by using the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis U tests. The results show that the students of the Bachelor Degree in Pedagogy are the only ones who achieve a significant improvement in their sustainability competencies. Bachelor Degree in Social Education and Bachelor Degree in Early Childhood Education Teacher students achieve an improvement, but it is not significant. Finally, Bachelor Degree in Primary Education Teacher students do not seem to achieve any improvement. From these data, it appears that the model used to introduce sustainability competencies in the Bachelor Degree in Pedagogy is the only one that achieves good results.

Why Did You Not Act on Our Suggestion? Regulatory and Growth-Oriented Opportunities During Ethical Review: A Case Study

In Australia, before conducting research with human participants, researchers must have their research plan reviewed by a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) to ensure that proposed methods meet ethical requirements and protect the welfare of participants. In addition, it has been proposed that HRECs can contribute to a novice researcher’s ethical mindfulness. To explore this suggestion, the current self-reflective case study examines the dialogue between a PhD candidate and the HREC that reviewed his proposed study of family bereavement in the context of the potential for organ donation. Findings suggest that when a respectful, problem-solving attitude is adopted by both parties, a learning environment evolves where diverse views, differences of opinion, and novel solutions are tolerated. In this context, the research plan is improved and the novice researcher’s ability to apply research ethics is developed. Simultaneously, members of the HREC gain practice in the identification of ethical dilemmas and the application of ethical principles that help resolve those dilemmas.

Prioritizing Competencies for "Research" Promotores and Community Health Workers.

Background. The community health worker (CHW) model is utilized globally to promote health and reduce health disparities in hard-to-reach and underserved communities. The model is deemed successful due to involvement of these natural helpers who are familiar with the local customs, language, and traditions. "Research" CHWs (also known as promotores) serve as cultural mediators between their community and academic researchers and are increasingly involved in the design and implementation of research; yet few of these individuals have received formal training in research methods or ethics. This study identified requisite skills and knowledge needed by research CHWs. Method. Investigators who utilized the CHW/promotor model were recruited to complete a survey and participate in one of four focus group sessions. Participants identified (1) research roles, (2) training received, (3) research competencies, (4) training barriers and facilitators, and (5) assessment preferences. Results. Participants (n = 20) completed a survey with 19 also participating in a focus group session. All participants involved CHWs in research implementation, with nearly half involving CHWs in the study design and/or dissemination of findings phases. Critical thinking skills and application of ethical principles (e.g., demonstrating respect) were prioritized over knowledge of research infrastructure (e.g., institutional review board/ethics review process). Research ethics training designed for academic researchers was deemed inappropriate because sophisticated terminology and web-based delivery were perceived as an access barrier. Self-assessment and contextualized scenarios were recommended to assess critical thinking. Conclusions. Researchers using the CHW model should provide relevant and accessible research competency training.

Etički principi primene komplementarne medicine u zdravstvenom turizmu

The subject of the research is the application of certain ethical principles in the implementation of complementary medicine in health tourism from the aspect of medical ethics and business ethics in tourism. The aim of the research is to identify the importance of applying certain ethical principles in the implementation of complementary medicine in health tourism. Bibliographic-speculative and descriptive analytical methods were used. The research showed that the application of all ethical principles contained in the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Medical Code of Ethics and the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is significant and justified in implementing complementary medicine in health tourism, given the structure of beneficiary tourists and the range of services provided within health tourism. The potentials of complementary medicine in terms of its implementation in the corpus of health tourism are still underutilized in the Republic of Serbia, so they could be the subject of some future research in which the application of ethical principles contained in the mentioned documents would be an integral part of them.

Using Team-Based Learning to Teach Human Subjects Research Ethics

For health sciences students, understanding human subjects research ethics is essential for providing equitable healthcare. Active learning approaches were needed to engage students with the content and support transfer of knowledge to clinical practice. A team-based learning (TBL) module was developed and implemented in an evidence-based practice undergraduate nursing course across 3 semesters with 169 students to promote understanding and application of research ethics principles. Thematic analysis of student reflections showed five themes: change in attitude, learning/understanding, application of ethical principles, specific terminology, and specific examples. Faculty facilitators reported increased engagement, understanding, and application.

Ethical Implications in Donor and Recipient Utilization for Liver Transplant

The inception of liver transplantation although controversial continues to save daily lives of patients in need. Its successful practice is owed to the various medical advancements to cross the complex immunological and surgical barriers. Herein, we discuss the several ethical dilemmas in organ donation and transplantation with application of ethical principles and reflections from the literature There are several ethical and moral complexities when evaluating living donors and matching deceased donor livers to recipients. The lack of “one size fits all” turns these complexities into controversies and thus requires a well-balanced ethical approach for better acceptance. Since the practice of transplant is dependent on the moral behaviors of society, i.e., act of organ donation, it confers many ethical issues that the transplant community has to carefully address. These issues are doubly onerous because every act of transplant has two parties involved: the donor and the recipient. Therefore, transplant physicians have to uphold the ethics of physician-patient relationship for the recipient, fair allocation of donor organs, and demonstrate good organ stewardship for the donated gift of the community, i.e., the organ. Thus, practice of organ transplantation is a unique blend of utilitarian and egalitarian principles while also being equitable and in line with the moral code of the Hippocratic Oath.

“It Has to Be in One’s Head and Heart”: The Understanding of Journalism Ethics in Latvian Media

ABSTRACTShared standards of ethics are an important element of the journalism profession. However, considerable cultural and individual differences exist in media workers’ views of what the main principles of journalism ethics are and what conduct those principles prescribe and prohibit. The aim of this paper is to examine media editors’ views on what constitutes ethical conduct and their decision-making concerning the application of ethics principles to practice. The data source is 20 semi-structured interviews with editors of various Latvian media outlets. Only half of the newsrooms included in this study had a code of ethics, and the editors tended to put more emphasis on unwritten rules. Decisions tend to be made situationally though deliberation among the staff or based on the authority of the editor. The interviewees generally agreed on the basic principles of ethics in their abstract form. However, few of them indicated awareness of the ambiguities and constraints of the abstract terms they employ to describe professional ethics, such as objectivity. Furthermore, the editors tended to conflate ethics principles with legal regulations or feedback from the audience. The results show that the way media workers talk about ethics reflects both their professional ideals and non-ethics factors that shape journalism practice.

Counseling Psychology and the Amelioration of Oppression: Translating Our Knowledge Into Action

In the new millennium, counseling psychologists have answered the call to address oppression related to intersectional identities. We have played a major role in the development of practice guidelines and policies, as well as in the application of ethical principles in cultural contexts. The Counseling Psychologist has served to disseminate information addressing needs and interventions for diverse communities. In this article, we review the history and impact of our efforts to ameliorate oppression. The pressing challenges of economic and educational disparities are highlighted along with how counseling psychologists are uniquely situated to meet the needs of the underserved. Our research, training, and practice are anchored in methodological pluralism, global helping paradigms, participatory engagement, and the promotion of liberation and radical healing. We offer recommendations to deconstruct current models and reconstruct a decolonized approach, embrace interdisciplinary collaboration to fight cultural encapsulation, strengthen prevention and advocacy, train a culturally diverse workforce, and prioritize intersectional research.