Application Of Endosulfan Research Articles

The effects of helicopter applied adulticides for riverine Tsetse control onSimuliumpopulations in a West African savanna habitat. III. conclusions: The possible role of adulticiding in onchocerciasis control in West Africa

Abstract The partial success of applications of dieldrin, deltamethrin and endosulfan for tsetse control in also reducing populations of Simulium spp. in a riverine Guinea savanna habitat in Upper Volta has been established. However, there is insufficient information available concerning the resting sites of adult Simulium to determine the best location of spray swaths to achieve the maximum effect. Further trials based on knowledge of the biology of adult Simulium could improve the success of the technique for blackfly control. It is suggested that localised adulticiding in onchocerciasis control schemes could be effective, particularly where a high level of reinvasion causes unacceptable levels of disease transmission for short periods of the year.

Effects of endosulfan on pregnant females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and their offspring

AbstractExposure of pregnant females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. to a standard dose of 14·8 ng/fly of endosulfan confirmed that they acquire a higher level of tolerance of this insecticide than young unmated females. The development of tolerance was rapid, from threefold 48 h after larviposition, to eightfold midway through the pregnancy cycle at 4–5 days, and reaching 10- to 14-fold 24–28 h before the next larviposition. The acquisition of substantial tolerance preceded the periods of major growth of the larva in utero and of the developing oocyte, and it is suggested that the development of tolerance is associated with the diversion of insecticide by partitioning into lipid components of the milk as they are synthesised. The level of tolerance attained at equivalent stages of the pregnancy cycle appeared to be largely independent of the age of the fly between the second and fifth cycles, but that reached in the first cycle was lower. Some females survived repeated exposure to endosulfan in successive cycles. The offspring of treated females showed no apparent effects until shortly after adult eclosion, when substantial but variable delayed mortality occurred. However, surviving females and their offspring continued to reproduce normally. It is concluded that tolerance of the insecticide in pregnant flies accounts adequately for the observed survival following non-residual applications of endosulfan, and strategies for preventing this survival, and achieving eradication, are discussed.

Acute toxicity to fish of low-dose aerosol applications of endosulfan to control tsetse fly in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Laboratory studies on Okavango fish gave 24 h LC 50 values for endosulfan ranging between 1·2 and 7·4 μg litre −1, depending on species. In the field, concentrations of endosulfan in water 6–9 h after spraying 9·5 ha −1 ranged between 0·2 and 4·2 μg litre −1; in shallow water concentrations fell to undetectable levels (<0·025 μglitre −1) within 5 days but remained detectable for up to 20 days in deeper water. Experiments using tanks and cages in the field indicated that the presence of submerged aquatic vegetation and silt was correlated with lower concentrations of endosulfan. Apparent mortality of fish in the field ranged between 0 and 60%, was sporadic, localised and varied between species. Residue samples from aluminium foil sheets indicated uneven deposition of insecticide, and improvements to spraying techniques have been suggested that might reduce fish kills.

Insecticide drift and reinvasion of spray blocks in aerial spraying experiments against Glossina Morsitans Centralis Machado (Diptera: Glossinidae)

AbstractThe effect of insecticide drift on Glossina morsitans centralis Machado in Botswana was assessed using two-man fly-rounds downwind of the 1700–4000 km2 aerial spraying blocks. The blocks were subjected to sequential applications of endosulfan at between 6 and 12 g/ha with a droplet v.m.d. of 30 μm. Post-spray reinvasion of flies was assessed using two-man fly-round surveys across the edge of one spray block along ideal linear habitat. Each application had an effect on the flies outside the spray block, even at a distance of 20 km downwind. The first two applications of a series had a greater effect than later ones. Total reductions of G. m. centralis after a series of 5 or 6 applications were 92·5% 7 km outside a block sprayed in 1975, 98·3% 6–12 km outside a block sprayed in 1977 and 64·2% 10–20 km outside a block sprayed in 1978. Ageing studies showed that some females 10–20 km downwind of the sprayed area survived up to five applications, and three months after the final application the population there had recovered almost to pre-spray levels. The main front of fly encroachment after spraying across the downwind edge of the 1978 block travelled at about 0·8 km/month in the first 17 months after spraying, but small numbers of flies were found well ahead of the main front. It was concluded that the situation in the drift area could be ideal for the development of insecticide resistance and that adjacent blocks sprayed in consecutive years should overlap by 10 km.

Leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a strawberry crop in Horowhenua: abundance and control

Abstract Three species of leafrollers (Ctenopseustis obliquana, Epiphyas postvittana, and Planotortrix excessana) were found to be common on strawberries in Levin. During 1979–80 P. excessana was the most abundant species except for a short period in mid-summer when E. postvittana predominated. Larvae were active throughout the year, peak numbers being obtained in the March-May and July-September periods. A chemical control trial showed that early application of endosulfan, followed by regular treatments with dichlorvos throughout the growing season, reduced leafroller larval numbers to low levels. A spray programme which included two early season endosulfan applications and also the acaricide, cyhexatin, throughout the growing season, gave the best results.

Haematological changes in fish following aerial spraying with endosulfan insecticide for testse fly control in Botswana

Endosulfan, an insecticide highly toxic to fish, is currently applied from the air for tsetse fly control in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Although dosages are very ow (6–12 g a.i. ha−1), they cause some fish mortality and affects the behaviour of survivors. In order to determine how quickly fish recover from sublethal poisoning, four haematological characteristics (erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and plasma protein concentration) were monitored in several species during and after six sequential applications of endosulfan (July–October 1978). In all cases, blood cel counts were significantly elevated during spraying (by up to a factor of four), while plasma protein levels were often disturbed. Total haemogobin (Hb) did not change, but the mean weight of Hb per erythrocyte declined significantly in Tilapia spp. from 59 to 39 pg. Im most instances these quantities began returning to normal before spraying ceased and reached prespray levels within six months.

Foliar pesticide residues in relation to worker re‐entry

AbstractResidues were determined at 8‐h intervals during the 48 h after application of endosulfan, leptophos, methamidophos, methomyl and mevinphos to head lettuce; of endosulfan, methamidophos and methomyl to cauliflower; and of parathion to onions and carrots. Residues of phosalone and parathion were measured on apple leaves 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after application. In addition, the portion of the residue on apple leaves that could be dislodged was measured, as well as the residues on gloves used to handle the apple foliage. There were large differences in the rates of disappearance of the insecticides, differences that must be known in determining safe re‐entry periods for workers.

Occurrence of birds in acacia woodland in Northern Botswana related to endosulfan sprayed for tsetse fly control

The occurrence of birds was monitored in Acacia woodland during tsetse fly Glossina morsitans control operations in northern Botswana. These involved sequential applications of endosulfan applied as an ultra-low volume aerosol at rates of 6–12 g ha −1. During the spraying season bird species diversity increased along two sprayed and two unsprayed transects. No species suffered catastropic decline. Changes in the occurrence of insectivorous species were similar along the sprayed and unsprayed transects.

The effect of ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan applied against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) on populations of non-target organisms in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia

AbstractDuring ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan at 14 g/ha for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the effects on other organisms were monitored. The numbers and varieties of arthropods, mainly insects, were studied by catches in light-straps and open trays. Mortalities amongst exposed aquatic insects, fish, frogs, mice and stingless bees (Trigona spp.) were noted. No deleterious effect of the insecticide was demonstrated, Other than on fish (Tilapia spp.) in shallow water.

Three years' observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina A species in Nigeria

In three successive years from 1974 onwards observations were made on the possible side effects of helicopter applications of dieldrin and endosulfan in a number of Northern Guinea savanna zone habitats in Nigeria. In one of the areas a comparison could be made with discriminative handspray applications of endosulfan and DDT. An account is given of the acute effects on non-target species. Before, and at various intervals after, spraying a population census was made of a number of selected bird species. Certain species of fringe forest birds such as various flycatcher species appeared to be very vulnerable and either were not recorded any more or became extremely rare in the areas treated. It appears that the groundspray procedures used in Nigeria are more discriminative—and therefore less likely to cause irreversible damage—than helicopter applications at comparable dose-rate.

Apple, Evaluation of Sprayers, 1977

Abstract Distribution pattern, amount of deposit and biological efficacy of pesticides applied by different commercial airblast sprayers were measured in a mature block of ’Stayman Winesap’ apple trees. Trees used were planted at a distance of 9.1 m in rows 10.7 m apart and were well pruned to a height of 3.7 to 4.3 m. Three major objectives were: 1) to determine by gas chromatographic analyses the deposit of dicofol on leaves in different areas of the tree; 2) to determine the eradicative effect of a single application of endosulfan on a high population of apple aphid; 3) to estimate the amount of leaf surface covered by spray droplets as measured visually using a fluorescent chemical tracer for comparison with actual chemical deposits measured by gas chromatographic techniques. Comparisons of three conventional and two low-volume, mist-type airblast sprayers with a high pressure hydraulic hand sprayer (dilute spray) were made.

Aerial Spraying with Endosulfan against Glossina morsitans morsitans in the Okavango Delta area of Botswana

Abstract Trials to determine if the costs of eradicating G. morsitans by aerial application of endosulfan (Park et al 1972) might be reduced, were carried out using lower quantities of the pesticide. Area dose rates were varied by altering; the swath width, the insecticide output per unit flying time and the insecticide concentration. The trials were judged by the reduction of the adult tsetse population after a single application. Results indicated that eradication of G. m. morsitans under the conditions prevailing in N.W. Botswana, is possible by the repeated application, at 21 day intervals, of 20% endosulfan at 3.0 //km2 (0.6 kg a.i./km2). Applications should be made at a swath interval of 274m, using a single AU 3000 Britten-Norman Micronair unit to produce spray droplets mostly smaller than 40μm diam. The cost (1973) of each application (aircraft and insecticide only) was approximately US $13.00/km2 for an area in excess of 1000 km2.

Chemical Control of the Strawherry Mite on Mown and Unmown Strawherry Plants

SUMMARYBoth in experimental plots and on a field scale in East Anglia better control of Tarsonemus fragariae Zimm. was achieved by application of endosulfan when strawberry plants (cv. Cambridge Favourite) had previously been mown off after harvest. Therefore, where this pest is a problem removal of foliage before spraying should prove beneficial.

Control of the Cabbage looper and the Imported Cabbage worm by Viruses and Bacteria12

The nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), the granulosis virus of the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae (L.), formulations or Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and chemical insecticides were compared for control of T. ni and P. rapae larvae on cabbage in plot tests in southern Ontario in 1969 and 1970. In 1970, 4 applications of mixtures of the viruses (6×1012 T. ni polyhedra and 1 × 1013 P. rapae granules/ha) controlled the respective hosts as well as did 4 applications of endosulfan (0.84 kg/ha) or of Thuricide 90TS® (5.6 l/ha), a formulation of B. thuringiensis . Experimental formulations of B. thuringiensis (Thuricide HP® and Dipel HD-l®) were more effective than the Thuricide 90TS formulation. Tests in large plots in growers fields also demonstrated efficacy of the viruses. The combination of viruses with chemical insecticides in the spray program was especially effective.

A large-scale scheme for the eradication of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. in the Western Province of Zambia by aerial ultra-low-volume application of endosulfan

An effective method of tsetse eradication has been demonstrated on a practical scale in country infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. in the Western Province of Zambia. An area of slightly over 600 miles2 (1 600 km2) was sprayed from aircraft five times, at approximately three-week intervals, with endosulfan in oil solution at an average of 8·2 gal/mile2 (14·4 litre/km2), so that the area dosage of active ingredient was 17 lb/mile2 (3 kg/km2) per application or approximately 2 oz/acre (0·15 kg/ha) for the whole operation. The insecticide was dispensed as an aerosol (most droplets of 20 μm diameter) made by injecting the spray liquid into the extended exhausts of the aeromotors. Post-spray fly-rounds showed that tsetse eradication was apparently achieved except near an unsatisfactory isolation barrier. The total cost was about K300/mile2 (£175 sterling).

New Insecticides to Control Sunflower Moth1

Three applications of endosulfan satisfactorily reduced damage to sunflower heads and seeds caused by Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). Three other insecticides—methyl parathion, Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and carbofuran adequately controlled this pest when applied at the onset of bloom and twice thereafter at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks. Triple applications of methyl parathion left residues on sunflower seeds which exceeded its established tolerance for this commodity.

Evaluation of Two Extraction Procedures for Pesticide Residues Resulting from Foliar Application and Root Absorption

Abstract The acetonitrile extraction procedure of Mills et al. and the 35% water-acetonitrile extraction procedure of Bertuzzi et al. were evaluated for the determination in fresh and dehydrated samples of 4 organochlorine pesticide residues resulting from foliar application or root absorption. Extraction of 2 organophosphorus pesticide residues from fresh samples was also studied. Extraction efficiencies were hased on the amount of pesticide residue removed by exhaustive Soxhlet extraction with chloroform-methanol (1 + 1). Residues resulting from foliar application of aldrin (dieldrin), diazinon, endosulfan (isomers I and II and endosulfan sulfate), methoxychlor, parathion, and TDE to green vegetables were determined after acetonitrile extraction; results ranged from 92 to 104% of the amounts determined after exhaustive extraction. Only one-half to two-thirds of dieldrin absorbed from the soil into potato tubers could be detected after acetonitrile extraction. Acetonitrile alone was not satisfactory for extracting dehydrated samples. When dehydrated samples containing residues resulting from foliar application were extracted with 35% water-acetonitrile, results were comparable to those by exhaustive extraction. However, the water-acetonitrile extraction was also ineffective for root-absorbed residues in the dehydrated samples. Analysis of samples after storage indicated that organochlorine pesticide residues on fresh vegetables undergo little or no change during frozen storage.

Timing and Evaluation of Pesticides for Control of the Pear Rust Mite2

Field studies on timing of application and effectiveness of materials against Epitremerus pyri (Nalepa) were conducted during 1966 and 1967 in southern Oregon pear orchards. The degree of fruit russet increased with the time the trees were left unsprayed. Delayed dormant or pink bud applications of endosulfan resulted in an absence of economic injury at harvest, but when treatment was delayed until Mayor later, severe fruit injury was evident. Oil used alone or oil-organophosphate combinations applied prebloom effectively suppressed rust mite densities. Other materials found effective included: Carzol® (N′- (chloro-0-tolyl) -N, N- dimethyIformamidine hydrochloride). dimethoate, carbofuran, maneb, Morestan ® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S, S-dithiocarbonate), Temik® (a 10% granular formulation of UC-21149 (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) ), and zineb.

Chemical Control of the Sunflower Moth on Sunflowers1

Tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of 9 insecticides for control of Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). Tests at College Station, Texas, showed that 2 applications of methyl parathion, endosulfan, diazinon, and malathion reduced the number of larvae and increased yields. Tests at McGregor, Texas, showed that only endosulfan and carbaryl reduced the larval infestation following 1 application; however, they did not increase yields. Two applications of GS-13005, (O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate Sester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-∆2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one), azinphosmethyl, methyl parathion, carbaryl, azinphosmethyl ultra-low-volume (ULV) and methyl parathion ULV increased yields. Plots treated 3 times, except those treated with malathion ULV, had lower infestations than the check plots and yields were increased except when treated with trichlorfon. Yields were significantly increased when methyl parathion, endosulfan, or carbaryl were applied at 5-day intervals. Applications at pre-flower, or at 10% flower, in most cases, did not significantly reduce the number of larvae or increase seed yields. Generally, insecticides applied at the 50 and 100% flower stages were most effective.

Observations on the control of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.), with endosulfan in Uganda

Three field trials with endosulfan against coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.), on both Coffea arabica and C. canephora are described. The insecticide was applied from motorized knapsack sprayers at 20 gal. per acre of an emulsified solution containing 0.2 per cent, active ingredient to the branches bearing the crop.In two trials endosulfan applied twice at 21-day intervals significantly reduced the numbers of cherries containing living borers and the percentage of damaged cherries at the first pick. In the third trial a single application of endosulfan proved to be as effective as the double one. Increases in yield could not be detected. It was shown, by allowing insects to emerge from caged samples of cherries taken when picking began, that endosulfan did not affect the host/parasite ratio of either H. hampei or Geratitis coffeae (Bez.), nor did it increase the numbers of berry-boring caterpillars.No off-flavours following treatment could be detected in liquoring trials of robusta coffee beans that were dry processed or pulped and washed.Laboratory experiments in which adults of H. hampei were exposed above, but out of contact with, filter papers that had been dipped in an emulsified solution containing 0·2 per cent, endosulfan showed that it was acting at least as a partial fumigant and was more effective at 30°C. than at room temperature (21°C); spraying should thus preferably be carried out on warm, sunny days. In view of these findings, and as it is relatively non-toxic, endosulfan is recommended for control of H. hampei in Uganda when heavy attacks occur.