Electrical Engineering Applications Research Articles

Controllable synthesis of composite electrode material to enhance the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors

Cobalt oxide (Co3O4), cobalt oxide/reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4/rGO), and cobalt oxide/reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (Co3O4/rGO/PANI) ternary composites with varying PANI concentrations are created using the hydrothermal route and in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer. X-ray diffractometer XRD results reveal the presence of cubic Co3O4, hexagonal rGO, and emeraldine salt structure of PANI. SEM images reveal dense interconnected PANI fibers and rGO clusters across the quasi-cube-like Co3O4 structure. (Co3O4/rGO)/PANI (80%:20%) composites offer excellent optoelectronic properties with 2.32 eV bandgap. As the concentration of PANI increases, the (Co3O4/rGO)/PANI (40%:60%) exhibits 1673 dielectric constant, making it suitable for various electronics and electrical engineering applications. The electrochemical findings show that the (Co3O4/rGO)/PANI (60%:40%) based electrode has an exceptional capacitance of 3103.27 F/g at 2 A/g, maintaining a capacitance of nearly 92% after 10,000 continuous cycles. The composite also exhibits an extraordinary specific capacitance of 2101.3 F/g at 5 mV/s and the lowest ohmic resistance. These findings support the use of the (Co3O4/rGO)/PANI (60%:40%) ternary composite as a valuable and innovative electrode for supercapacitors.

Investigations on Dielectric Constant of Coir Powder-Reinforced PVC Composites

ABSTRACT In recent times, there is an intensive growth toward investigation and creation of the green fiber composites due to its abundance and cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally-safe features. Natural fiber-based composites are rapidly replacing synthetic fiber-based composites in electrical engineering applications but being limited due to poor electrical insulation properties. Hence, an attempt is made in this study to improve the electrical insulation properties of coir fiber (powder form)/polyvinylchloride composite by optimizing the variables viz. fiber content (wt.%), particle size (in μm), and chemical treatments using Box–Behnken design. Thus, the results are optimized using the analysis of variance to achieve the low dielectric constant (2.256) for the combination of chemical treatments (triethoxy(ethyl)silane), fiber content (2 wt.%), and particle size (179.5 μm), which are suitable for the electrical insulation products. Additionally, a conformity test is executed and error was found to be 2.54%.

The Application of Electrical Engineering and Automation Technology in Intelligent Buildings

Due to the economic development of the country, the building materials industry is also quietly emerging, and electrical engineering and its automation science and technology are widely used. Due to the improvement of people's life, the demand for architectural design and electrical is getting higher and higher, therefore, the correct use of electrical engineering and its automation science and technology is crucial to meet people's demand for architectural design, which not only can effectively use national resources, but also can greatly improve the efficiency of using construction projects and make positive contributions to social development. In order to ensure safety, we have to further improve the degree of application of electrical and intelligent technology. This will make the intelligent architectural design truly possible and effectively realize the intelligent function of architectural design. Therefore, this chapter will mainly discuss the importance and use of electrical and intelligent technology in the intelligent architectural design.

Application on Intelligent Technology of Electrical Engineering and Automation

In the electrical industry, the complexity and construction scale of electrical engineering are increasing, the traditional technology has been difficult to efficiently adapt to the development needs of the new era industry, deepening the popularization of the application of intelligent technology in electrical engineering and automation, is an important development direction of the electrical industry. This paper describes the basic connotation of electrical engineering and automation and intelligent technology, analyzes the electrical engineering and automation intelligent technology application in improving the level of system control, improve data processing accuracy and optimize the significance of system design, studied the electrical engineering and automation system in fault response processing, automation control, system design, the specific application of real-time monitoring.

An alternative simulation approach for surface flashover in a vacuum using a 1D2V continuum and kinetic model

Surface flashover across an insulator in a vacuum is a destructive plasma discharge which undermines the behaviors of a range of applications in electrical engineering, particle physics and space engineering, etc. This phenomenon is widely modeled by the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, here the continuum and kinetic simulation method is first proposed and implemented as an alternative solution for flashover modeling, aiming for the prevention of unfavorable particle noises in PIC models. A one dimension in space, two dimensions in velocity kinetic simulation model is constructed. Modeling setup, physical assumptions, and simulation algorithm are presented in detail, and a comparison with the well-known secondary electron (SE) emission avalanche analytical expression and existing PIC simulation are made. The obtained kinetic simulation results are consistent with the analytical prediction, and feature noise-free data of surface charge density as well as fluxes of primary and SEs. Discrepancies between the two simulation models and analytical predictions are explained. The code is convenient for updating and to include additional physical processes. The possible implementations of outgassing and plasma species for the final breakdown stage are discussed. The proposed continuum and kinetic approach are expected to inspire future modeling studies for the flashover mechanism and mitigation.

Preface

These proceedings are based on the program of the workshop dedicated to New Energy System and Electrical Engineering. Understanding the path from New Energy Systems to Electrical and Power Engineering will involve a strong interdisciplinary interaction among experts in theory and applications. In this workshop a particular attention was devoted to applications in New Energy System and Electrical Engineering.2022 4th International Conference on New Energy System and Electrical Engineering (NESEE 2022) took place virtually in Chongqing, China from December 9th to 11th, 2022. It can be expected that with the recent developments in the fields towards more user-friendly new energy system and electrical engineering, new energy and electrical will become a vital link in the chain of sustainable development and highly automation in the near future.Many scientists and researchers all over the world have contributed to the emerging technology of new energy and electrical engineering. At this meeting we had a comprehensive overview of these fascinating fields and of future scenarios thanks to the participation of leaders of the most important projects. Fushuan Wen, a renowned professor from Zhejiang University, China, made a keynote speech and shared his research Restoring a Faulted Power System Having Rich Renewable Energy Generation in Electricity Market Environment with us. His research domains include: a) power economics and electricity markets; b) power system investment, planning and operation optimization; c) smart grids and electric vehicles; d) power system alarm processing, fault diagnosis and system restoration; e) artificial intelligence.The plenary sessions covered a broad range of topics, as we considered it important to promote communication between the communities pursuing research in different areas of new energy and electrical engineering. The topics discussed included Energy Saving Technologies, Energy Storage Technologies, Thermal and Power Engineering, Electrical Automation and Power Engineering, Smart Grid / Power IC, Power Machinery and Engineering, etc.The NESEE conferences in the past have proven to be an important forum at which energy scientists, chemists, electrical specialists brought together a critical mass of thoughts, findings and considerations and have been endorsed by many international and national energy and electrical organizations and publishers.We hope that this NESEE 2022 conference has been a useful contribution to the fields of new energy and electrical engineering, and that it may encourage the organization of subsequent NESEE conferences on these diverse, challenging and fascinating fields.Last but not the least is our acknowledgement. We would like to thank all the participants, especially those who contributed speeches, posters and manuscripts, for making NESEE 2022 such an exciting and memorable conference. We thank the Technical Program Committee members, for putting together an outstanding program. We gratefully acknowledge the support of editors and members of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, for their efforts in making this volume published.The Committee of NESEE 2022List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Electromagnetic Design and Analysis in Electrical Power Conversion and Usage

Electromagnetics is the hidden ‘glue’ that holds together almost all electrical and electronic engineering applications [...]

Development and research trends of a polypropylene material in electrical engineering: A bibliometric mapping analysis and systematical review

In order to explore the development and research trends of polypropylene (PP) in electrical engineering, the research literature is quantitatively analyzed using a bibliometric method with the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. First, the research literature about PP material in electrical engineering applications is collected, from 1990 to 2022. Then, by analyzing the keyword co-occurrence, keyword co-occurrence timezone, author cooperation network, and national cooperation network, the research hotspots of the PP field and its time evolutionary path and development direction are introduced. It is found that the nano-modification, mechanical, and electrical properties are the most popular research hotspots in this field. Most research studies were completed by few specific researchers. A stable cooperative group has not been formed in this field yet, indicating the necessity of further integration. Most articles about PP were published in dielectric and material journals. It is suggested that more open access journals are required to popularize the existing research results among the public and to promote the development of PP. Although the most published country is China, the United States publishes the most cited papers on average.

A comparative investigation of the chemical reduction of graphene oxide for electrical engineering applications.

The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the basal plane and at the edges endows graphene oxide (GO) with an insulating nature, which makes it rather unsuitable for electronic applications. Fortunately, the reduction process makes it possible to restore the sp2 conjugation. Among various protocols, chemical reduction is appealing because of its compatibility with large-scale production. Nevertheless, despite the vast number of reported chemical protocols, their comparative assessment has not yet been the subject of an in-depth investigation, rendering the establishment of a structure-performance relationship impossible. We report a systematic study on the chemical reduction of GO by exploring different reducing agents (hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid (AA), and sodium dithionite) and reaction times (2 or 12 hours) in order to boost the performance of chemically reduced GO (CrGO) in electronics and in electrochemical applications. In this work, we provide evidence that the optimal reduction conditions should vary depending on the chosen application, whether it is for electrical or electrochemical purposes. CrGO exhibiting a good electrical conductivity (>1800 S m-1) can be obtained by using AA (12 hours of reaction), Na2S2O4 and N2H4 (independent of the reaction time). Conversely, CrGO displaying a superior electrochemical performance (specific capacitance of 211 F g-1, and capacitance retention >99.5% after 2000 cycles) can be obtained by using NaBH4 (12 hours of reaction). Finally, the compatibility of the different CrGOs with wearable and flexible electronics is also demonstrated using skin irritation tests. The strategy described represents a significant advancement towards the development of environmentally friendly CrGOs with ad hoc properties for advanced applications in electronics and energy storage.

Smart Building Management System (SBMS) for Commercial Buildings—Key Attributes and Usage Intentions from Building Professionals’ Perspective

Smart buildings conserve energy and create a responsive, comfortable, and productive indoor environment for users and occupants. As a crucial component of smart buildings, smart building management system (SBMS) should provide a wide range of functions and bring about the intended benefits upon successful deployment. This paper identifies salient SBMS attributes and explores key factors influencing building professionals’ intention to use the system in commercial buildings. Responses were collected from 327 Hong Kong building professionals. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling based on the refined Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Exploratory factor analysis shows that intelligent building operations and safety and recovery readiness are two dimensions of SBMS emerged. Specifically, intelligent building operations include intelligent and optimal scheduling of building systems, monitor and control of building facilities, having an intelligent and interactive interface, and enabling alarm settings and automatic notifications, showing the importance on the application of electrical engineering in smart building management. Structural equation model (SEM) results indicate that facilitating conditions affect habit, hedonic motivation, social influence, performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Additionally, habit, hedonic motivation and effort expectancy significantly affect building professionals’ intention to use SBMS. Practical implications of SBMS attributes for energy management and the ways in which SBMS is encouraged to be used by building professionals are given.

Characterization of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are commonly used in optoelectronic device, pharmaceuticals, food, textile, energy, rubber, electrical engineering, and agriculture applications. This study aimed to study the effect of Mn doping on the physical traits and the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs. Five Mn-doped ZnO NPs samples were prepared and characterized with a varied Mn content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09. A low-cost and suitable method for synthesizing Mn-doped ZnO NPs with a semispherical shape is presented without using a surfactant. The antimicrobial activity of the given NPs was determined against pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli), and fungi (i.e., Candida albicans). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method, minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) determination, and microbial cell viability assay. X-ray diffraction results confirm that the samples have a single-phase wurtzite structure, where the crystal size decreases with an increasing dopant concentration. This decrease occurs due to the small ionic radius of Mn ions compared to Zn ions. The morphology on the surface shows further that the samples had a spherical shape with an average particle size of 40 nm. The optical bandgap of ZnO NPs decreases with Mn doping, which is attributed to the s–d and p interaction. All tested NPs displayed a higher antimicrobial activity with better efficiency in the case of Mn-doped ZnO NPs compared to standard antibiotics (i.e., cytisoside, fluconazole, and ampicillin). The MLC of ZnO NPs was 160 μg/mL for all tested microorganisms. The best MLC was 40 μg/mL of Zn0.93Mn0.07O, Zn0.95Mn0.05O, and Zn0.91Mn0.09O for E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans, respectively. Compared to ZnO NPs, no better effect on MLC was found against Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that Mn doping enhanced the antimicrobial activity of Zn1−xMnxO NPs, which could be used as a more efficient antibacterial and antifungal agent compared to pure ZnO NPs.

Preface

The beginnings of the Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetism (PTZE) date back to the end of the eighties of the last century, i.e. the time which was full of great historical events. Alongside those events, or perhaps along with them, other, smaller, but perhaps no less important, scientific, social and cultural initiatives germinated. One of them, initiated by a group of several people, was the idea of an association of specialists devoted to the applications of electromagnetic field.The goals of PTZE are generally concentrated on the following issues:• promotion of cooperation between scientists of various disciplines in the area of applied electromagnetism;• publishing books, monographs and training materials;• assistance in training young research staff through scholarship exchanges and organization of research internships;• organizing symposiums and conferences, both national and international;• collaboration with existing domestic and foreign companies,• coordination of research work in the area of various applications of electromagnetic field, with particular emphasis on research in response to social concern related to modern electromagnetic techniques.Fulfilling the above fields of activity the members of PTZE and collaborating scientists prepared contributions to the present issue of Journal of Physics Conference Series. The contributions were preceded and inspired by the conference presentations at the XXX Symposium of Applied Electromagnetism in Modern Engineering and Medicine. Therefore, the papers are devoted to the subject of the conference and present wide spectrum of the electromagnetic field applications. However, the three areas of interests are to be highlighted: modern electrical engineering applications, biotechnological and agricultural applications and bioelectromagnetic and biomedical applications. They constitute the image of the contemporary situation in the world-wide research of applied electromagnetism.All the articles, submitted to the issue, have passed the peer review procedure. The Guest Editors hope that the articles will be helpful in grasping and adopting some ideas connected with the modern applications of electromagnetic field.All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.List of Editors of the conference proceedings, Organizing Committee, Scientifing Committee are available in this pdf.

Robust Superhydrophobic Coatings for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Dielectric Properties

Multifunctional super-repellent composite coatings play an important part in academic and industrial fields, while it is still a great challenge to effectively integrate a variety of functions into one material. Mg alloys having low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, and good shielding, are widely used in electronic devices, while it is susceptible to sever corrosion especially in moist air and ocean atmosphere. Here, a versatile superhydrophobic coating with organic-inorganic hybrid structure and hierarchical surface textures, integrating robust wettability with design manipulation is synthesized by assembling modified SiO2 nanoparticles on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer on the AZ31 Mg alloy. The composite coating has good water repellency with a contact angle of 170.5°, due to the micro/nano textures and low surface energy. The composite coating increases the corrosion potential of AZ31 Mg from −1.483 V to −1.243 V, and reduces the corrosion current density by 3 orders of magnitude. Remarkably, the superhydrophobic coating displays enticing damage-resistance (>40 cycles), superior environmental stability (thermal shock and outdoor placement) and self-cleaning function. Moreover, the composite coatings display excellent electrical properties with superior voltage resistance (>30 V/μm), and high resistivity (>1012 Ω∙cm), as well the coating has a low dielectric constant (≈3.91) and dielectric loss (0.0094), which are great advantages for the electronic or electrical engineering applications. We expect that the versatile super-repellent coating can be used as candidates for novel advanced energy materials, especially in harsh environments.

Modern Supercapacitors Technologies and Their Applicability in Mature Electrical Engineering Applications

Supercapacitors can store a million times more energy per unit mass or volume compared to electrolytic capacitors. Due to their low internal resistance, they are capable of driving or absorbing pulsative high currents. Over the last quarter, century supercapacitor (SC) manufacturers have developed several families of mass-scale devices with high-power density and a longer cycle life that helped the end-users to improve their energy storage systems and products. Today, there are three common device families, namely, (i) symmetrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), (ii) hybrid capacitors with a lithium electrode, and (iii) battery capacitors based on pseudo capacitance concepts. This review paper compares these families and provides an overview of several state-of-the-art applications in electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and consumer electronics.

Gyrotactic Motile Microorganisms Impact on Pseudoplastic Nanofluid Flow over a Moving Riga Surface with Exponential Heat Flux

Background: The improvement of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is practical for different processes such as drug delivery, manufacturing of crystals, polymer processing, food and drink, cancer treatment, oil and gas, paper making and for many more. The bioconvection phenomenon has engrossed the attention of numerous researchers for its many applications in biotechnology, mechanical and electrical engineering. Bioconvection nanofluids are more prominent in the fields of biomedicine, pharmacy, nanodrug delivery, biomedical, automotive cooling and the military. Purpose: The major purpose of the current work was to determine the numerical and statistical analysis of a novel thermal radiation and exponential space-based heat source on the bioconvective flow of a pseudoplastic 3D nanofluid past a bidirectional stretched Riga surface. The behavior of the Arrhenius activation energy (AAE) and thermal radiation are also disclosed. Methodology: Suitable similarity transformations were used to transmute the partial differential equations of the flow-modeled phenomena into the structure of ordinary differential ones. The numerical solutions for the renewed set of ODEs were tackled by the bvp4c shooting algorithm built-in MATLAB software. Furthermore, the statistical analysis was computed by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Research implications: The numerical analysis is valid for the incompressible three-dimensional, magnetized flow of a pseudoplastic bioconvection nanofluid through a bidirectional surface with Riga plate aspects in the occurrence of activation energy. Social implications: The flow across three dimensions has quite important implementations in various fields, for example, polymer production, material production technology, the manufacturing of nano-biopolymer computer graphics, industry, powered engineering, aeroplane configurations, etc. The current analysis is more applicable in nanotechnology. Results: The consequences of flow control parameters over flow profiles were studied and explained under the graphic structures. Numerical outcomes were computed and discussed in detail. From the results, it was noted that the velocity field was increased via a larger mixed convection parameter. The temperature distribution was boosted via the thermal Biot number. The concentration of nanoparticles declined via the greater Lewis number. Furthermore, the motile microorganisms field was reduced via the Peclet number. Originality: Until now, no investigation has been recognized to examine the consequences of the bioconvection flow of three-dimensional pseudoplastic nanofluids past a Riga plate containing motile microorganisms utilizing the shooting method called bvp4c. Conclusions: From the results, it was concluded that nanofluids are more helpful for heat transfer increments. Furthermore, from the experimental design observed, the response declined via the thermophoresis parameter, which was significant from the ANOVA observed model.

A visual understanding of electrical transformations and generalized abc to αβ0 and dq0 transformation

SummaryVaried control applications in electrical engineering find the utility of the theory of transformation of three‐phase quantities from to and reference frames. These transformations are vital in simplifying the control equations and their implementation. However, for different applications, different orientations of the ‐, ‐, and ‐axes are used. This results in a different transformation matrix for each such orientation. In this paper, a generalized to and transformation matrix is proposed which can be utilized for any possible orientation and thus effectuates faster derivation of the transformation matrix. This is achieved by defining two parameters and whose values are obtained by observing the orientation of the axes. The transformation equation can therefore be obtained without having to undergo the steps of resolving quantities into their components along the ‐ or ‐axes. Furthermore, this paper discusses the visual understanding of transformed electrical quantities. It is shown that the complex plots of real versus imaginary parts of instantaneous positive and negative symmetrical components have shapes which exhibit specific characteristics of electrical quantities and give a direct understanding about unbalance and presence of harmonics in the system.

Analysis of the Design and Application of Electrical Engineering and Its Automation Technology

Analysis of the Design and Application of Electrical Engineering and Its Automation Technology

A comparative study on electromagnetic quasistatic time‐domain field calculations

AbstractElectromagnetic quasistatic field models, which take into consideration resistive, inductive, and capacitive effects, have been introduced for electrical engineering applications whose geometrical characteristics, combined with the operational frequencies, suggest negligible radiation phenomena. Here, a monolithic variant of a previously proposed two‐step electromagnetic quasistatic algorithm and a two‐step time‐domain Maxwell formulation are presented, together with relevant initial‐boundary value problems. In view of numerical experiments, the fields that are obtained with the two‐step electromagnetic quasistatic algorithm, its monolithic variant, and the two‐step time‐domain Maxwell formulation are compared and turn out to be in good agreement.

Effect of magnesium doping on discontinuous precipitation in age-hardenable copper–titanium alloys

One of the most important goals in the development of Cu-based alloys for electrical engineering applications is the realization of materials with both high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Cu-Ti alloys are promising alternatives to Cu-Be alloys, which are expensive and can be hazardous to health. Herein, an age-hardenable binary Cu96Ti4 alloy and its Mg-doped analog were compared by advanced electron microscopy techniques. The mechanical properties of the Mg-doped alloy are superior to those of the binary alloy. The effects of Mg-doping on the microstructure are investigated by atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cu96Ti4 (at.%) solid-solution alloy developed lamellar aggregates when subjected to prolonged aging treatment at 450 °C for 100 h owing to discontinuous precipitation (DP) along the grain boundaries. The DP consisted of a face-centered cubic (FCC) Cu solid-solution phase (denoted as α-Cuss) and a stable Cu4Ti intermetallic phase (β-Cu4Ti). Conversely, while the Cu94Ti4Mg2 counterpart had similar lamellar aggregates, the amount of these aggregates was reduced, and no β-Cu4Ti phase was observed. The lamellar in the Cu94Ti4Mg2 counterpart consisted of two distinct FCC Cuss phases with different Ti-solute contents. Accordingly, the possible effects of Mg doping on the local structures of the DP in the Cu-Ti alloy are explained, and the structural characteristics of the DP that may result in improved mechanical properties is discussed.

Computational Intelligence Application in Electrical Engineering

Nowadays, scientists and practitioners in the field of electrical engineering observe the increasing application of information technology, computers, and computing techniques [...]