Application Of Conducting Polymers Research Articles

Application of Conductive Polymer in TiO2-Based UV Photodetectors: A Review

Application of Conductive Polymer in TiO₂-Based UV Photodetectors: A Review

Review on Conductive Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications

The rising demand for energy storage systems with high power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and long cycle life has pushed extensive research into advanced materials for supercapacitor applications. There are several materials under investigation, and among these materials, conductive polymer composites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, flexibility, and facile synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the development and application of conductive polymer composites for supercapacitor applications. The review begins with an overview of the fundamental principles governing electrical conductivity mechanism, applications of conductive polymers and the specific requirements for materials employed for these devices. Subsequently, it delves into the properties of conductive polymers and the challenges associated with their implementation for supercapacitors, highlighting the limitations of pristine conductive polymers and the strategies employed to overcome these drawbacks through composite formation. In this review, conductive polymer composites and their applications on supercapacitors are explored, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, the electromechanical properties of each conductive polymer composite are elaborated.

Conductive Polymers and Their Nanocomposites: Application Features in Biosensors and Biofuel Cells.

Conductive polymers and their composites are excellent materials for coupling biological materials and electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems. It is assumed that their relevance and introduction to the field of bioelectrochemical devices will only grow due to their tunable conductivity, easy modification, and biocompatibility. This review analyzes the main trends and trends in the development of the methodology for the application of conductive polymers and their use in biosensors and biofuel elements, as well as describes their future prospects. Approaches to the synthesis of such materials and the peculiarities of obtaining their nanocomposites are presented. Special emphasis is placed on the features of the interfaces of such materials with biological objects.

Revolutionizing Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: The Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers and Composites-Based Systems.

The first conductive polymers (CPs) were developed during the 1970s as a unique class of organic substances with properties that are electrically and optically comparable to those of inorganic semiconductors and metals while also exhibiting the desirable traits of conventional polymers. CPs have become a subject of intensive research due to their exceptional qualities, such as high mechanical and optical properties, tunable electrical characteristics, ease of synthesis and fabrication, and higher environmental stability than traditional inorganic materials. Although conducting polymers have several limitations in their pure state, coupling with other materials helps overcome these drawbacks. Owing to the fact that various types of tissues are responsive to stimuli and electrical fields has made these smart biomaterials attractive for a range of medical and biological applications. For various applications, including the delivery of drugs, biosensors, biomedical implants, and tissue engineering, electrical CPs and composites have attracted significant interest in both research and industry. These bimodalities can be programmed to respond to both internal and external stimuli. Additionally, these smart biomaterials have the ability to deliver drugs in various concentrations and at an extensive range. This review briefly discusses the commonly used CPs, composites, and their synthesis processes. Further highlights the importance of these materials in drug delivery along with their applicability in various delivery systems.

Conductive Polymer/Graphene‐based Composites for Next Generation Energy Storage and Sensing Applications

AbstractGrowing environmental and health demands along with the deficiency of conventional energy sources result in the need for alternative solutions in the field of energy storage and analyte detecting systems. To address these issues, a significant increase in research interest for novel composite materials has been observed in recent years. Conductive polymers and graphene‐based composites have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors and electrochemical sensors due to their improved electrochemical properties and versatility of the synthesis methods. The synergistic effect between the composite components and the unique morphology, physical and chemical characteristics result in enhanced performance of the electrochemical devices. In this review, we discuss recent trends and achievements in the synthesis, nanoarchitecture, and application of conductive polymers and graphene‐based composites in the field of supercapacitors and electrochemical sensors. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed. It is believed that this review will provide a current summary and new inspiration for groundbreaking research on advanced electrochemical devices.

Microbial Biofuel Cells: Fundamental Principles, Development and Recent Obstacles.

This review focuses on the development of microbial biofuel cells to demonstrate how similar principles apply to the development of bioelectronic devices. The low specificity of microorganism-based amperometric biosensors can be exploited in designing microbial biofuel cells, enabling them to consume a broader range of chemical fuels. Charge transfer efficiency is among the most challenging and critical issues while developing biofuel cells. Nanomaterials and particular redox mediators are exploited to facilitate charge transfer between biomaterials and biofuel cell electrodes. The application of conductive polymers (CPs) can improve the efficiency of biofuel cells while CPs are well-suitable for the immobilization of enzymes, and in some specific circumstances, CPs can facilitate charge transfer. Moreover, biocompatibility is an important issue during the development of implantable biofuel cells. Therefore, biocompatibility-related aspects of conducting polymers with microorganisms are discussed in this review. Ways to modify cell-wall/membrane and to improve charge transfer efficiency and suitability for biofuel cell design are outlined.

A comparative LCA study on aluminum electrolytic capacitors: From liquid-state electrolyte, solid-state polymer to their hybrid

Polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors (PHAECs) are a new generation of aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) following traditional liquid AECs (LAECs) and polymer AECs (PAECs). The differences in the potential environmental impact among the three types of AECs have not been well investigated. A cradle-to-grave comparative LCA study was conducted to evaluate whether PHAECs have ecologically environmental advantages over PAECs and LAECs throughout their entire life cycle. In this study, the functional unit was taken to be 1,000,000 pieces of the AECs with 25 V rated working voltage and 150 μF rated capacitance, each operating for 2000 h. Furthermore, a capacitor manufacturer (located in Jiangsu, China) with its suppliers was investigated to obtain the life cycle inventory data of the AECs. According to the ReCiPe2016 method, climate change, fossil depletion, and photochemical ozone formation were identified as the main categories of AECs' environmental problems. Electricity consumption and aluminum ingot use were identified as the main contributors to AECs' environmental impact based on the ReCiPe2016 normalization factors (mid-point, World). The application of conductive polymer increases the environmental impact of the AECs from cradle to gate but effectively reduces their equivalent series resistance (ESR). In addition, the liquid electrolyte in PHAEC will solve the problem of large leakage currents in PAECs. The environmental impact of PHAECs from cradle to grave, thus, is no more than 30.5% of LAECs and 50.5% of PAECs, respectively. Difference analysis, sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, and sustainability opportunities of PHAECs were also discussed. This work would provide a quantitative benchmark and calculation framework to assess the environmental burden of the PHAECs and guide environmentally conscious design, manufacturing, marketing, operation, and recycling of future PHAEC products.

Recent advancements in synthesis, properties, and applications of conductive polymers for electrochemical energy storage devices: A review

AbstractConductive polymer (CP) research has exploded in popularity over the years, with applications ranging from nanoelectronics to material science. CPs are, for all sorts of purposes, Nobel Prize‐winning compounds, as their inventors received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000. Conducting polymers have sparked a lot of interest in academic and industrial sectors because they combine the electrical characteristics of semiconductors and metals with the typical benefits of ordinary polymers, such as ease of preparation and low cost production. Conducting polymers have also received a lot of attention because of their unique characteristics, which include customizable electrical properties, excellent optical and mechanical capabilities, ease of synthesis and manufacturing, and superior environmental durability to traditional inorganic materials. In this study, the molecular structures and behaviors of the most common forms of CPs, namely, polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene and derivatives of polythiophene are discussed. The transport phenomenon that allow to understand the conduction process, are also described in this review. An in‐depth investigation of conducting polymer‐based binary, ternary, and quaternary composites with carbon‐based materials, metal oxides, transition metals, and inorganic particles is utilized to analyze their applications as supercapacitors and batteries. There are also explanations of recent advancements in their applications in the areas of energy storage systems including batteries and supercapacitors. The development of their applications in the energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium, and other ‐ions batteries, as well as their current issues and future prospect to advance energy storage systems are broadly discussed. This review is intended to contribute to a better understanding of this conducting polymer and, as a result, to the development of new research areas.

Enabling Conducting Polymer Applications: Methods for Achieving High Molecular Weight in Chemical Oxidative Polymerization in Alkyl- and Ether-Substituted Thiophenes.

Polythiophenes (PTs) constitute a diverse array of promising materials for conducting polymer applications. However, many of the synthetic methods to produce PTs have been optimized only for the prototypical alkyl-substituted example poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Improvement of these methods beyond P3HT is key to enabling the widespread application of PTs. In this work, P3HT and two ether-substituted PTs poly(2-dodecyl-2H,3H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine) (PEDOT-C12) and poly(3,4-bis(hexyloxy)thiophene) (PBHOT) are synthesized by the FeCl3-initiated oxidative method under different conditions. Polymerization was carried out according to a common literature procedure (“reverse addition”) and a modified method (“standard addition”), which differ by the solvent system and the order of addition of reagents to the reaction mixture. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was performed to determine the impact of the different methods on the molecular weights (Mw) and degree of polymerization (Xw) of the polymers relative to polystyrene standards. The standard addition method produced ether-substituted PTs with higher Mw and Xw than those produced using the reverse addition method for sterically unhindered monomers. For P3HT, the highest Mw and Xw were obtained using the reverse addition method. The results show the oxidation potential of the monomer and solution has the greatest impact on the yield and Xw obtained and should be carefully considered when optimizing the reaction conditions for different monomers.

Synthesis, characterization and applications of conductive polymers: A brief review

AbstractIn view of increasing applications of electro‐conductive polymers in various fields such as electronics, smart textiles, sensors, energy storage, and medical. Researchers & Scientists from all over the world have continuously investigating the intrinsic conductive polymers (CPs) and its doping process to gain appreciable electrical conductivity suitable for particular applications. Its unique features such as superior stability, processability, workability, light weight, corrosion resistant, tailoribility, flexibility, and gaining wide range of electrical conductivity on doping drives CPs as a possible substitute for metals and semiconductors. An effort has been made to bring various aspects of CPs viz. different methods of synthesis, its applications, doping techniques, characterization techniques, and current trends of its utility. This review article clearly specifies about the different techniques available for the synthesis of CPs such as Polyacetylene, Polyaniline, Polypyrrole, Polyphenylene, Polythiophene, Polyphenyl vinylene, and Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) via polymerization using chemical, plasma, electro‐chemical, photo‐chemical, metathesis methods, and so on, and their electrical conductivity values achieved with and without dopants.

Advancement in the Production and Applications of Conductive Polymers (CPs)

Conductive polymers are a class of engineering materials which possess remarkably reversible redox property and atypical combination of characteristics of plastics and metals. The potential usefulness of conductive polymers has grown exceedingly in the technological field such as telecommunication, electronics, storage systems and protective devices. The prospective of conductive polymers has further deepened the interest of researchers for their applications in several areas. Some of the popular types of conductive polymers are polythiophene, polyindole, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyphenyl vinylene, polyaniline, Poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene), which are produced via redox and chemical (CM) or electrochemical (ECM) oxidation processes. Polymers are doped to introduce charge carriers known as polarons and bipolarons into them, to make them conductive. Conductive polymers have limitations such as a poor mechanical characteristic or poor flexibility, low process-ability and poor biocompatibility, which have made researchers investigate different chemical modification methods. Conductive polymers have potential applications in the field of supercapacitors, solar cells, biosensors, chemical sensors and actuators, tissue engineering, e.t.c. This article has attempted to provide an up to date review on different aspects of conductive polymers such as production, doping, applications and conductivity of selected conductive polymers.

Porous Electroactive and Biodegradable Polyurethane Membrane through Self-Doping Organogel.

In order to improve the processability of conductive polyurethane (CPU) containing aniline oligomers, a new CPU containing aniline trimer (AT) and l-lysine (PUAT) are designed and synthesized. Further, the 3D porous PUAT membranes have been prepared by a simple gel cooperated with freeze-drying method. Chemical testings and conductive properties testify a self- doping model of PUAT based on the rich electronic l-lysine and electroaffinity AT moities. The self-doping behavior further endows the PUAT copolymers specific characteristics such as high electrical conductivity and the formation of the polaron lattice like-structure in good solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. The combination of organogel and freeze-drying could prevent the collapse of pore structure when the copolymers are molded as membranes. The synergistic effect of l-lysine and AT components has a strong influence on the dissolution, degradation, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of PUAT. The excellent properties of PUAT would broad the application of conductive polymers in biomedicine field.

Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review.

In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.

Application of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymers in potential biomedical engineering

Biomedical engineering has emerged as a multidisciplinary endeavor. Biomedical engineering includes the development of new devices, processes, and systems in order to advance medical practice and health care. The specialty areas of biomedical engineering are biomaterials and tissue engineering (TE), bioinstrumentation, clinical and rehabilitation engineering. Over the past few decades, conductive polymers have received much attention in many applications. The applications of conductive polymers are in the drug delivery system, in the construction of bioactuators, as well as in the Tissue Engineering field. Composites are produced by combining conductive polymers with other polymers or materials. Modification of conductive polymers can render these polymers to be biodegradable and biocompatible, making them very useful in TE applications. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a biocompatible conductive polymer, is recently being researched, to be used as nano-bio interfaces for medical applications such as nucleic acid detection, controlled release of neuron growth factor, and guided cell growth. This review focuses on the recent advances of conductive polymers, specifically, PEDOT:PSS aiming towards TE, photovoltaic devices and biosensor applications.

Increased power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells with counter electrodes based on porous polypyrrole

The porous polypyrrole (PPPy) was synthesized with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) used as template by simple hydrothermal. The resultant PPPy was employed as counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The 5% Cu(ClO4)2 and 2% ZIF-8 ratio in PPPy at 100 °C by simple hydrothermal method demonstrates comparable performance with traditional Pt in DSSC as CE, 8.63% and 9.05% energy conversion efficiency (η), respectively. The electrochemical and photo-electrochemical as well as impedance spectra measurements revealed that ZIF-8 as template by simple hydrothermal method is a effective way for preparing PPPy at 100 °C as CE in DSSC, which may open up an alternative choice for the future industrial application. In DSSC, PPPy at 100 °C is one of the most promising material used for nano-porous thin film when, it serves as CE due to its appropriate low cost, and easy preparation method. The template polymerization of PPPy on zeolytes is interesting method for DSSC and as electro-catalyst, it can be big perspective in polymer membrane fuel cells, Zn air battery, Li ion battery and also useful for hydrogen production from water. So, this article will broaden the application of conductive polymers in DSSCs as well as above described fields.

In Ukrainian

The history of the creation of conductive organic materials began in 1977, when, through the modification of polyacetylene, a material was created that conducts electricity almost as well as metals. These discoveries and other fundamental research in the field of organic polymers have contributed to the development of organic electronics, which combines developments in solid state and molecular physics, organic and inorganic chemistry, polymeric materials science, electronics and printing. One of the promising materials that can and are already being used in organic electronics is poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a polymer electrolyte consisting of a positively charged polymer (PEDOT) and a negatively charged surface-active substances - anionic surfactant - polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) and is the most successful polymeric material in terms of practical application. PEDOT is a class of substituted polythiophene and is an example of good electrochromic material. The charge transfer in the conductive PEDOT polymer is via a bonded system due to electron-exchange reactions between adjacent redox sites (between the polymer fragments where the electron or hole is delocalized) and is accompanied by the movement of the dopant anions along the polymer chain. The recent discovery of the outstanding thermoelectric properties of conductive polymer PEDOT: PSS opens up new prospects for the use of conductive organic polymers in such fields as robotics, medicine, advertising, and many others. The review is devoted to the structure, physicochemical properties and application of conductive polymer of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), as well as methods of manufacturing and research of its properties, operational parameters, directions of practical use of devices from this organic polymer. The main applications of PEDOT are described: PSS in electronics, in particular in solar cells and sensors, and in biomedicine as a substrate.

Evolution of Electrical Behavior Due to Nanosilver Concentration Influence on Nanosilver-Doped Poly-Phenylene-Sulfide Polymer Conductor

Conductive polymers have been attracting increasing interest in recent years. Their properties such as corrosion resistance and moldability have shown their potential as an alternative production material to conventional metals such as copper and tin. Among those that have benefited from the application of conductive polymers are the semiconductor and microelectronics industry due to their low conductivity requirements. However, there are still some challenges in high voltage applications because of the limited charge transfer capabilities in high-energy transmission utilizing high-voltage electricity. This includes poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) or PPS, which has had various dopants such as copper particles added to enhance the electrical properties. Silver is also known to be an excellent electrical conductor and, in nanoparticle form, could diffuse effectively into the polymer matrix and improve its electrical behavior. A set of experiments were carried out to study the organometallic behavior of nanosilver-doped poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with six different mixing ratios. SEM micrographs have shown an interesting change in electrical properties in the overall polymer morphology. It was observed that there was a change in the electrical conductivity of the PPS as the concentration of nanosilver increased. The results from this study could contribute to the establishment of more effective parameters in the doping of PPS with nanosilver, and pave the way to the development of improved conductive polymers for high-voltage electrical energy transmissions.

Human Neural Tissues from Neural Stem Cells Using Conductive Biogel and Printed Polymer Microelectrode Arrays for 3D Electrical Stimulation.

Electricity is important in the physiology and development of human tissues such as embryonic and fetal development, and tissue regeneration for wound healing. Accordingly, electrical stimulation (ES) is increasingly being applied to influence cell behavior and function for a biomimetic approach to in vitro cell culture and tissue engineering. Here, the application of conductive polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) pillars is described, direct-write printed in an array format, for 3D ES of maturing neural tissues that are derived from human neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are initially encapsulated within a conductive polysaccharide-based biogel interfaced with the CP pillar microelectrode arrays (MEAs), followed by differentiation in situ to neurons and supporting neuroglia during stimulation. Electrochemical properties of the pillar electrodes and the biogel support their electrical performance. Remarkably, stimulated constructs are characterized by widespread tracts of high-density mature neurons and enhanced maturation of functional neural networks. Formation of tissues using the 3D MEAs substantiates the platform for advanced clinically relevant neural tissue induction, with the system likely amendable to diverse cell types to create other neural and non-neural tissues. The platform may be useful for both research and translation, including modeling tissue development, function and dysfunction, electroceuticals, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.

Synthesis and a new mercury (II) ion sensor application of conductive polymer containing rhodamine B

An esterification reaction was carried out between Rhodamine B and 9H-carbazole-9-ethanol and then this monomer was polymerized via electropolymerization by cyclic voltammetry technique. The structure of monomer was identified by FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR, LC-MSMS and elemental analyses. The structures of polymer and the reactants were identified by FT-IR analyses. UV–Vis spectra of the monomer and polymer were also compared. The monomer had heterocyclic structure containing nitrogen and high electron density groups. The polymer was coated on ITO/glass and screen-printed electrode (SPE) and characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement. The working range of the selectivity to mercury (II) ion was adjusted to the range of 10−2 M-10−9 M and 10−2 M-10−11 M for ITO/glass and screen-printed electrode system, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) values were found to be 6.4 × 10−9 M and 2.02 × 10−12 M by ITO/glass and screen-printed electrode systems, respectively. Response times at seconds calculated for the mercury (II) concentration of the electrode was measured using open circuit potentiometer. The sensitivities of the electrodes were found to be very good. Reusability of the polymer based sensor was examined at various conditions. The unresolved problem for re-using the electrodes was overcome in this study.

Effects of conductive polymers (type and concentration) in coatings with zinc particles of different shapes

The objective of this work was to compare the anticorrosion effects of organic coatings containing zinc metal consisting of either lamellar particles or isometric particles and to reduce the zinc metal content of the coatings while preserving their high anticorrosion efficiency. The optimization and Zn metal content reduction can be achieved using zinc with a lamellar particle shape and application of conductive polymers. Conductive polymers are expected to enhance the electrochemical effect of zinc metal in paints. Organic coatings with lamellar zinc particles also exhibit better mechanical properties. Optimization of the amount of zinc lamellar particles could promote a wider use of this material in anticorrosion paints. The conductive polymers used in this work included polyaniline phosphate, polyaniline benzoate, and carbonized polyaniline. A solvent-based epoxy–ester resin served as the binder. Model paints consisting of this resin and containing different concentrations of polyaniline phosphate, polyaniline benzoate, and carbonized polyaniline were prepared. The paints were tested at the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) of Zn dust and at lower Zn dust concentrations, specifically 2% below the CPVC. The paints containing combinations of zinc and a conductive polymer contained the sum of the pigments just below the CPVC of the zinc dust species used. This implies a level of 39% of (PVCZn-lam) for the systems with lamellar zinc and a level of 61% of (PVCZn–sf) for the systems with spherical zinc. The pigment volume concentration (PVC) of the conductive polymers in the zinc-containing paints was (based on results obtained previously) 1%, 5%, and 10% in the systems with lamellar zinc and 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% in the systems with spherical zinc. The organic coatings were subjected to accelerated cyclic corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements. The sample containing polyaniline carbonate (PVC = 1%) and spherical zinc exhibited a significantly lower corrosion rate as compared to that of uncoated steel.