With the advent of artificial intelligence, computer-aided instruction has developed into intelligent computer-aided instruction. Computer-aided instruction not only overcomes many weaknesses of traditional physical education teaching but also significantly increases the teaching effect and efficiency. This article first studies and analyzes the characteristics of computer-aided instruction systems. Then, we use statistical methods and logical analysis to randomly select two classes of undergraduate students as the experimental and control group, respectively. In the control group, the traditional teaching model was adopted, while the experimental group adopted the computer-aided teaching mode. The experimental group showed significant improvement in physical education as compared to the control group. The results of this study validated that the use of computer-assisted instruction is beneficial in the implementation of physical education programs, mostly in teaching concepts and principles of academic nature.