Application Of Chicken Manure Research Articles

A Preliminary Study on the Difference in Growth of Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinensis Treated with Different Composted Chicken Manure

Chicken manure is one of the popular organic fertilizers used in vegetable farming in Malaysia. Chicken manure is divided into two types, namely broiler chicken manure (BCM) and layer chicken manure (LCM). The effectiveness of these chicken manures is often questionable due to the different method of raising broilers and layers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of the broiler and layer chicken manures on the growth of choy sum (Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinensis), a common farmed leafy vegetable in the country. This study was carried out in the Agricultural Park of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (Perak Campus), Malaysia from February to May 2019. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) methods were used in this study. The chicken manures were composted for roughly 2 months before the experiment. There was no significant difference in the dry weight, plant height and root length of the choy sum treated with either BCM or LCM. Although the choy sum treated with BCM has a higher fresh weight (177.53 g) as compared to that of LCM (134.64 g), this may be due to the natural fluctuation of water content within the plants. Therefore, the results of the present study show that both the chicken manure has a similar effect on the growth of choy sum. The authors recommend further studies on the chemical composition and optimization of chicken manure application in enhancing the growth and yields of leafy vegetables.

Application of various source animal manure and dosage on the growth and yield Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Animal dung in Indonesia has many types; each type of manure gives different plant growth response. This study aims to determine the type of manure and its adequate dosage to increase the growth of bean plants. The research has been carried out in the experimental field of Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang-West Java with altitude 753 m above sea level (asl). The study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the type of manure (k1 = cow manure, k2 = sheep manure, k3 = chicken manure, and k4 = rabbit manure) and the second factor is the dose (d1 = 10 t ha−1, d2 = 20 t ha−1, and d3 = 30 t ha−1). Each unit was repeated three times. The growth parameters observed were plant height, dry plant weight, number of pods, and pod weight per plant. The data from observations were then analyzed using analysis of variance at 5% significance level and then followed by Duncan’s test at 5% significance level. The results showed the application of chicken manure 20 t ha-1 gives better growth results than other manure, but the type of manure at various dosage levels has not been able to increase the weight of pods per plant.

Effect of ameliorants on canopy architectures of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) cultivated in marginal soils

A research dealing with the effect of ameliorants on jack bean cultivated in marginal soils i.e. sandy, grumusol, and podsolic soil can be an interesting report. This research was carried out in dry season in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for sandy, grumusol, and podsolic soil respectively. The research relating with the cultivation of jack bean in sandy soil was conducted in sandy beach area of Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta. Whereas, the research dealing with the cultivation of jack bean in grumusol as well as podsolic soil were carried out in Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta. Kinds of ameliorants i.e. chicken, goat, cow, and green manure were used as factor of the treatments. The variables of leaf number, productive branch number, and plant height were observed. Results of the research indicated that the application of chicken manure gave better growth of plant canopy of jack bean in sandy, grumusol, as well as in podsolic soil, except in grumusol soil there were no significantly different of ameliorant application on the productive branch number of the plants.

Chicken manure as soil amendment: Effect on yield and foliar nutrient content of tanier, and on chemical properties of the soil.

During two consecutive years, chicken manure effects on yield and foliar nutrient content of tanier, and on chemical properties of the soil were evaluated. Treatments were 0, 25 and 50 t/ha of chicken manure incorporated into the soil prior to planting the first year. No significant differences in yield were found among the chicken manure treatments. This lack of differences was attributed to the high coefficient of variation found in the experiment. Nevertheless, with the application of 25 t/ha we observed a 17% and 122% increase in yield on the first and second year of the experiment, respectively, compared to yield in the check treatment. This increase in yield could be related to the ample benefit of applied organic matter, especially in low fertility soil. Only foliar nitrogen content showed a significant increase with the chicken manure application in both years, whereas potassium content increased with manure application during the second year. The application of chicken manure caused an increase of organic matter, electric conductivity and N, P, K and Mg content in the soil during the first year.

African Rhino plantain clone (Musa AAB) behavior when using chicken manure as soil amendment and nematicides.

The effects of chicken manure as a soil amendment and the application of nematicides on plant characteristics, yield and foliar nutrient content of the African Rhino plantain clone were evaluated. Chemical properties of the soil were monitored after chicken manure application. Chicken manure, at a rate of 25 t/ha, was incorporated during soil preparation. The nematicide treatment Included the use of etoprop at planting, followed by oxamyl at six and 12 months after planting. The application of chicken manure significantly increased the height and diameter of the pseudostem, reduced the number of days from planting to shooting, and increased bunch weight, and yield per hectare. With the use of chicken manure a yield of 34,242 kg/ha was obtained. This yield represents a 33% increase over that of the treatment without chicken manure. The use of nematicides significantly diminished the number of collapsed plants and Increased plantain yield. The use of chicken manure Increased the foliar content of N and Ca whereas the use of nematicide had no effect on any of the nutrient foliar content. The chemical properties of the soil (pH; organic matter; electric conductivity; N, P, K, Ca and Mg content) were not affected by the use of chicken manure.

Mycobiome Composition and Diversity under the Long-Term Application of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Chicken Manure

Waste exogenous organic matter, including spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and chicken manure (CM), can be used as the basis of a soil-improving cropping system in sustainable agriculture. However, there is—as yet—a lack of information about important quality indicators such as the fungal community relative abundance, structure and biodiversity in soils treated with these additives. In this study, the responses of the soil fungal community composition and mycobiome diversity to SMS and CM application compared to the control soil were evaluated using a combination of the following molecular approaches: quantitative polymerase chain reactions, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and next-generation sequencing. The most abundant phylum for both treatments was Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota. The application of SMS and CM increased the abundance of fungi, including Tremellomycetes and Pezizomycetes for the SMS additive, while the Mortierellomycetes, Pezizomycetes, and Leotiomycetes levels increased after CM addition. SMS and CM beneficially reduced the relative abundance of several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which are potential crop pathogens. The results provide a novel insight into the fungal community associated with organic additives, which should be beneficial in the task of managing the soil mycobiome as well as crop protection and productivity.

Application of organic and biofertilizers to increase soil biota diversity and vegetable production

The diversity of soil biota and vegetable production could be increased using organic fertilizer and biofertilizer. The objective was to determine the effect of organic fertilizer and biofertilizer on soil biota and vegetable production. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 6 treatments, 4 replications. The treatments were T1: farmer practice (goat manure + chicken manure (CM) + banana stem dose of 20 t ha−1), T2: ( CM+ plant residue (PT)) dose 10 t ha−1 + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, T3: (CM+PT) dose of 10 t ha−1 + bio-fertilizer (BF), T4: (CM+PT) dose 10 t ha−1 + Tithonia diversifolia 1 t ha−1, T5: vermicompost 12.5 t ha−1 and T6: vermicompost 10 t ha−1 + BF. The results showed that application of chicken manure + plant residue of 10 t ha−1 and biofertilizer yielded 13.3 t ha−1 of Chinese lettuce and chicken manure + plant residue of 10 t ha−1 + Tithonia yielded 3.8 t ha−1 of broccoli and the diversity of soil biota was significantly high. Vermicompost gave the lowest yield of Chinese lettuce and broccoli due to root disease causing by parasite nematode. Organic fertilizer and biofertilizer increase prospectively soil biota diversity and vegetable production.

Ameliorant engineering to elevate soil pH, growth, and productivity of paddy on peat and tidal land

To support the government’s program towards world food barns in 2045, the use of sub-optimal wetlands such as peatlands and tidal land is a viable alternative. The problem of acidity in both types of land can be controlled, one of which is by providing ameliorant. Thus, the purposes of this study were to examine the effect of ameliorant application in increasing soil pH, as well as its influence in increasing the growth and production of paddy plants. The study was conducted using a nested factorial completely randomized design. The factors were soil (peat soil/l1 and tidal swampland/l2) and ameliorant types (without ameliorant/p0, dolomite/p1, chicken manure/p2, paddy husk ash/p3, paddy husk charcoal/p4, and baglog oyster mushroom waste/p5) that given 10 t ha−1 each. The results showed that all ameliorants applied could increase soil pH, growth, and paddy yield. Dolomite, chicken manure, and baglog oyster mushroom waste significantly elevated the pH of peat and tidal soils. The highest paddy productivity was at chicken manure application. The application of ameliorant increased soil pH to be suitable pH for paddy growing on peat and tidal soils.

Effect of Foliar Application with Nano-Micronutrients and Organic Fertilization on Snap Bean under Sandy Soil Condition

Nanotechnology presents brilliant agricultural products, which may be an achievement in addressing many common economic and ecological issues. Nano-fertilizers show special characters which do not exist in their conventional counterparts. So; this work conducted out during 2019 and 2020 seasons to investigate the effects of three forms of micronutrient Fe + Zn in foliar way (nano, EDTA and sulfate) under organic fertilization (without, chicken manure and FYM) on vegetative growth, physical, chemical and quality of pods and green yield of snap bean as well as some chemical properties of soil after harvesting. All treatments under investigation had significant effect on vegetative growth (plant height, number of branches, fresh, dry weight and chlorophyll content), pod physical quality (number, length, weight and diameter), green pod yield,nutritional value of snap bean leaves and pods (N, P, K%, Fe and Zn mg.kg-1), pod chemical quality as (protein, total carbohydrates, fiber and TSS%) and soil analysis after harvest ( available N, P, K FC and S.P). The results in this study showed that, applying chicken manure and foliar application with nano Fe + Zn was the most suitable treatment significantly affected in all mentioned parameters comparing with the other treatments.

有机物料对喀斯特地区石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响

为研究不同有机物料对喀斯特石灰土元素有效性的影响，采用40 d的室内培养实验，比较了单独添加不同比例（1%、3%、5%）的生物质炭、鸡粪肥、羊粪肥对喀斯特石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响。结果表明：添加生物质炭提高了喀斯特石灰土的pH值，而添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥降低了喀斯特石灰土的pH值；添加3种有机物料均增加了喀斯特石灰土的有机质含量，大小关系为：生物质炭 > 鸡粪肥 > 羊粪肥，但添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥土壤有机质的化学活性和微生物活性更高。受pH、有机质活性、碳氮比等因素的影响，添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥能增加土壤有效N含量，但两种有机肥对土壤有效N的提高效果相差不大，而添加生物质炭反而降低了土壤有效N的含量；3种有机物料均能提高土壤的有效Fe和有效Zn含量，其中鸡粪肥效果最佳，其次为羊粪肥和生物质炭。当3种有机物料的添加比例为5%时，生物质炭处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的0.92、1.13、1.21倍；鸡粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.22、1.63和3.39倍；羊粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.27、1.34和2.59倍。所以，相对于生物质炭，有机粪肥对喀斯特地区的石灰土有更好的改良效果。;The effect of organic materials on the availability of nutrient elements in karst calcareous soil was investigated by a 40-day soil incubation experiment. Biochar, chicken manure and sheep manure were incorporated separately with 1%, 3%, and 5% amount for comparing their impact on soil available N, Fe, and Zn. Our results indicated that chicken manure and sheep manure amendment decreased soil pH, while the opposite was true for biochar. Soil organic matter was enhanced by addition of these organic materials with the order:biochar > chicken manure > sheep manure, but the chemical and microbial activity of organic matter in soil ascribed to biochar application was the lowest. Due to pH, organic matter activity, C/N ratio, and other factors, there was no significant difference between the increment of available N in soil by chicken manure and sheep manure addition with the same amount. Whereas, 5% biochar amendment reduced soil available N significantly. The increment of available Fe and available Zn in soil was optimum by the application of chicken manure, followed by sheep manure and biochar. With 5% addition amount, the contents of available N, available Fe, and available Zn in the soil with biochar were 0.92, 1.13 and 1.21 times as much as that in control respectively, 1.22, 1.63 and 3.39 times respectively for chicken manure treatment, and 1.27, 1.34 and 2.59 times respectively for sheep manure treatment. Hence, compared with biochar, the additions of organic manure were a better choice for the improvement of calcareous soil in karst areas.

II. Ürün Mısır Çeşitlerinde Organik ve İnorganik Gübre Uygulamasının Verim ve Kaliteye Etkisi ile Ekonomik Analizi

Bu araştırma 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında II. ürün olarak Mardin ili Göllü köyünde Tesadüf Bloklarında Bölünmüş Parseller’ deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada materyal olarak farklı iki mısır çeşidi (Dekalp-5401 ve LG 30.597) kullanılmıştır. Uygulama olarak; gübresiz kontrol parseli (G0), standart ticari gübre 8 kg da-1 P2O5, 20 kg da-1 N (G1), tavuk gübresi 1000 kg da-1 (G2), çiftlik gübresi 1500 kg da-1 (G3) ve solucan gübresi 1200 kg da-1 (G4) olacak şekilde kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın iki yıllık ortalama sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek tane verimi 1219.2 kg da-1 ile Ç1 (Dekalb 5401) çeşidinin G1 (ticari gübre) verilen parsellerinde elde edilmiştir. Organik gübre ortalama değeri ise 1124.4 kg da-1 ile Ç2 (LG 30.597) çeşidinin G2 (tavuk gübresi) uygulamasında elde edilmiştir. Kalite parametreleri bakımından çeşit ve gübre uygulamalarının hektolitre, yağ oranı ve protein oranına etkisi önemsiz bulunurken, incelenen diğer parametrelere etkisi ise önemli bulunmuştur. Ekonomik karlılık bakımından kullanılan her iki çeşitte de konvansiyonel gübre uygulamalarının daha avantajlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çeşitler arasında konvansiyonel gübre uygulamaları bakımından Ç1 çeşidinin (Dekalb 5401) kârlılık düzeyi daha yüksek olmuştur. Organik gübre uygulamaları bakımında yapılan değerlendirmede Ç2 çeşidinin (LG 30.597) daha kârlı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ticari gübre uygulamaların diğer gübre uygulamalarına göre maliyeti düşük ve elde edilen verim miktarının daha yüksek olmuştur. Bölgemizde yeterli düzeyde organik mısır piyasasının oluşmaması nedeniyle ticari gübrelerin ekonomik olarak daha avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Farklı Sıra Arası Mesafeleri, Tavuk Gübresi Dozları Ve Tohum Ön Uygulamalarının Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.)’Un Verim Ve Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

Farklı sıra arası mesafeleri, tavuk gübresi dozları ve tohum ön uygulamalarının nohut (Cicer arietinum L.)’un verim ve verim özellikleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma, 2016 ve 2017 yetiştirme sezonunda Siirt koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Denemeler bölünen bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada 20, 30 ve 40 cm olmak üzere 3 farklı sıra arası mesafe ana parsellere; tohum ön uygulaması ve Mesorhizobium ciceri aşılama alt parsellere; tavuk gübresi dozları 0, 40, 120 ve 200 kg/da hesabına göre altın altı parsellere uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; bitki boyu 54.4-66.0 cm, ilk bakla yüksekliği 29.5-36.7 cm, bitkide bakla sayısı 29.3-43.9 adet/bitki, bitkide tane sayısı 29.4-44.9 adet/bitki, 100-tane ağırlığı 30.1-36.2 g ve tane verimi 83.4-253.7 kg/da değerleri arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sıra arası mesafelerin, ön uygulamaların ve tavuk gübresi dozlarının tane verimine etkileri önemli bulunmuştur. Sıra arası mesafe azaldıkça ve tavuk gübresi dozu arttıkça tane verimi artış göstermiştir. En yüksek tane verimi 190.3 kg/da ile 20 cm sıra arası mesafeden elde edilirken, ön uygulamalardan Mesorhizobium ciceri aşılaması 157.8 kg/da ile en yüksek tane verimini vermiştir. Tavuk gübresi uygulamasında ise 157.7 kg/da ile 200 kg/da dozundan elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Siirt ili ekolojik koşullarında yürütülen bu çalışmada en yüksek tane verimi 253.7 kg/da ile 20 cm sıra arası mesafe + Mesorhizobium ciceri + 40 kg/da tavuk gübresi uygulamasından elde edilmiştir.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL EMPAT VARIETAS TANAMAN KACANG HIJAU (Vigna radiata L.) PADA PEMBERIAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM DI TANAH ULTISOL

[GROWTH AND YIELD OF FOUR VARIETIES OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata L.) PLANT ON DOSING OF CHICKEN MANURE FERTILIZER IN ULTISOL]. Ultisols generally have less favorable physical, chemical, and biological properties. Chicken manure is believed to be able to improve soil structure, increase water holding capacity, increase soil pH, increase cation exchange capacity, increase soil biological activity, and facilitate root penetration. This study aims to determine the optimum dose of chicken manure in increasing the growth and yield of four mung bean varieties in Ultisol. This research was conducted using a split-plot design. The doses of chicken manure (0 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons/ha, and 30 tons/ha) were placed in the main plots and mung bean varieties (Vima-1, Vima-2, Kutilang, and Murai) as children. plots with experimental plot units measuring 1 m x 2 m. This study aims to obtain the optimum dose of chicken manure on four varieties of mung bean plants and to find the varieties that have the best growth and yield of green bean plants in Ultisol. The results showed that the highest weight of 100 seeds was obtained from the Kutilang variety which was given chicken manure of 21.34 tons/ha with a maximum weight of 100 seeds of 8.82 g. The highest yield of seed/plant weight was obtained from the application of chicken manure 19.61 tons/ha with a yield of 15.43 g. Kutilang variety is the best variety compared to other varieties, with yields of seed weight/plant of 12 g.

Branch prunning and chicken manure application to improve growth and yield of brocolli in lowland area

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of branch pruning and chicken manure application on improving the growth and yield of broccoli in the lowland. The research was conducted in the dry land of Kutasari Village, Baturraden District, Banyumas Regency at 138 m above sea level. The research was arranged in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications consisting of two factors of chicken manure application (without chicken manure and with chicken manure at doses of 10 ton.ha-1 and 20 ton.ha-1) and branch pruning (without and with branch pruning of 25% and 50%). The pruning was performed when the plants initiated flowers. The observed data were analyzed with the F test and followed with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a P>0.05. The branch pruning resulted in a significant effect on the number of leaves, leaf width, head weight, and head diameter. Meanwhile, the chicken manure application showed a significant effect on all of the observed variables. There was an interaction effect of branch pruning and chicken manure application on the leaf width, head weight, and head diameter. The best result was obtained by the combined treatment of 50% branch pruning and 20 ton.ha-1 chicken manure, resulting in the head weight of 1048.33 g.plant-1 and leaf width of 1705.41 cm2.

Response of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) to plant compost, kitchen wastes and chicken manure composted with PGPR microbes as Bio-Organic fertilizers

Field experiments in two different locations were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, (Saba-Basha) - Alexandria University, during summer season of 2018/2019. The main objective was to investigate the effectiveness of different combinations of compost types on yield and quality of watermelon (cv.Skata F1 hyprid). The study was conducted with randomized complete block design with three replicates. Seven treatments were carried out in this investigation i.e. (T1-Jojoba leaves compost, T2-Compost A,T3-Compost B, T4-Compost C, T5-Compost D, T6-Compost E and T7- Control treatment (R100% NPK). The effects of the treatments on the growth and yield of watermelon were determined. Application of different types of compost increased the vine length, number of leaves, number of branches, number of fruits/plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, mineral contents of leaves and fruits and improved total fruit yield. The obtained results indicated generally that application of chicken manure (T6) produced the highest values of all yield and its components and chemical composition of watermelon plants during both locations compared with the inorganic treatment. Also,Jojoba leaves compost (T1) and compost B ( 100% Compost A + PGPR) gave the highest mean values of the chlorophyll content in leaves character. In addition to Compost C ( 50% Compost A + 50% Chicken manure) gave the best results in mineral content of leaves characters. The findings in this study strongly recommended that chicken manure, beneficial microbes (PGPR), plant composted residues and kitchen wastes would be advantage if the farmer's target is to maximize watermelon yield.

Residual Effects of Organic Manure on Onion Varieties‘ Mineral Content

This study was conducted to determine the residual effects of chicken manure applications on nutrients in leaves and bulbs of second crop onion that grown after lettuce in greenhouse conditions. In the study, residual effects of chicken manure in 4 different doses (control, 20 t ha-1, 40 t ha-1, 60 t ha-1) and chemical fertilizers applied in the recommended amounts are investigated. Three onion varieties, called Burgaz, Snow white, Champion, were used. In the study, the lowest nutrient uptake was observed in control. However, the highest mineral content in leaves and bulbs were determined in the plots, that on average 40 t ha-1 chicken manure was applied to. In terms of leaf nutrient content, when the varieties were compared to each other, Ca, Mg, and Cu contents were found to be the highest in the Burgaz variety. Phosphorus, Zn, Mn contents were analyzed to be the highest in Snow white while N values determined maximum in Champion. The Champion variety contained higher nutrient values in bulbs.

Assessing the potential availability of selenium in the soil-plant system with manure application using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) and DOM-Se fractions extracted by selective extractions

Knowledge of the Se fractionation and the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil is the key to understanding Se mobility and its bioavailability in the soil-plant system. In this study, single extractions using phosphate-buffer (PBS), sequential extraction procedures (SEP), and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) were used to measure Se bioavailability in soil supplemented with selenite and organic amendment (cow and chicken manures). Selenium fraction was isolated into DOM-Se fractions, such as hydrophilic acid-bound Se (HY-Se), fulvic acid-bound Se (FA-Se), humic acid-bound Se (HA-Se), and hydrophobic organic neutral-bound Se (HON-Se), by a rapid batch technique using XAD-8 resin (AMBERLITE XAD™, USA). Simultaneous application of either cow or chicken manure with selenite could result in the decrease of Se availability in the soil. Isolating Se available fraction into DOM-Se fractions showed that low-molecular-weight DOM-Se as an available fraction and even HY-Se as a less available fraction (OM-Se) were likely the major sources for Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss uptake in soil. Moreover, knowledge of the DOM-Se composition, especially the low-molecular-weight DOM-Se fractions, is important for assessing the bioavailability of Se in soil, the results of which are more accurate than the chemical extraction method. The high value of Pearson correlation coefficients between CDGT-Se and Se concentrations in shoots, tubers and roots of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss in cow and chicken manures treatment were 0.95 and 0.99, 0.96 and 0,96, and 0.89 and 0.97 (p < 0,05), respectively, indicating that DGT-Se can reflect the Se uptake ability by plants and can be used to predict the bioavailability of Se when manure and selenite are simultaneously applied.

Effects of Manure and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity in Paddy Fields

To investigate the effect of typical manure application on soil microbes in paddy fields, a field experiment on manure application in Chongming Island was carried out. The composition and variety of soil microorganisms in rice paddy fields were analyzed using high-throughput theory (CK), chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM), and organic fertilizer (OF). The results showed that compared with CK, the application of organic manure increased soil organic matter (SOM), and the application of chicken manure significantly increased the soil ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total nitrogen (TN) contents (P<0.05). Soil microbial diversity in the PM group was significantly higher than that in the CK group (P<0.05), and the soil microbial community richness in the OF group was significantly higher than that in the CM group (P<0.05). pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen, and Pb were the important factors affecting the composition of soil microbial communities in paddy fields. The microbial community structure in the CM group was significantly different from those in the other three groups. Compared with CK, the OF group increased the relative abundance of Nitrospira, and the CM group significantly reduced the relative abundance of the denitrifying bacteria Ignavibacteriae (P<0.01) to 40.56%, but significantly increased the relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria Thauera(P<0.05) to 203.00%. The PM group significantly increased the relative abundance of ammoniated bacteria Armatimonadetes (P<0.05) to 57.51% and the anaerobic strain Anaerolinea to 102.00%. The application of chicken manure and pig manure significantly increased the relative abundance of pathogens Pseudomonas and Flavisolibacter (P<0.05), respectively, while the application of organic manure reduced the relative abundance of Flavisolibacter. Overall, the application of manure increased the abundance of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle of paddy soils and played a positive role in regulating the nitrogen balance in paddy soils. However, direct application of chicken manure and fresh pig manure increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, which had a certain degree of stress on the soil health in the paddy field.

Changes of bacterial community in arable soil after short-term application of fresh manures and organic fertilizer

ABSTRACT The application of animal manure is highly recommended in agricultural production. However, the effect of different kinds of manures on bacterial community in farmland still remains unclear. In this study, a short-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the rapid effects of pig manure (PM), chicken manure (CM) and organic fertilizer (OF, composted by pig manure) application on soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community. The results showed that the application of CM and OF significantly increased soil bacterial richness (p < 0.05), mainly correlated with the increase of soil total nitrogen. Compared with CM and PM, OF had the greatest disturbance to soil bacterial structure. And total phosphorus showed the highest correlation with bacterial community. Meanwhile, the application of OF reduced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, the organic matter synthetic bacteria, and Nitrospirae, the nitrifying bacteria, by 17.18% and 40.00%, respectively. 16S functional prediction analysis results shows that the application of OF increased the relative abundance of genes encoding Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxyg (RuBsiCO), the genes involved in soil Calvin cycling, by 20.51%, and increased the relative abundance of genes encoding nitrous-oxide reductase by 44.86%. In conclusion, Short-term application of OF had greater disturbance to soil bacteria than CM and PM, and it had a significant influence on soil functional bacteria and genes involved in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling.

Variation in yield components and bioactive contents of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) with application of animal manures in ultisol lowland of Bengkulu

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L) is known as herbal medicine that grows in subtropical regions and spreads from Asia to Europe. Plant parts that are used are seeds that contain bioactive compounds such as thymoquinone and thymol. Information about the growth and production from Indonesia is still limited. Therefore it is necessary to develop efforts to cultivate black cumin in Indonesia, especially in sub-optimal land as initial information in the field of plant adaptation studies. This study aimed to determine the effect of manure on yield components and bioactive content of black cumin in the ultisol lowland of Bengkulu. The study was conducted at Dehasen Bengkulu University research station at an altitude below 100 m above sea level. The accessions of India, Syria, and Kuwait were used at the main plot, whereas media for growing viz cow manure, chicken manure, and without manure as a subplot. The study was conducted in February 2019 using the Split Plot Design with three replications. Observations were made on the components of yields and bioactive levels of seeds. The results showed that the application of chicken manure increased the components of the yield of black cumin seed by parameter number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and number of seeds per plant and tended to reduce the weight of 1000 seeds. An increasing level of thymoquinone in the cultivation of black cumin in ultisol lowland of Bengkulu was obtained in the cow manure application. The increased levels of seed thymoquinone were accompanied by decreased levels of thymol for all accession used.