Application Of Chemical Treatments Research Articles

Controlling Enzymatic Browning in Apples: Inhibiting Polyphenol Oxidases Activity

Objective The browning phenomenon in fruits, particularly in apples, is a result of various enzymatic reactions, with polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) being the primary culprits. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds in the presence of oxygen, leading to the production of brown pigments, and compromising the quality, texture, and appearance of fruits. Aims This study aimed to investigate methods for mitigating enzymatic browning in apples by targeting the activity of PPO through the application of chemical treatments. Given the adverse impact of enzymatic browning on the sensory and nutritional qualities of apples, the research explored strategies involving chelating agents, antioxidants, agents of firmness, and acidifying agents. Methods Effective pre-treatment of apple samples was essential to overcome the natural cuticle barrier, thereby optimizing the efficacy of subsequent chemical interventions. The research revolved around the application of chelating agents, antioxidants, agents of firmness, and acidifying agents to suppress PPO activity. The systematic evaluation considered various concentrations of ascorbic acid, potassium metabisulfite (KMS), and sodium benzoate under diverse temperature and potential hydrogen (pH) conditions. Results The findings underscored the effectiveness of a variety of chemical treatments in inhibiting PPO activity, resulting in a noteworthy reduction in enzymatic browning in apples. Ascorbic acid exhibited substantial PPO inhibition at specific concentrations, while KMS and sodium benzoate demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition, ranging from moderate to prominent. Notably, the combination of KMS and sodium benzoate at an optimal concentration emerged as a highly effective approach, effectively preventing enzymatic browning across diverse conditions. Conclusion In conclusion, this research emphasizes the efficacy of chemical treatments, encompassing chelating agents, antioxidants, agents of firmness, and acidifying agents, in mitigating PPO activity and controlling enzymatic browning in apples. The synergistic effect of potassium metabisulfite and sodium benzoate displays significant promise, offering a viable solution to extend the shelf life of apples while preserving their sensory and nutritional attributes. These findings hold substantial significance in the realm of food preservation, with the potential to contribute to addressing global food scarcity challenges.

Wettability Alteration of Berea Sandstone for Gas Condensate Applications.

Gas condensate reservoirs can suffer significant decreases in production due to the buildup of liquid in the vicinity of the wellbore, which occurs when the bottom-hole flowing pressure drops below the dew point pressure. Consequently, the generated liquid hydrocarbons can hinder the movement of the produced gas by adhering to the surfaces, thereby creating a condensate bank. One potential method for mitigating the issue of condensate banking involves the injection of chemical treatment and the alteration of wettability from a liquid-wet state to an intermediate gas-wet state. This study conducted an experimental investigation of the impact of fluorochemical treatment on altering the wettability from liquid-wetting to intermediate gas-wetting. The wettability of the Berea sandstone was analyzed before and after chemical treatment over a temperature range of 25-83 °C. The outcrop core samples of Berea sandstone used in this investigation exhibited an average porosity and permeability of 20% and 100 mD, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the application of chemical treatment has the potential to alter the wettability of Berea sandstone, transitioning it from a state of liquid-wetting to gas-wetting at standard temperatures. The chemical treatment alters the wettability from liquid-wet to intermediate gas-wet at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the alteration of wettability substantially improves the mobility of the oil phase and decreases the residual saturation of the oil, thereby aiding the reduction of liquid accumulation around the wellbore. According to this research, altering the wettability of the rock surrounding the wellbore in gas condensate reservoirs from a state of strong liquid-wet to gas-wet has the potential to enhance the deliverability of gas wells and improve injectivity in the field.

Short Jute Fiber Preform Reinforced Polypropylene Thermoplastic Composite: Experimental Investigation and Its Theoretical Stiffness Prediction.

Natural-based lignocellulose fibrous materials can be used as a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil-based fibers such as glass fibers, in lightweight fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites for marine, automotive, aerospace, or other advanced applications. However, one of the main challenges in using natural fiber-based thermoplastic composites is the low mechanical performance of composite structures. This can be improved significantly through the development of an optimized novel fiber architecture with enhanced fiber packing properties, following a low-cost production process. In this context, this study demonstrates a less energy-consuming and cheaper manufacturing process, for developing highly individualized short jute fiber-based dry fiber preform architecture, with an improved fiber packing property. Short jute fibers were chemically treated with alkali and PVA sizing treatments in the processing of new fiber preform architectures, and they were used in manufacturing of ultimate short jute fiber/polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic composites. The newly developed short fiber thermoplastic composites showed a significant improvement in mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact) compared to any other natural fiber architecture-based (woven, knitted, nonwoven, unidirectional, etc.) composites found in the literature. Due to the use of new fiber architecture, the developed composites' fiber content was observed to increase. In addition, the compatibility of jute fibers with the polypropylene matrix was strengthened with the application of chemical treatments on highly individualized jute fibers. These reasons were responsible for the enhancement of mechanical properties of developed composites. Micromechanics of the fibers in composites were evaluated using the modified rule of the mixture and Halpin-Tsai equations for stiffness prediction of the composites in order to develop a theoretical understanding of newly developed composites' mechanics. It is thought that the improved mechanical performance of short jute fiber/PP thermoplastic composites can extend the use of these composites in many load-demanding applications, wherein normally synthetic fiber composites are used.

Application of chemical treatment for cattle and chicken carcasses for the control of livestock infectious diseases

Application of chemical treatment for cattle and chicken carcasses for the control of livestock infectious diseases

Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal

This paper intends to characterize the floor mortar layers (nucleus, rudus and statumen) of the high imperial mosaics of the domus integrated in the Museum of Archeology D. Diogo de Sousa, the oldest roman housing testimonies known in Braga, Portugal. It offers an important archaeological and historical contextualization and first chemical characterization attempt on the mortars. The study of 13 mortar samples was carried out at a chemical level through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). All samples presented low lime content when compared to similar studies. A high chemical similarity between nucleus mortars (opus signinum) and chemical composition differences between rudus and statumen mortars was determined, confirmed by statistical analyses. Their composition was distinctly related to the stratigraphic position of each floor mortar layer, following Vitruvius’ model, and to the external conditions and treatments (e.g., capillary rise with soluble salts and application of chemical treatments), to which they were submitted.

Season, Classifier, and Spatial Resolution Impact Honey Mesquite and Yellow Bluestem Detection using an Unmanned Aerial System

In Texas, mesquite and yellow-bluestem invasions are widespread. Identifying and monitoring juvenile and adult plants using high-resolution imagery from airborne sensors while they colonize new areas across the landscape can help land managers prioritize locations for treatment and eradication. In this study, we evaluated how data collection design using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) can affect plant detection and mapping. We used a Phantom 3 Professional unmanned aerial vehicle with a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera for detecting and mapping native honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and non-native yellow bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) at a rangeland site in northwest Texas. Flights were conducted seasonally during the period from summer 2017 to fall 2018 to test the seasonal impact of detecting plant species. Flights were conducted at altitudes of 30, 60, and 100 m, and four image classification techniques were tested to determine their viability of detecting distinct plant species. Results suggest that flights at 100-m aircraft altitude during the spring season are more effective (>80% user accuracies) for mapping mesquite canopies based on reflectance values and image segmentation information. Yellow bluestem mapping accuracies were low (< 20% user accuracies). Lower spatial resolution (100-m altitude flights, 12-cm pixel resolution) provided less noise and more generalization capabilities for the image classification methods. Overall, random forests and Support Vector Machine classification algorithms outperformed probability-based image classifiers. Land owners and rangeland ecologists using their own UAS in rangeland management can use this information to plan their data collection campaigns before the application of chemical treatments or manual eradication.

PROTECTION OF THE SOYBEAN CROP AGROECOSYSTEM THROUGH INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

"Soybean is an important economical crop used for human consumption, animal feed and industrial raw material. Also, soybean is succesfully used in crop roatations with the main cereal crops because it’s biological nitrogen-fixing capabilities. A great diversity of pests and diseases including nematodes, insects and phytopathogenic fungi are known to affect soybean crop. From plant emergence to grain maturity, pests Tetranychus urticae and Etiella zinckenella, pseudofungi Peronospora manshurica and fungi Fusarium sp. and Botrytis cinerea can cause economic damage. In this study was evaluated the influence of tillage systems, different types of fertilizers and pesticide treatments on the most economical important diseases and pests of soybean crop in a field experiment at Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS Turda) in the climatic conditions of 2020. Teo TD, an early maturing soybean variety created at ARDS Turda, was used for the experiment. Based on the assessments made, soil tillage system, fertilization and control of pests and diseases have differently influenced the downy mildew and T. urticae attack. To reduce the attack of pathogens in soybean crop, the best technological option is plowing, balanced fertilization and application of fungicides, either without or in combination with an insecticide. The T. urticae populations developed on mineral, organic and green fertilized plants. Integrated control methods must combine agro-technical measures with the application of chemical treatments in accordance with the warning of the appearance of the first adults. "

Integrated Diseased Management on Coffee Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium Xylarioides and its distribution in Ethiopian Review

Coffee belongs to the family Rubiaceae, which is widely distributed throughout the tropical region. Ethiopia the center of origin for Coffea arabica. Coffea arabica originates from Southwest Ethiopia Keffa. Coffea arabica very important for local people as a cash crop for the local and international market. Coffee arabica is attack by several diseases among these major diseases are coffee berry disease, coffee wilt disease, coffee leaf rust are the major fungal diseases to reduced yield of coffee in the country. Coffee wilt disease caused by fungal pathogen that affect vascular wilt disease, it was the main factor of coffee tree death in different coffee growing regions, with national average disease incidence 28% and severity 5%. Coffee wilt disease is a soil-borne pathogen, and this presents difficulties in the application of chemical treatments; affected fields to be left as fallow for some years or other crops planted. Currently in coffee trees are less productive because of variable factors, among that diseases are the major constraints which threatening coffee genetic resources. These diseases are occurring with varying degree of infestation and distribution in the Ethiopia. Thus, the coffee conservation strategies should take the disease into account and apply the recommended principles and practices of disease management. Integrated disease management for coffee Fusarium wilts, one of the most devastating and challenging type of diseases impairing agricultural production worldwide, based on the IPM, (i) use of pathogen-free planting material; (ii) site selection to avoid planting into high risk soils; (iii) reduction or elimination of F. oxysporum inoculum in soil; (iv) use of biocontrol agents for protection of healthy planting material from infection. Based on our review findings suggest resistant coffee varieties through large-scale collection and screening against the pathogen would be inevitable for increase coffee yield.

Sanitary quality of soybean seeds treated with fungicides and insecticides before and after storage

Abstract: Fungi are considered as the most important among pathogens due to the higher number of species and to the damage caused both in yield and in seed quality. Thus, aimed to verify the effect of fungicide and insecticide treatment on sanitary quality and physiological performance of soybean seeds before and after storage. Seeds from cultivars NS 7494, NS 8693 and NS 7338 IPRO were used, which were analyzed separately by a completely randomized design in a 3 x 6 factorial design, being three chemical treatment applications: 1) treated and evaluated; 2) treated, stored and evaluated; 3) stored, treated and evaluated; and six mixtures of fungicides and insecticides: (Imidacloprido + Tiocarbe) + (Carbendazim + Tiram), (Imidacloprido + Tiocarbe) + (Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil), Thiamethoxam + (Carbendazim + Tiram), Thiamethoxam + (Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil), (Fipronil + Piraclostrobina + Metil-tiofanato) and the control, which was added only water. The healthy test, germination, cold and accelerated aging tests were evaluated. Seed treatment products require at least two months to be effective in controlling Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. The mixtures containing Carbendazim + Tiram in its composition are efficient in the control of pathogens regardless of the application time of products.

化学法回收处理油田污油技术的应用

化学法回收处理油田污油技术的应用

Chemical treatment of contaminated sediment for phosphorus control and subsequent effects on ammonia-oxidizing and ammonia-denitrifying microorganisms and on submerged macrophyte revegetation.

In this work, sediments were treated with calcium nitrate, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, and Phoslock®, respectively. The impact of treatments on internal phosphorus release, the abundance of nitrogen cycle-related functional genes, and the growth of submerged macrophytes were investigated. All treatments reduced total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in interstitial water, and aluminum sulfate was most efficient. Aluminum sulfate also decreased TP and SRP in overlying water. Treatments significantly changed P speciations in the sediment. Phoslock® transformed other P species into calcium-bound P. Calcium nitrate, ferric sulfate, and Phoslock® had negative influence on ammonia oxidizers, while four chemicals had positive influence on denitrifies, indicating that chemical treatment could inhibit nitrification but enhance denitrification. Aluminum sulfate had decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves of submerged macrophytes, while ferric sulfate and Phoslock® treatment would inhibit the growth of the root. Based on the results that we obtained, we emphasized that before application of chemical treatment, the effects on submerged macrophyte revegetation should be taken into consideration.

Monitoring European Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis Cerasi L.) Through Vizual Traps

Rhageletis cerasi (L.) is the most important pest in cherry orchards and it’s attak can affect the quality of fruit on a large percentage (45-100%). The European cherry fruit fly is prezent in all cherry and sweet cherry orchards, therefore monitoring this population is required as an element of integrated protection. The aim of this study is to establish population dynamics in Cluj area. Adult flight was monitored twice a week on yellow sticky panels. Traps were placed in different parts of the orchard. The first captures were recorded in May 29, with a number of 4 adults/orchard and in 24 June we recorded the maximum number, 89 adults/orchard. By monitoring population dynamics we can determine the correct time for application of chemical treatments.

НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ЗАДАЧ ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД

The author argues that the current standards of the quality of discharged waste waters are the drivers of new technologies of their treatment. Now traditional biological treatment is considered a universal method. However, compliance with the most recent standards requires that efficient removal of phosphorus in the course of biological processes must rise from 20 40 % to 98 99 %, efficiency of treatment of ammonium must go up to 98 99 %, while the share of nitrate and nitrite compounds formed in the course of biological treatment must be limited. Given the fact that the contemporary method of treatment of waste water must meet the ecological requirements and be economical, improved technologies of biological treatment are most acceptable ones. For practical purposes, the most solicited technologies are those that are based on the alternation of aerobic and anaerobic conditions of treatment of waste waters and/or active sludge. The most widely spread aerobic anaerobic technology of treatment employs the method of biological nitrification de-nitrification, which is the only method of removing all nitrogen compounds (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate) in accordance with the regulations that are effective in our country. Any accompanying microflora boosts the overall biomass, and the laminar structure of the biological film assures the simultaneity of both aerobic and anaerobic processes, and, therefore, it intensifies the process of treatment. Application of chemical treatment is an essential constituent of the waste water treatment technology, as it assures in-depth removal of phosphorus.

Evaluating side effects of newer insecticides on the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci, with implications for integrated pest management in vineyards

Control of the invasive vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) can be achieved through integration of different management strategies such as the application of chemical treatments and biological control. However, compatibility between these control methods is considered crucial when adopting integrated pest management (IPM) programs against this insect pest. The recently used insecticides Prev-Am®, a contact biopesticide, and spirotetramat, a systemic tetramic acid insecticide, were assessed in laboratory conditions for their side effects on the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci with reference to chlorpyriphos-methyl, an organophosphate insecticide conventionally used for mealybug control in vineyards. Regarding contact toxicity, chlorpyriphos-methyl caused 100% parasitoid mortality 24 h after treatment, but parasitoid mortality from Prev-Am® or spirotetramat was almost absent. Neither the total parasitoid offspring/female nor the sex ratio of the progeny was negatively affected by Prev-Am® or spirotetramat relative to the untreated control. According to the IOBC classification for laboratory trials, both Prev-Am® and spirotetramat were rated harmless (IOBC category 1), whereas chlorpyriphos-methyl was categorized as harmful (IOBC category 4) to A. sp. near pseudococci. None of the insecticides adversely affected the development of the parasitoid pupal stage inside mealybug mummies or the survival of the emerged parasitoids. The practical implications of the results for implementing mealybug IPM programs in vineyards are emphasized and discussed.

Chemical treatability of dairy wastewater

Chemical treatability of dairy wastewater originating from a dairy and dairy products plant at Istanbul was investigated on the basis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter as a pre‐treatment alternative. FeCl3, FeSO4 and alum were used as coagulants in the jar‐test experiments of four sets of daily composite wastewater samples taken once every month. The effect of acid cracking has also been searched through acid addition and pH adjustment. Characterisation studies demonstrated that wastewater characteristics varied within a wide range in spite of no significant production changes at the plant during the experimentation period. Optimum coagulant dosage has been determined as 200mg l–1 for all the coagulants with the optimum pH values between 4 and 4.5 for FeCl3 and FeSO4, and 5‐6 for alum. Maximum overall COD removal efficiencies were obtained as 72 per cent, 59 per cent and 54 per cent for FeCl3, FeSO4 and alum, respectively. Nevertheless, COD removal efficiencies were found to be inadequate to meet the current discharge standards of Greater Metropolitan Istanbul to sewer systems indicating that chemical treatment is insufficient for discharging chemically pre‐treated dairy wastewater to a sewage system, which was actually the main objective of the study. The results showed that the wastewater composition greatly influences the maximum removal efficiencies and also the conditions for optimum coagulation. However, attention to such chemical treatment studies on dairy wastewater has started to accelerate within the last decade in various countries of the world, such as United Arabic Emirates and Scandinavian countries where the targets of applying chemical treatment varied. In Scandinavian countries, biodegradable coagulants have been applied to use the sludge arising from the system for livestock feeding, leading to reuse of sludge. In Arabic Emirates, chemically treated dairy effluents are utilised for irrigation purposes. These recent studies point out that application of chemical treatment to dairy wastewater with various coagulants lead to a variety of utilities apart from being a pre‐treatment alternative.