Application Of Central Composite Design Research Articles

Application of Central Composite Design in the Pyrolysis Process for Making Bio-Oil Based on Meranti Wood Sawdust (Shorea pinang)

Renewable energy sources are gaining importance to counteract the harmful effects of fossil fuel consumption on climate change. Among these sources, bioenergy is a viable option that can be derived from different forms of biomass and used as fuel for various purposes such as transportation, power generation, buildings, and industry. Meranti sawdust is a readily available biomass source in Indonesia that can be converted into bio-oil through pyrolytic processes. Therefore, this research aims to determine the impact of key parameters, including temperature, reaction time, and particle size, on the pyrolysis process and identify optimal yield conditions. The central composite design is the method used to determine the optimal value of the operating factors of the maximum yield of bio-oil. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the pyrolysis process are achieved at 377°C, 100 minutes of reaction time, and 0.46 mm particle size, yielding 41.48%.

Application of Central Composite Design, Response Surface Methodology in Predicting the Thermal Expansion of Mild Steel Weldment

The compositional range of materials to be welded, the thickness of the base materials, and current type are the main determining variables in the choice of welding. However, thermal expansion in mild steel weldments occurs when the material expands or contracts when subjected to changes in temperature during welding or subsequent heating and cooling cycles. This expansion and contraction can lead to residual stresses, distortion, and even cracking in the weldment if not properly managed. Mild steel, like many other metals, expands when heated and contracts when cooled. One major challenge occurs when during welding, the high temperatures cause the metal to expand in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the weld zone itself, then as the weldment cools down, it contracts, but this contraction might not be uniform due to differences in cooling rates across the weldment. The present study aims to predict the thermal expansion of mild steel weldments in relation to the current, voltage and gas flow rate. The central composite design is used for the design of experiment of 20 experimental runs, while the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the analysis. The model used in the RSM is Quadratic, while the coefficient of determinant, R-Squared of 0.9642, Adj R-Squared, 0.9319, Pred R-Squared, 0.7133, Adeq Precision 22.307 were obtained. There was no outliner which showed that the model adequately predicted the response. The study establishes that thermal expansion of mild-steel weldment can be adequately predicted by applying expect system such as the Response Surface Methodology.

Optimization of cadmium adsorption on metal organic frameworks MIL-53(Fe) using response surface methodology

This research aims to optimize the cadmium adsorption on metal organic frameworks MIL-53(Fe) using response surface methodology. Specifically, the effects of the adsorption parameters, such as contact time, initial cadmium ion concentration and adsorbent dosage were examined. The experimental design and optimization process consisted of a central composite design and a response surface analysis. The adsorption experimental data were analyzed to validate the the quadratic model produced by the response surface methodology. The results indicated that the interaction between contact time and initial cadmium ion concentration affects the cadmium uptake. The maximum cadmium uptake was obtained at the optimum conditions of 85 min contact time, 46 mg adsorbent dosage and 10 mg/L initial concentration of cadmium. A maximum of 74.94% adsorption efficiency was achieved under optimum conditions, with an F-value of 65.37. The model fitting was satisfactory, as the correlation coefficient of experimental (0.9882) and predicted (0.9731) was in good agreement. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a combined application of central composite design and response surface methodology in evaluating the effects of the factors influencing cadmium adsorption adsorption on MIL-53(Fe).

Statistical Optimization of Crude Oil Degradation using Bacterial Consortium and their Enzymes

The present study investigated the application of central composite design in enhanced crude oil remediation using bacterial consortium. The bacterial strains viz. KG-2, SMG-8, NR-3 and OK-6(2) isolated from soil were selected for the crude oil utilization studies. The strains were identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri-KX344913, P. stutzeri-KX289657, Providencia rettgeri-KX289656 and P. rettgeri-KX344914 respectively using 16s rDNA sequence. The preliminary degradation was done using the DCPIP redox-indicator and further degradation was conducted by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the analysis of variance and regression model. CCD model was developed and batch experiments were performed to understand the significance of the four variables (pH, temperature, salinity and inoculum concentration) on the TPH degradation process by applying CCD based RSM.

Application of central composite design for optimization of bio‐oil production using peat moss

AbstractMost nations have concentrated on reducing greenhouse gas emissions since global warming is such a serious problem. Due to land use changes, the harvesting of peat for use as fuel in homes, and the gardening industry, peat moss from peat bogs or peat fields may cause smoldering fires and release quantities of carbon dioxide. Bio‐fuel is one of the alternative renewable sources created from organic materials. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical process that converts organic materials into substitutes for fossil fuels and used to create biofuel because it is readily available, straightforward, and inexpensive to implement. The feedstock utilized in this experiment was peat moss. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed using thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analyzer to determine thermal breakdown and elemental characteristics. Pyrolysis was carried out in this work using a prototype lab scale fixed‐bed pyrolysis. Based on prior study, the parameters used are pyrolysis temperature, nitrogen flow rate and reaction time to create the central composite design model. According to the analysis of variance results, pyrolysis temperature and flow rate were significant, however reaction time was not. The effect of flow rate and reaction time on response was explored. The actual bio‐oil yield achieved utilizing the optimal parameters was 10.02 %. The presence of chemical compounds in bio‐oil was measured.

Application of central composite design and response surface methodology for the study of extraction of gentian violet dye in aqueous solution by polystyrene membrane modified with oleic acid

AbstractThe present study is interested in removal of a cationic dye gentian violet (GV) using a polystyrene membrane (PS) activated with oleic acid (OA). These innovative membranes were developed by using PS as the base polymer and OA as extractant. The best matrix obtained was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and then applied in the extraction of a cationic GV dye. The effects of an extraction ratio (OA/PS) in the PS‐AO matrix, initial GV dye concentration ([GV]0), and pH of the solution were studied in a batch reactor. The thermodynamic parameters (, , and ) have been calculated. Therefore, the GV extraction onto the PS‐OA matrix is an exothermic and spontaneous process. In addition, the slop method confirms that the chemical formula of the extracted OA‐GV complex is GV‐RHR. The central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the conditions of each experimental run, and extraction optimization was achieved using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the quadratic regression model was statistically significant (0.9994), and the parameters studied had a profound effect on the extraction efficiency. The optimum GV extraction efficiency of 99% was achieved at an extractant ratio of 1, pH of 8, and [GV]0 of 10 mg L−1. The findings of the current study reveal that PS‐AO matrix is an advantageous and effective membrane for the extraction of GV from aqueous solutions, both environmentally and economically, it can be regenerated and used up to five times.

Quality-by-design driven analytical method (AQbD) development and validation of HPLC–UV technique to quantify rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate in lipidic nanocarriers: Forced degradation, and assessment of drug content and in vitro release studies

The main purpose of current investigation was to design and further validate a technique for the quantitative determination of rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT), a cholinesterase inhibitor in the nano formulations. With the employment of a reverse phase C18 column and a very simple mobile phase, an isocratic HPLC–UV analysis technique was developed, optimized, and validated following ICH Q2 (R1) requirements along with the inculcation ofAnalytical Quality-by-Design (AQbD) methodology. A two-level full factorial screening design was applied to filter out the variables influencing responses, followed by the application of central composite design (CCD) to further optimize the method using Design-Expert® software. Analyses were performed at room temperature with 0.9 mL. min−1 flow rate and detection wavelength of 215 nm. The optimized HPLC technique exhibited superior linearity, selectivity, and precision. The inherent stability of RHT was evaluated using the optimized method byconductingforced degradation studies. The RHT peak was clear and unaffected by matrix interference in the specimens from the forced degradation studies, drug content analysis, and in vitro release study. The assay had a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.32 ng. mL−1 and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 43.40 ng. mL−1. With acceptable intra- and interday precision, the methodologywas confirmedto berobust. The devised stability-indicating HPLC technique for analyzing RHT content, its stability in the nano formulations, and drug release in vitro proved to be selective, accurate, sensitive, and consistent.

Eco-friendly micellar HPLC approach for assessment of two anti-asthmatic breezhalers; Application of central composite design

Short-term breathing problems are brought on by asthma, a chronic lung disease. Mometasone furoate (MOF) and Indacaterol (IDT), are co-formulated alone or with Glycopyrronium (GLY) in the form of inhalation powder to control the symptoms of asthma. A novel green hybrid micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyze the three mentioned medications. Contrary to routine analysis, Quality by Design methodology was applied to maximize the resolution with the fewest number of trials. Fractional factorial design was used to study the impact of three significant variables: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) concentration, methanol %, and the mobile phase pH. Separation of the analytes was optimized by central composite design using a mobile phase consists of (191.49 mM) SDS and (10.00 mM) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer: methanol (77.50: 22.50 v/v), pH 3.00 on a reversed phase C18 column, within eight minutes. The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min, with 20 µL injection volume, and UV detection at 210 nm. Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical Greenness Calculator were used for the method’s greenness evaluation, and it was deemed to be an effective green methodology. The developed approach was effectively applied for quantitative determination of the three drugs in bulk powder and two pharmaceutical dosage forms. International Conference of Harmonization requirements were adhered to when validating the approach. Under optimized conditions, calibration curves of the studied drugs were linear over the concentration range of (10.00 – 100.00 µg/mL) with high accuracy results and correlation coefficients of 0.9997 for MOF, 0.9996 for IDT and 0.9996 for GLY. Additionally, a precise approach has been demonstrated by the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation ≤ 2%. The LOD and LOQ were (2.39 μg/mL) and (7.25 μg/mL) for MOF, (2.67 μg/mL) and (8.08 μg/mL) for IDT, and (2.80 μg/mL) and (8.48 μg/mL) for GLY, respectively.

Application of Central Composite Design and Superimposition Approach for Optimization of Drying Parameters of Pretreated Cassava Flour.

The primary goals of this study were to identify the influence of temperature and drying time on pretreated cassava flour, as well as the optimal settings for the factors and to analyze the microstructure of cassava flour. The experiment was designed using the response surface methodology with central composite design and the superimposition approach in order to assess the effect of drying temperature (45.85-74.14 °C) and drying time (3.96-11.03 h) and the optimal drying conditions of the cassava flour investigated. Soaking and blanching were applied as pretreatments to freshly sliced cassava tubers. The value moisture content of cassava flour was between 6.22% and 11.07%, whereas the observed whiteness index in cassava flour ranged from 72.62 to 92.67 in all pretreated cassava flour samples. Through analysis of variance, each drying factor, their interaction, and all squared terms had a substantial impact on moisture content and whiteness index. The optimized values for drying temperature and drying time for each pretreated cassava flour were 70 °C and 10 h, respectively. The microstructure showed a non-gelatinized, relatively homogeneous in size and shape sample with pretreatment soaked in distilled water at room temperature. These study results are relevant to the development of more sustainable cassava flour production.

Application of Central Composite Design for Formulation and Optimization of Solid Dispersion for Dissolution Rate Enhancement of BCS Class II Drug

The objective of this research work was to develop solid dispersion of Fluvastatin sodium (FLS-SD) by solvent evaporation technique for dissolution enhancement of Fluvastatin sodium (FLS). Furthermore, central composite design (CCD) was applied for studying the effect of drug: polymer (w/w) (X1) and surfactant concentration (% w/v) (X2) on dependent variables T50% (Minutes) (Y1), Q90(%) (Y2) and percentage drug content (Y3). Thirteen experimental runs were performed as per CCD design layout and analyzed. The model was exceptional fitted in quadratic model as indicated by lack of fit of p-value more than 0.05. An optimized FLS-SD composition having 0.998 desirability function was explored using Design-Expert software. The theoretical values of t50%, Q90 and % drug content for optimized FLS-SD given by software were 23 min, 94.289% and 88.515%, respectively. The percentage cumulative drug release from FLS, physical mixture and FLS-SD was found 25.43%, 27.54%, and 93.6% within 2 hour which demonstrated superior and significant dissolution enhancement of FLS (*p < 0.05). The r2 for the Zero-order, First-order, Korsmeyer-peppas (K-P), and Higuchi models for FLS-SD were 0.8336, 0.7594, 0.9539 and 0.9234, respectively. K-P model was found superior (y = 0.426x +1.1259, r2 = 0.9539) and ‘n’ value was 0.426(n <0.45) which revealed fickian drug release from FLS-SD. This research work concluded that solid dispersion formulation by solvent evaporation technique could be successfully utilized for dissolution enhancement of BCS class II drug.

Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Vanillin Hydrodeoxygenation Over a Sulfided Ni-Mo/δ-Al2O3 Catalyst Under Continuous-Flow Conditions

A fundamental understanding of the process parameters affecting the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oils is of significance for enabling further progression and improvement of industrial biofuel upgrading methods. Herein, a novel demonstration and evaluation of the effect of temperature, pressure, and weight hourly space velocity in the continuous HDO of vanillin to cresol over a Ni-Mo/δ-Al2O3 catalyst are presented. Response surface methodology was used as a statistical experimental design method, and the application of central composite design enabled the generation of a statistically significant simulation model and a true optimization parametric study. The distribution of Ni and Mo on δ-Al2O3 was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). No gradients with EDX mapping could be identified, and the elemental analysis showed well-dispersion of the metals. The mesoporous character of the catalyst-support system was unraveled using N2 physisorption. Experiments were conducted within the parametric range of 250–350 °C, 3–9 bar, and 15–35 h−1. Both temperature and pressure were found to have statistically significant linear and quadratic effects on the selectivity for cresol. The parametric interaction of temperature with pressure and space velocity also had a significant effect on the resulting response. The optimal temperature range becomes more critical at lower space velocities. Optimal selectivity for cresol was established at 314 °C, 5 bar, and 35 h−1. The fitting quality of the generated regression model was statistically confirmed and experimentally validated to describe the specified HDO process within the 95% two-sided confidence interval.

Milling of pharmaceutical powder carrier excipients: Application of central composite design

Pharmaceutical powder carriers are often used to prevent agglomeration of a micronized drug in the co-milling process. Twenty-four pharmaceutical excipients were subjected to preliminary mild milling conditions in this work. Ten of them showed acceptable milling properties with alginic acid, calcium alginate, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® 200), carrageenan, and hypromellose having the best particle size reduction without any aggregation while maintaining a narrow span. For the latter five substances, circumscribed central composite design (CCD) evaluating the effect of the factors milling speed and timeon the responses (particle size, particle size distribution) for three milling ball sizes was used to establish optimal milling conditions. For all ten possible factor combinations and each ball size, a quadratic response surface model was used to predict the response variable. For three substances out of five, the best results were achieved using 5-mm balls. Thermal characteristics showed the good stability of excipients under optimized milling conditions.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide/alginate and application of central composite design in the adsorption of Th(IV) on the nanobiocomposites

Abstract In this study, graphene oxide and aginate were used to synthesis of nanobiocomposites under different synthesis conditions and the used to investigate the adsorption properties of Th (IV) ions from aqueous solutions. BET surface area, SEM and TEM images, FT-IR spectrometry, XRD techniques were used for the characterization of the adsorbents. In batch adsorption experiments, parameters affecting the adsorption efficiency such as solution pH, contact time, Th (IV) concentration and temperature were investigated using central composite design (CCD). ANOVA (analysis) analysis at the 95% confidence interval of the model applied for the experimental design and the compatibility of this model with the experimental findings were examined. The relevance of the model for the nanobiocomposite prepared by the 1st method is that the P value is <0.05 and the model F value is 23.77 and 39.45 with the 2nd method, respectively. These results show that the regression for this method is statistically high. The correlation coefficient (R 2), which was 95.69% for the 1st method and 97.36% for the 2nd method, indicates a high coordination between the observed values and the estimated values. According to the CCD results, it has been observed that the main effects of the adsorption process with the materials obtained by the 1st method are in the direction of increasing the concentration, while pH, time and temperature do not have a statistically significant effect. In the adsorption process with the materials obtained by the 2nd method, it was observed that the concentration, time and temperature caused an increasing effect. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were used to determine the adsorption model and the constants related to these isotherms were calculated. In addition, the adsorption process was also investigated in terms of thermodynamics.

Application of Central Composite Design for Optimization of Adsorption of Chromium(VI) by Spirulina platensis Algae Biomass

Algal biomass from Spirulina platensis has been tested for the adsorption of chromium (VI) in aqueous effluents. The study was conducted using a central composite experimental design. The selected variables were: biomass (0.25–0.75 mg), initial chromium concentration (100–500 mg/L), and contact time (3–8 h). This study proved that spirulina biomass shows good adsorption capacity in the experimental space selected for the central composite experimental design (CCD). The maximum adsorption capacity was 40 mg Cr/g of biomass in the tests with 500 mg/L of Cr(VI) and 0.25 g of spirulina. The statistical analysis confirmed that the adsorption capacity can be modelled using a linear equation that only depends on the initial chromium concentration and the biomass dose. These results suggest that the adsorption of Cr in spirulina raw biomass can be considered in the development of large-scale applications.

Application of central composite design in parameters optimization of nano-structured supramolecular solvent based on liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of total lead in food, vegetables, grilled meat products, and water samples

The main aim of this research article is to develop a new sample preparation method based on liquid-liquid microextraction using nanostructured supramolecular solvent for analysis of total lead in food, vegetables, grilled meat products, and water samples. Optimization of important microextraction parameters was optimized using central composite design based on response surface methodology. Sulfadiazine provided the complexation of Pb(II) ions in the aqueous solution. Prior to optimization step, three supramolecular solvents were prepared and tested for analysis of Pb(II). Analysis of variance was used to investigate the main effects of microextraction parameters and their interactions and optimum parameters were selected based on the model of experimented results. Using optimized conditions, the working range, coefficient of determination, limit of detection, and enhancement factor of the developed method were found to be 0.5–400 μgL−1, 0.997, 0.15 μg L−1 and 126, respectively. The validation of the developed method was confirmed with certified reference material. Spiked recovery tests were also performed on food, vegetables, grilled meat products, and water samples to determine the method's accuracy and applicability to the selected samples. The percent recoveries for Pb(II) ions were between 91 and 104%, and percent relative standard deviation values were below 3.8% indicating acceptable precision and accuracy. The developed method represents a promising choice for a green sample preparation procedure for determination of total Pb in real samples.

Application of central composite design for optimisation of the development of metakaolin based geopolymer as adsorbent for water treatment

ABSTRACT Metakaolin-based geopolymers (MKGP) were optimised by varying the operating conditions using the central composite design (CCD) and the response surface method (RSM) to optimise the operating variables affecting MKGP formation and their adsorption efficiency. The MKGP was characterised and tested for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous environment. Results show that the MKGP5 with the most organised structure exhibits the highest MB removal efficiency. Parameters like the adsorbent dose, the pH, the contact time, the initial dye concentration, and the temperature were optimised to improve the adsorption efficiency of MB. The results also demonstrated the accuracy and feasibility of CCD simulation to develop a well-converted geopolymer adsorbent for water treatment.

Optimization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BLB369 Culture Medium by Response Surface Methodology for Low Cost Production of Antifungal Activity.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BLB369 is an important plant growth-promoting bacterium, which produces antifungal compounds. A statistics-based experimental design was used to optimize a liquid culture medium using inexpensive substrates for increasing its antifungal activity. A Plackett–Burman design was first applied to elucidate medium components having significant effects on antifungal production. Then the steepest ascent method was employed to approach the experimental design space, followed by an application of central composite design. Three factors were retained (candy waste, peptone, and sodium chloride), and polynomial and original trigonometric models fitted the antifungal activity. The trigonometric model ensured a better fit. The contour and surface plots showed concentric increasing levels pointing out an optimized activity. Hence, the polynomial and trigonometric models showed a maximal antifungal activity of 251.9 (AU/mL) and 255.5 (AU/mL) for (19.17, 19.88, 3.75) (g/L) and (19.61, 20, 3.7) (g/L) of candy waste, peptone, and NaCl, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for improving the fermentation of B. amyloliquefaciens BLB369 in low-cost media for large-scale industrial production.

Application of Central Composite Design for Development of Celecoxib Loaded Lipospheres: Formulation and in-vitro Characterization

Application of Central Composite Design for Development of Celecoxib Loaded Lipospheres: Formulation and in-vitro Characterization

Facile Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Grafted with Fe3O4-Chitosan for Efficient Removal of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Solution: Application of Central Composite Design

Facile Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Grafted with Fe3O4-Chitosan for Efficient Removal of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Solution: Application of Central Composite Design

Statistical sequential optimization of process parameters for inulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 36907 in solid-state fermentation using beer residue

The biotechnological production of inulinase , a hydrolytic enzyme with important applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry, is presented as a possible route for the valorization of beer residues. The current study employs a sequential optimization strategy, based on statistical experimental designs, was employed to optimize inulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 36907 in solid-state fermentation (SSF), including the Plackett-Burman (PB) design and the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The most important variables selected of SSF using dried beer residue were the concentration of sugarcane molasses , concentration of yeast extract (additional source of nitrogen) and the incubation temperature . The CCRD, which through the response surface methodology (RSM), determined the optimal fermentation conditions for these three variables, which were 47.1% (w/w), 0.032 g gds −1 and 37.5 °C, respectively. It was found that the RSM model has a predicted R 2 value of 0.9512 and adjusted R 2 of 0.8884, and can significantly predict (p < 0.05) the response variables of enzyme activity . Under these optimal conditions, it was possible to obtain a maximum inulinase activity of 239.38 U gds −1 of dried beer residue and maximum productivity at 48 h of 3.69 U gds.h −1 . While there is ample literature on inulinase production by solid-state fermentation using K. marxianus , this is the first report on the use of beer residue as a potential source for the production of this enzyme with significant high yield that is on par with the enzymatic activities reported so far using different substrates and different lineages of K. marxianus. • Two statistical designs were used sequentially to optimize inulinase production. • The dried beer residue proved to be effective as a new substrate and support in solid-state fermentations. • Pre-treated sugarcane molasses as an enzyme inducer, contributed to increase inulinase activity. • The high incubation temperature proved to be effective for increased inulinase activity. • The application of central composite design increased the inulinase activity 3.57-folds.