Application Of Carbendazim Research Articles

Characterization of Fusarium falciforme Inciting Wilt in Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii)

Severe wilt incidence with characteristic yellowing of older leaves was observed in Spathiphyllum plants of different commercial nurseries of Andhra Pradesh, India during 2021-23. Upon isolation on potato dextrose agar medium, the fungus displayed aerial greyish white mycelium on upper surface and with yellow pink pigmentation on the lower surface. Microscopic observation of the three types of conidia namely microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores confirmed the morphological identity of the pathogen as genus Fusarium. Multi-gene sequencing analysis, utilizing ITS, Tef-1α, RPB1, and RPB2 gene sequences, further confirmed the pathogen's identity at the species level as Fusarium falciforme. Pathogenicity assays in 30 days old Spathiphyllum plants demonstrated that yellowing of leaves was observed seven days after pathogen inoculation using a non-invasive method, followed by complete wilting of the plants within 15 days. In addition, host range analysis revealed that the isolated pathogen isolate from wilted Spathiphyllum plants could cause complete wilting within 12-15 days post-inoculation in other economically important solanaceous crops such as tomato, brinjal, chili and tobacco, further highlighting its economic significance. Studies evaluating different fungicides revealed that root zone application of carbendazim 50%WP at 1g/l and tebuconazole 25.9% EC at 1ml/l were effective in controlling wilt incidence, achieving 77.78% reduction as a prophylactic treatment and 66.67% reduction as a curative treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on Spathiphyllum wilt incidence and its management worldwide.

Thiophanate-methyl and its major metabolite carbendazim weaken rhizobacteria-mediated defense responses in cucumbers against Fusarium wilt

The effect of fungicides on the plant-rhizosphere microbiome is a subject of ongoing debate, but whether any alteration in the rhizosphere microbiome could affect plant health is an issue that has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this deficiency, we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiome of wilt disease—resistant and disease-susceptible cucumber cultivars to determine whether (and which) plant-associated microorganisms have a role in disease resistance. We further assessed whether the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim affect the rhizosphere microbiome, which may contribute to the plant’s immune response. Based on results acquired with both radicle-inoculation and soil-inoculation methods, cultivars Longyuanxiuchun (LYXC) and Shuyan2 (SY2) were identified as being disease resistant, whereas Zhongnong6 (ZN6) and Zhongnong38 (ZN38) were susceptible. The microbiome structure differed substantially between the resistant and susceptible plants, with LYXC and SY2 each having a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38. These results revealed that the disease-resistant cucumber cultivars recruited more beneficial bacteria, i.e., Bacillus, in their rhizosphere soil; as such, Bacillus was identified as a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network. Thus, the presence of Bacillus may help cucumbers defend against fungal pathogens within the rhizosphere. Bacillus subtilis strain LD15, which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil, could suppress pathogen growth, in vitro, and reduce disease severity in pot assays. Moreover, evidence also confirmed the accumulation of LD1 in the rhizosphere soil of resistant cucumber cultivars. For LYXC, application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure, decreased bacterial diversity, and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species. Finally, pot assays verified that fungicide application decreased the proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soil. From a microbial perspective, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim may weaken the rhizobacteria-mediated defense response of cucumbers against cucumber Fusarium wilt disease. Our findings reveal a role for the rhizosphere microbiome in protecting plants from pathogens and constitute a reference for assessing the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to non-target soil microorganisms.

Design and Fabrication of a Biomimetic Smart Material for Electrochemical Detection of Carbendazim Pesticides in Real Samples with Enhanced Selectivity.

Agricultural products are vitally important for sustaining life on earth and their production has notably grown over the years worldwide in general and in Brazil particularly. Elevating agricultural practices consequently leads to a proportionate increase in the usage of pesticides that are crucially important for enhanced crop yield and protection. These compounds have been employed excessively in alarming concentrations, causing the contamination of soil, water, and air. Additionally, they pose serious threats to human health. The current study introduces an innovative tool for producing appropriate materials coupled with an electrochemical sensor designed to measure carbendazim levels. The sensor is developed using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) mounted on a glassy carbon electrode. This electrode is equipped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for improved performance. The combined system demonstrates promising potential for accurately quantifying carbendazim. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The analytical curve was drawn using the electrochemical method in the range of 2 to 20 ppm while for HPLC 2-12 ppm; the results are presented as the maximum adsorption capacity of the MIP (82.4%) when compared with NIP (41%) using the HPLC method. The analysis conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) yielded a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 ppm and a repeatability of 5.08% (n = 10). The results obtained from the analysis of selectivity demonstrated that the proposed electrochemical sensor is remarkably efficient for the quantitative assessment of carbendazim, even in the presence of another interferent. The sensor was successfully tested for river water samples for carbendazim detection, and recovery rates ranging from 94 to 101% were obtained for HPLC and 94 to 104% for the electrochemical method. The results obtained show that the proposed electrochemical technique is viable for the application and quantitative determination of carbendazim in any medium.

Effect of the presence of carbendazim on imidacloprid degradation in a biological organic mixture

ABSTRACT The biological organic mixture (BOM) is a major component of a biopurification system (BPS), which provides an ample substrate for many microbes. Fungi present in BOM predominantly degrade pesticides through co-metabolism. We assume that the application of fungicides could have an impact on the fungal growth as well as the depuration ability of the BPS. This study is conducted to evaluate the efficiency of BOM in degrading imidacloprid in the presence of carbendazim, a commonly used fungicide. Both pesticides degraded at a faster rate when treated separately with the BOM, but their half-lives increased when applied in combination. The applied quantity of carbendazim (100 times of field recommended dose) was degraded within 60 days of the experiment. Approximately 75% of applied imidacloprid was dissipated within first 15 days of the experiment. Although carbendazim degraded at a faster rate, it had a negative impact on imidacloprid degradation during the experiment. Imidacloprid residue did not produce a negative effect on carbendazim degradation. Microbial and major soil enzyme activities were suppressed when BOM was exposed to the combination of pesticides in comparison to their single applications. Application of carbendazim was lethal to fungal population and may be the reason behind the increased persistence of imidacloprid in BOM.

Effects of mixed application of avermectin, imidacloprid and carbendazim on soil degradation and toxicity toward earthworms

The application of pesticides in mixtures often exerts multiple pressures on agricultural soils in the short term. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of mixed application on the environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of pesticides in soil. In this study, we assessed the effects of three common pesticides through mixed application on soil degradation and toxicity toward the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Compared with the degradation half-lives (DT50) the single pesticide, the DT50 values of avermectin, imidacloprid and carbendazim in the binary mixtures were similar. However, their DT50 values in the ternary mixtures were approximately 1.5 times longer than those in the individual applications, enhancing their stable in soil after two or three applications. The ternary mixtures of the pesticides showed significantly synergistic toxicity toward E. fetida, while their binary mixtures exhibited a changing interaction throughout the entire effect level range. The ternary mixtures activated higher SOD and CAT activities in E. fetida than the individual treatments, confirming their synergistic effects. By conducting avoidance tests with E. fetida, ternary toxic interactions were effectively assessed within a relatively short testing period. In summary, the three pesticides in ternary mixtures exhibited longer degradation half-lives and synergistic toxicity toward earthworms compared to individual or binary mixtures.

The Dissipation Behavior and Risk Assessment of Carbendazim Under Individual and Joint Applications on Peach (Amygdalus persica L.)

Dissipation, residue levels, and ingestion risks of carbendazim in peach (Amygdalus persica L.) were investigated with individual and joint applications in the present study. The dissipation kinetics of carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, prochloraz, and imidacloprid were evaluated by the first-order kinetics. When carbendazim was individually applied, the final residual concentration was 2.97 mg kg−1 and the half-life was 17.4 d. In the joint application of carbendazim with chlorpyrifos, prochloraz, and imidacloprid, the residual concentrations at 35 d after spraying were 7.16, 7.50, and 4.26 mg kg−1 and the half-lives were 30.8, 23.7, and 23.2 d, respectively, which showed an increase of 1.3–1.8 times compared with the single application of carbendazim. In addition, the effects of household processing of rinsing and peeling were investigated, and a high removal rate of 54.6% and 76.5% were found. Furthermore, the carbendazim ingestion risk assessment was conducted, which indicated that the acute health risk (aHI) and hazard quotient (HQ) of carbendazim were all within acceptable levels ranging from 21.7% to 40.9%. However, a higher ingestion risk of carbendazim was found under the joint application. This study provides some preliminary guidance for the joint application and risk assessment of carbendazim in peach, which is worth further investigation.

Integrated Application of Trichoderma and Carbendazim Affects the Carbendazim Extractability and Microbial Functions in the Maize Rhizosphere

Integrated Application of Trichoderma and Carbendazim Affects the Carbendazim Extractability and Microbial Functions in the Maize Rhizosphere

Newly synthesized chitosan-nanoparticles attenuate carbendazim hepatorenal toxicity in rats via activation of Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway

Widespread application of carbendazim (CBZ) is a major environmental impact because of its residues that caused multi-organ dysfunction. Recently, Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) are extensively used as nanocarriers due to their non-toxic and biodegradable nature. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the possible mechanistic pathway of modified CS-NPs to reduce the hepatic and nephrotoxicity of CBZ in rats. CS-NPs were synthesized by the ionic gelation method by using ascorbic acid instead of acetic acid to increase its antioxidant efficiency. Twenty-adult male Wistar rats were grouped (n = 5) as follows: Group (1) negative control, group (2) received CS-NPs, group (3) received CBZ, and group (4) co-administered CS-NPs with CBZ. Rats received the aforementioned materials daily by oral gavage for 28 days and weighed weekly. The results revealed that CBZ receiving group showed severe histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney sections including cellular necrosis and interstitial inflammation confirmed by immunostaining and showed marked immunopositivity of iNOS and caspase-3 protein. There were marked elevations in the serum levels of ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine with a significant increase in MDA levels and decrease in TAC levels. Upregulation of the Keap1 gene and down-regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 genes were also observed. Co-treatment of rats by CS-NPs with CBZ markedly improved all the above-mentioned toxicological parameters and return liver and kidney tissues to normal histological architecture. We concluded that CBZ caused hepatorenal toxicity via oxidative stress and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and CS-NPs could reduce CBZ toxicity via their antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects.

In Vitro Evaluation of Fungicides against Fusarium solani, the Causative Agent of Brinjal Root Rot

Root rot in brinjal is one of the most important problems. In the present research, five different fungicides; Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride, Hexaconazole, Metalaxyl+Mancozeb, and Carbendazim, at 100 ppm were evaluated for their efficacy against the causative agent of this disease, Fusarium solani, In-vitro. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design with seven replications. Our result shows the difference in the efficacy of all tested fungicide against this pathogen. The application of Carbendazim at 100 ppm gave the highest inhibition of mycelium growth (100%) followed by Mancozeb (85.08%) and Metalaxyl+Mancozeb (64.3%) (at the same dose) on the 7th day of incubation suggesting Carbendazim (100 ppm) as a better one to use for the management of F. solani.

Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis Wint) Management Using a Novel Fungicide Combination in the North-Western Himalayas of India

Apple (Malus×domestica) is commercially most important horticultural crop grown in the north-western Himalayan region of India. The apple scab caused by fungi Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint., is a devastating disease of apple aided by cool, moist climate during early spring. The present study on evaluation of effective fungicides against apple scab was undertaken in Himachal Pradesh during the years 2016 and 2017 under natural epiphytotic conditions. The application of carbendazim 25%+flusilazole 12.5% SE (0.08%) significantly decreased the apple scab disease in the present study. This resulted in maximum reduction of per cent conidia and conidial germination of V. inaequalis at the concentrations tested. It was superior and effective in comparison to other fungicides. Since the new combination of carbendazim 25% + flusilazole 12.5% SE exhibits systemic activity and both the fungicides have different modes of action, therefore, such a new combination can delay or prevent the build-up of resistance in the pathogen and can be effectively utilized as a promising fungicide for the control of apple scab disease.

Comparison the dissipation behaviors and exposure risk of carbendazim and procymidone in greenhouse strawberries under different application method: Individual and joint applications

The dissipation behaviors and exposure risks of individual and joint application of procymidone and carbendazim in greenhouse strawberries were studied. The initial concentrations were similar after individual or joint applications, while the dissipation half-lives and finial concentrations were significantly different. After joint application, the dissipation half-lives of procymidone and carbendazim were 12.9 and 16.0 days, respectively, which were about 1.8 times higher than those after individual application. Furthermore, the final residues under joint application condition were 1.8–3.5 times higher than those under individual application condition. The joint application decreased the dissipation rates of procymidone or carbendazim in strawberries, and increased the final residue concentrations. The dietary intake risks of procymidone and carbendazim (whether applied individually or jointly) were no higher than 0.12, which were acceptable for human health. This work would shed a light for the guidance of the joint application and risk assessment of the typical fungicides in strawberry.

Validation of integrated management modules against sheath blight disease of rice

Sheath blight is one of the most important diseases of rice worldwide causing serious yield losses. The study was conducted to determine the best and most eco-friendly combination of different IDM practices for the management of the disease under field conditions. Research findings over two crop seasons, suggests that IDM practices (treatment T3) which included seed treatment with carbendazim (2 g/kg) along with one foliar application of carbendazim (@1 g/m2) 7 days before uprooting the seedlings + application of DAP @ 108 g/10 m2 nursery area (to supply 20 kg nitrogen and 50 kg phosphorus per hectare) and MOP @ 85 g/10 m2 nursery area (to supply 50 kg potassium/ha) before sowing + application of 120N:60P:40K:25Zn (100% recommended dose). Additional 25% N was applied at booting to make the plants more prone to the diseases) + one blanket application of granular insecticide (cartap hydrochloride 4% G @ 18.75 kg/ha) at 15 DAT + two foliar sprays of propiconazole @ 0.1% first at booting stage and second after booting stage, if disease appears was proved most effective and consistent in reducing the severity (46.21%) and incidence (39.72%) of sheath blight disease. The treatment also increased the grain yield up to 10.83%. This shows that the IDM practices have significant effect on disease management and also in improving the yield.

Characterization and chemical management of Cashew Fusarium Wilt Disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Tanzania

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is the present leading currency earning crop in Tanzania, generating income to over 2.5 million farmers. Despite of its importance, cashew is threatened by a new serious destructive disease called Cashew Fusarium Wilt (CFWD), which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The impact of the disease has reduced income at both household and national levels. The current study was conducted to characterize CFWD and investigate chemical management options for the disease. The study was conducted during the rainy and off-rainy season(s) at Tuungane-Liwale and Kitangari-Newala in Lindi and Mtwara regions respectively. Disease characterization involved field observation of the infected cashew trees, laboratory isolation and characterization of the causative agent. Chemical management involved application of azoxystrobin, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl each at a concentration of 5, 10 and 15 g of formulated product/L. Laboratory findings revealed that the causative agent of the cashew wilting symptoms is Fusarium oxysporum characterized by whitish mycelia growth, chlamydospores, macroconidia and microconidia. The tested chemical fungicides revealed significant effects on the suppression of Fusarium wilt disease and thus enhancing cashew recovery after 120 days of application. Azoxystrobin and carbendazim reduced severity and enhanced recovery. Application of azoxystrobin (15 g/L) promoted 65.2 percent recovery of cashew from 50.0 percent of disease severity and 10 g/L of carbendazim enhanced 49.4 percent of cashew recovery from 50.0 percent severity. Thiophanate methyl exhibited significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on reducing the severity of the disease and enhancing cashew recovery whereby 15 g/L of thiophanate methyl enhanced 21.6 percent recovery from 45.0 percent severity. These findings advocate the administration of these chemicals, especially carbendazim and azoxystrobin in proper concentration for timely disease management in the affected areas. Studies to establish the effect of the applied chemicals to other biota for betterment and continued applications to combat the disease are underway.

Sub-chronic carbendazim exposure induces hepatic glycolipid metabolism disorder accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis in adult zebrafish (Daino rerio)

Carbendazim (CBZ) as a broad spectrum fungicide is widely used in the whole world to contorl plant diseases. With the application of CBZ in the agriculture, it has been detected in vegetables and fruits. Nowadays, it even has been detected in the watercourse and indoor dust. However, the toxic effects of CBZ on aquatic organisms have received limited attention. In this study, male adult zebrafish were exposed at 0, 30 and 100 μg/L CBZ for 21 days to assess its effects on hepatic glycolipid metabolism. After exposure, the body weight and length decreased, but the condition factor increased significantly. Some hepatic biochemical parameters including the levels of glucose, pyruvate, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) decreased significantly in the liver of zebrafish after exposure with CBZ. Two transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) also increased significantly, indicating that subchronic CBZ exposure influenced the liver function. Moreover, the relative mRNA levels of some key genes related to the glycolysis and lipid metabolism in the liver also changed significantly. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis showed that the carbon metabolism, lipid metabolism and detoxification metabolism were also affected in the liver of CBZ exposed zebrafish. Interestingly, we also found the amounts of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia at phylum level significantly decreased in the gut. Sequencing V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA also demonstrated gut microbiota composition changed significantly according to weighted UniFrac distance analysis. Consequently, subchronic CBZ exposure induced hepatic metabolic disorder accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis in adult male zebrafish.

Roles of systemic fungicide in antifungal activity and induced defense responses in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) against leaf fall disease caused by Neopestalotiopsis cubana

Leaf fall disease of rubber tree caused by Neopestalotiopsis cubana has been reported to negatively impact rubber cultivation in southern Thailand. The aim of this study was to test and select effective fungicides to control this disease. Effects of fungicides, namely metalaxyl, prochloraz, hexaconazole, carbendazim, captan, mancozeb, propineb, aironae, copper oxychloride, sulfur, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP), and salicylic acid (SA) were tested for inhibition of conidia germination, mycelial growth, and reduction of disease severity index (%). Systemic fungicide 2 × carbendazim suppressed conidia germination (0.67%) and inhibited mycelial growth (100%) more than the other fungicides or control. Furthermore, 2 × carbendazim showed a lesser disease severity index (36.1%) than those other fungicides and control. Enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and peroxidase in carbendazim treated rubber leaves were significantly higher than those observed in control, suggesting that application of carbendazim induced disease resistance in rubber tree leaves. No phytotoxicity (chlorosis, necrosis or leaf blight) was observed in carbendazim treated rubber leaves from level of chlorophyll content. The results reveal that a systemic fungicide, carbendazim, shows antifungal activity against N. cubana, reduces disease development, and induces defense responses in rubber tree leaves.

Integrated management of castor wilt disease

Field trials were conducted for management of the wilt disease in castor during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Soilsolarisation during summer followed by seed treatment and soil application of carbendazim as well as soil solarisation along with seed treatment and soil application of Trichoderma harzianum were effective in reduction of wilt disease. Pathogen population had also decreased in soil samples collected at the time of harvest in plots with solarization, neem cake, and Trichoderma applied treatments.

Fungicides enhanced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in greenhouse soil

Long-term substantial application of fungicides in greenhouse cultivation led to residual pollution in soils and then altered soil microbial community. However, it is unclear whether residual fungicides could affect the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in greenhouse soils. Here, the dissipation of fungicides and its impact on the abundance of ARGs were determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in the greenhouse and mountain soils under laboratory conditions. Our results showed the greenhouse soils harbored more diverse and abundant ARGs than the mountain soils. The application of carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and chlorothalonil could increase the abundance of total ARGs in the greenhouse soils, especially for those dominant ARG subtypes including sul2, sul1, aadA, tet(L), tetA(G), and tetX2. The abundant ARGs were significantly correlated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs, e.g. intI1and R485) in the greenhouse soils but no significant relationship in the mountain soils. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs, e.g., sul2 and R485, sul1 and transposase, were further verified via the genetic arrangement of genes on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the greenhouse soils. Additionally, host tracking analysis indicated that ARGs were mainly carried by enterobacteria in the greenhouse soils but actinomyces in the mountain soils. These findings confirmed that some fungicides might serve as the co-selectors of ARGs and elevated their abundance via MGEs-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the greenhouse soils.

Growth, Productivity and Quality of Soybean Grains, Submitted to Different Seed Treatments

The protection conferred via chemical treatment of seeds is indispensable to the normal development of crops, with a view to the best use of its productive potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean crop response, cultivate ‘FTS Paragominas RR’, to seed treatment. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Maranhão, in Chapadinha (MA), from February to June 2018. A randomized complete block design was used, with split-plot in time. The plots consisted of five seed treatments: thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides, fludioxonil, carbendazim + thiram, the insecticide fipronil and the absence of the application. Throughout the crop cycle the agronomic characteristics were verified: plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area. And, at the time of harvesting, grain yield, the height of insertion of the first pod, the total number of pods and weight of 1000 grains. Seed treatments induced very variable responses on the growth and development of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. The best performances were obtained with the use of thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides (dose 198 mL) and fludioxonil (dose 200 mL). The application of carbendazim + thiram and fipronil, both at a dose of 200 mL, presented adverse effects throughout the vegetative and reproductive phases of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. None of the products provided significant increases in grain yield.

Evaluation of carbendazim tolerant strain of Trichoderma harzianum GJ16B for its efficacy in the management of carbendazim resistant Fusarium solani isolate causing marigold wilt

Use of benzimidazole fungicides is commonly followed to manage Fusarium wilt disease in many crops. Recently we reported benzimidazole resistance in Fusarium wilt pathogens infecting marigold, carnation and gladiolus. The strategies to manage fungicide resistance include (i) use of alternate compounds (ii) use of combination products and (iii) use of fungicide tolerant bioagents. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum isolates that were tolerant to carbendazim and/or insensitive to copper oxychloride (COC) were evaluated under pot culture for their efficacy against marigold wilt. Isolate Th-GH16B was tolerant to carbendazim and insensitive to COC while isolate Th10 was sensitive to carbendazim and insensitive to COC. Per cent wilt and root colonization by Fusarium solani were recorded at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after inoculation. The rhizosphere population of T. harzianum was also recorded at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after inoculation. The wilt incidence in pathogen alone inoculated pots was 83.3% while there was only 8.33% wilt incidence with combined application of TH-GJ16B isolate and carbendazim at 0.1%. There was 16.66% wilt incidence with application of Th-10 or Th-GH16B along with 0.2% COC. Combination of Th-10 or Th-GJ16B with CuOH (0.2%) could reduce the wilt incidence to 25% compared to 100% infection in inoculation with pathogen alone. There was corresponding reduction in the recovery of Fusarium colonies in treated pots. The treatment TH-GJ16B along with carbendazim reduced Fusarium population by 61.88% compared to Fusarium alone inoculated plants. TH-GJ16B along with COC reduced Fusarium population by 59.3%. The use of carbendazim tolerant strain Th-GJ16B along with carbendazim will more effectively help in management of Fusarium wilt in marigold.

Effects of carbendazim on <em>In vitro</em> micropropagation and flowering of pepper elder herbal plant

The present study reports on application of carbendazim for micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Peperomia pellucida. In vitro multiplication of shoot tips and axillary nodal explants were used in 25-100 mgL-1 carbendazim in 70% alcohol treatment for 5 min in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium and MS hormone medium The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with auxins, cytokinins and additives (Casin hydrolyte and glutamine) used to proliferate the shoots. The maximum number of shoots (21.5/shoot tip) were developed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 KIN (Kinetin) 0.5 mgL-1 NAA (α- Naphthalene acetic acid), 100 mgL-1 casein hydrolysate and 100 mgL-1 glutamine additives. The highest number of roots per shoot (17.6) and highest rooting frequency (94.2%) were obtained when the adventitious shoots were inoculated on MS medium with 1.5 mgL-1 IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). The highest number of shoot development (75.4 %) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 KIN 2.0 + 0.5 mgL-1 ABA (Abscisic acid) with 5% sucrose. It was found that MS medium devoid of 1.5 mgL-1 IAA promote the root formation and maturation of in vitro flower in P. pellucida. Acclimatized plantlets were transferred to botanical garden and the characters compared with mother plant of P. pellucida.