Application Of Calcium Hydroxide Research Articles

Effect of nano-silver gel and calcium hydroxide paste on the bond strength of epoxy-resin based sealer to root canal dentin in anterior teeth: An in vitro study

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine and compare the Push-out bond strength of AH Plus sealer of root canal following prior application of calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) paste and Nano-silver gel as intracanal medication in single-rooted human extracted maxillary incisors.Methodology: Using of ProTaper System up till master apical file # F5 have been carried out to prepare root canals of 30 human extracted maxillary incisors. According to the intracanal medication applied, division of teeth were carried out in random manner into three groups. Group I: Control group (No intracanal medication), Group II: Nano-silver gel and Group III: Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. Three weeks later, the elimination process of the intracanal medications were achieved by using passive ultrasonic irrigation of 5 mL 2.5% NaClO, in addition to that, a 17% (Ca[OH EDTA was used in the step of final flush for duration of 60 seconds succeeded by 5 mL of distilled water. Using the master cone #F5 and AH plus sealer, the single cone approach was used to fill the canals. After 1 week, the universal testing machine was implemented to test the push out-bond strength of the samples, which was performed for a 2-mm-thick of coronal, middle and apical thirds of each root.Results: A remarkable difference was evident between the control group and the comparison groups (p < 0.001). Within the control group, the greatest value was evident (4.85±1.65), followed by calcium hydroxide (2.11±1.17), meanwhile the lowest value was discovered in nano-silver (1.41±1.08). Post hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrated a remarkably higher value in the control group than the rest of groups (p < 0.001) with no statistically remarkable difference between calcium hydroxide and Nano-silver group.Conclusion: Prior calcium hydroxide and nano-silver placement seemed to decrease the push-out bond strength of epoxy resin-based Ah plus sealer.

Effect of Alkali and Sulfate on the Hydration Characteristic of Cement-Based Materials Containing Coal Gasification Slag.

Coal gasification slag is an inevitable by-product of the coal gasification process. This paper explored the feasibility of using activators (calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate) to promote the pozzolanic activity of milled coal gasification coarse slags (MCS), and analyzed the effect of alkali and sulfate activators on the hydration characteristic of cement-based materials containing MCS. Coal gasification slags with ignition lossses more than 15% were removed and the remaining slags were considered as cementitious material after milling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and hydration heat tests were employed to analyze the hydration mechanism of the samples. Besides, the compressive strength values of cement mortars with MCS and activators were evaluated. The results showed that calcium hydroxide was conductive to the formation of hydration products and its crystallization could contribute to the strength improvement of the sample. Calcium sulfate mainly participated in the hydration process of cement to form ettringite (AFt) phases. Sodium hydroxide could accelerate the dissolution of active mineral phases of MCS, resulting in the pozzolanic activity being enhanced. Moreover, sodium sulfate could not only increase the formation of AFt phases, but also improved the alkalinity in sample to facilitate the production of gels. Among them, a better promotion effect could be obtained from the combined application of calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. In addition, the compressive strength values of cement mortars containing MCS tended to increase when activators were used. The sample activated by calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfate exhibited the highest strength, increasing by 18.55% at 28 days compared with the sample without an activator.

Application of Calcium Hydroxide with Vehicles Relate to the pH Change, Calcium Ion Diffusion, Roughness, and Frequency of Chemical Compound in Root Canal

Calcium hydroxide is often used as a root canal medicament. Together with vehicle aqueous, glycerine, polyethylene glycol, and chitosan can increase calcium ion diffusion, pH balance, and anti-bacterial power. To analyze the effect of different vehicles on alkaline pH changes, diffusion of calcium ions, roughness, and frequency of chemical elements in the root canal after applying calcium hydroxide. A total of 100 dental samples in 5 groups of vehicles were examined for pH using a pH meter, calcium ion diffusion using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric, and surface roughness of the root canals chemical compounds were analyzed by SEM-EDX. All the vehicles can maintain the balance of pH changes to alkaline in the root canal wall (p&lt;0.05: 0.00). Maximum calcium ion diffusion occurs on day 30, especially in the vehicle Chitosan and Polyethylene glycol (p &lt;0.05: 0.00). Vehicle chitosan and glycerine more strongly reduce root surface wall roughness after calcium hydroxide medicament (20% roughness score). Specifically, vehicle chitosan can increase calcium (21.71%) compared to control and other vehicles in the root canal wall (p&lt;0.05: 0.02). The chitosan vehicles and other vehicles can maintain an alkaline pH balance, diffusion of calcium ions, and decrease in roughness and increase in the quantity of calcium in the root canal wall.

Efecto de los revestimientos en la microfiltración de resina compuesta después de la eliminación selectiva de lesiones cariosas. Un estudio experimental

Objetive: To evaluate microleakage of composite resins (CR) placed over different cavitary liners after managing deep caries lesions through selective removal of soft carious tissue to soft dentin (SRCT-S). Material and Methods: Fifty four human teeth were collected for microleakage testing. Each assay comprised ICDAS 5 or ICDAS 6 carious lesions and sound teeth for controls. Sound teeth were prepared with cavities that mirrored the carious teeth cavities, which were prepared with SRCT-S. Sound and carious teeth were further randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups: Group A: universal adhesive (UA) + CR, Group B: glass ionomer cement liner + UA + CR, and Group C: calcium hydroxide + UA+ CR. Occlusal microleakage (OM) and cervical microleakage (CM) was classified within one of 5 depth categories. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were computed (p&lt;0.05). Results: OM and CM were similarly distributed across subgroups (p&gt;0.05). All Group C samples with carious lesions presented some degree of microleakage. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups and within each group (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Teeth restored with CR after SRCT-S using calcium hydroxide as a liner material seem to exhibit higher microleakage than those restored using glass ionomer or UA alone. Further clinical research is needed to deepen these findings. Clinical significance: The application of calcium hydroxide as a liner under a composite resin may reduce the longevity of a restoration after performing selective or partial removal of carious tissues. Clinicians should rethink the need of using calcium hydroxide for this application, albeit the lack of clinical evidence.

The Effects of Short-Term Calcium Hydroxide Application on the Strength of Dentine

The purpose of this study was to see how a short-term application of calcium hydroxide affected the dentine strength of adult human permanent teeth. Materials and methods: We selected 15 disease-free permanent mandibular premolars extracted from humans. The root canals were prepared using rotary equipment and divided into three groups at random. In one group, the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste (RC Cal) and in another group the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste (NEO Cal). Canals of teeth in the control group were left empty. All teeth were stored in normal saline for 14 days and then coronal third root dentin cylinders were created by removing the crown and apical portions of the teeth. The compressive forces required to shatter the dentin cylinders were measured using an Instron machine (UNIVERSAL TESTING MASCHINE), and the data was analysed using the Anova test. Results: The calcium hydroxide-filled teeth had a considerably lower mean compressive force than the control teeth (P &lt; 0.005). Conclusion: Teeth that had been exposed to calcium hydroxide for 14 days needed less compressive force to shatter root dentin cylinders. Further research is needed to see if impact testing will provide similar results.

Effects of Intracanal Curcumin and Aloe vera on pH Changes in Simulated Root Surface Resorption Defects: An In vitro Study.

Commonly used medicaments in the treatment of external inflammatory root resorption (EIRR) have shown adverse effects; resulting in an increasing tendency to employ natural and/or herbal medication. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin and aloe vera, as two natural medicaments, on the changes of pH in external root surface defects; and compare their outcomes with the results obtained from the application of calcium hydroxide, as a conventional medicament used in endodontic treatments. In the current investigation, 92 permanent teeth, with a single root canal, were randomly divided into four groups. Similar cavities were created on the buccal surfaces of roots, 5 mm from their apices. The root canals in each of the study groups were filled with curcumin, aloe vera, calcium hydroxide or normal saline. The pH was measured after 20 min (i.e. the baseline), 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a digital pH meter. The data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and the statistical significance was set at P<0.05. At the baseline, day 1 and day 7, the mean pH of both curcumin and aloe vera groups was higher than the mean pH of calcium hydroxide and normal saline groups (P<0.05). On day 14, the mean pH of aloe vera group was higher than that of calcium hydroxide and normal saline groups (P<0.05). On days 21 and 28, the mean pH of aloe vera group was higher than the mean pH of all the other groups (P<0.05). All other intergroup differences were not statistically significant at each time point (P>0.05). The current in vitro study demonstrated that aloe vera was more alkaline than curcumin; nevertheless, both groups exhibited more alkalinity than calcium hydroxide.

APEXIFICATION REVISITED

Pulpal necrosis in permanent teeth with immature roots leads to development of roots which are very short, thin walled and an inadequate crown-root ratio, which overshadows their survival prognosis. Traditionally, the apexication procedure has consisted of multiple and long-term applications of calcium hydroxide to create an apical barrier to aid the obturation. Recently, articial apical barriers such as those made with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) have been used in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices. More recently, procedures referred to as regenerative endodontics have received much attention as an option for these teeth. This paper reviews the past, present and recent concepts used for apexication.

Influence of Apical Patency, Coronal Preflaring and Calcium Hydroxide on the Accuracy of Root ZX Apex Locator for Working Length Determination: An In Vitro Study

Aim: One of the main steps in a successful endodontic treatment is determining the correct working length (WL) of the root canal. In this regard, electronic apex locators (EAL) have been widely used for measuring the WL. The accuracy of EALs in determining the WL may be influenced by various factors. This study is aimed to evaluate the effects of apical patency, coronal preflaring, and calcium hydroxide on the accuracy of the EAL. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 20 central incisor single-rooted human teeth with fully formed apex were considered. Then, samples were randomly divided into two study groups, ten samples in each group. The WL was determined and recorded at 0.5 mm distance to the apex using Root ZX apex locator before and after creating patency, coronal preflaring, and calcium hydroxide administration. All WLs were measured separately for each tooth and reviewed independently by two experienced operators with extensive experience in using EALs. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied and the significant level was at .05. Results: Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed a significant decline in the WL after apical patency and coronal preflaring ( P &lt; .05). Moreover, WL exhibited a significant enhancement after calcium hydroxide application ( P &lt; .05). Conclusion: Apical patency and coronal preflaring increased the accuracy of apex locators in determining the WL of the teeth. Besides, calcium hydroxide residues in the root canal reduced the accuracy of the apex locator.

Application of High-Frequency Conduction for Persistent Apical Periodontitis: A Case Report

We report the case of a 39-year-old male with Persistent Apical Periodontitis (PAP) caused by infection in an uninstrumented area, wherein conventional chemical root canal treatment is not possible, which was sterilized via highfrequency conduction. He underwent root canal filling after multiple endodontic treatments for tooth #4. As symptoms recurred, he was referred to our department with the chief complaint of dull pain during mastication. Present symptoms were percussion pain of the tooth, buccal mucosa swelling at the apical portion, and grade 1 mobility. Radiography revealed inadequate root canal filling. A radiolucent image 5×6 mm in diameter and with an unclear boundary was observed around the apex. External root resorption was mainly observed in the apical foramen, with a crown root ratio of approximately 1:1. Using 6% sodium hypochlorite under dental microscopy, chemomechanical root canal preparation was performed. Passive ultrasonic irrigation and calcium hydroxide application were conducted three times; however, periapical tissue inflammation did not subside. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with PAP, and the uninstrumented area was sterilized via high-frequency conduction. High-frequency currents were applied to the apex, root surface, and periapical lesion at 500 kHz and 90 V; periapical tissue inflammation resolved after 2 weeks. Subsequently, the root canal was filled. Follow-up radiography revealed a bone regeneration-like image at 2 months. Bone defects healed at 11 months. Although surgical endodontic therapy is conventionally performed in PAP patients, high-frequency conduction could be a minimally invasive nonsurgical endodontic treatment option for uninstrumented areas in PAP patients.

Long-term pH Alterations in the Periradicular Area Following the Application of Calcium Hydroxide and MTA.

Statement of the Problem: A rise in pH and the presence of calcium ions play an important role in prevention or management of external root resorption.Purpose: This study assessed the long-term pH alterations in the periradicular area following the application of calcium hydroxide (CH) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) intracanal medicaments.Materials and Method: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 45 single-canal extracted human teeth. After decoronation and root canal instrumentation, defects (3×3×1mm) were created in the middle third of the roots. Following smear layer removal, the root surface (except for the defect) was sealed with nail varnish. Five teeth served as negative controls and were filled with distilled water. The remaining 40 teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n=20) for application of MTA and CH as intr-acanal medicaments. Periapical radiographs were obtained to ensure optimal quality of obturation. After coronal sealing with glass ionomer, the teeth were incubated at 37°C, and their pH was measured at 1 and 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months, using a pH-meter. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test and Bonferroni adjustment.Results: The mean pH was significantly higher in CH group at 1 and 2 weeks (p< 0.01) but no difference was noted at 1 and 3 months (p= 0.52). The mean pH in both groups was significantly higher at 2 weeks compared with other time points (p< 0.05).Conclusion: CH may be preferred for use in the first weeks following the initiation of root resorption to provide a high pH. MTA can be later applied to maintain the high pH for a longer period of time without the need for medicament exchange.

Retrospective clinical evaluation of root canal treatment with or without photodynamic therapy for necrotic teeth and teeth subjected to retreatment.

To compare the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a procedure to complement root canal treatment (RCT), for both primary treatment and retreatment. This was a retrospective study based on analysis of clinical records. A total of 214 teeth that had undergone RCT on either a primary or retreatment basis, with or without complementary PDT, were evaluated. For 118 teeth that met the previously established inclusion criteria, the time until healing was evaluated. Complementarily, the need for application of calcium hydroxide (CaHy) between visits and the number of visits necessary for completing the treatment were assessed. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and χ2 tests with a significance level of P < 0.05. Periapical radiolucency resolution was achieved at 15 ± 9.33 months in the RCT + PDT group and 20.35 ± 22.1 months in the RCT group (P = 0.07). For primary treatment, CaHy was necessary in 72.4% of the RCT cases and 16.4% of the RCT + PDT cases (P < 0.01). For retreatment cases, CaHy was used in 82.7% of the RCT cases and 17% of the RCT + PDT cases (P < 0.01). In the RCT group, more than two visits were necessary for primary treatment in 18.6% of the cases, compared with 13.10% in the RCT + PDT group (P = 0.31), whereas for retreatment, more than two visits were necessary for 64.9% and 49.1% of cases, respectively (P = 0.05). In comparison with RCT alone, teeth receiving RCT + PDT showed less variation in the time needed for periapical lesion healing, fewer cases required CaHy, and fewer cases required more than two visits to complete the treatment.

Cytotoxicity and proliferation evaluation on fibroblast after combining calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid.

Calcium hydroxide induces chronic inflammation and pulp tissue necrosis due to its high pH value. Ellagic acid is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid. Therefore, the effect of combining calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid must be researched to reduce cell damage due to the application of calcium hydroxide. The objective of the study was to determine the cytotoxicity and proliferation of fibroblasts after combining calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid with ratios of 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4, and 95:5. Calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid with different ratios were mixed with water and stirred. Rat gingival fibroblasts were prepared and incubated in two 96-well microplates. The control group and treatment groups (16 samples) were placed in the microplate and incubated for 1 and 3 days. An MTT assay test was performed, and the absorbance was observed using the ELISA reader with a wavelength of 540 nm. Following that, the cell viability was calculated. The results were tabulated and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. For all treatment groups, the fibroblast cells showed a viability of higher than 50%. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the fibroblast cell proliferation after combining calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid with ratios of 99:1 and 97:3. The combination of calcium hydroxide and ellagic acid is nontoxic. The treatment groups with ratios of 99:1 and 97:3 showed increased fibroblast cell proliferation.

Comparative evaluation of the application of calcium hydroxide and material on the basis of mineral trioxide of the bio-dent unit in the treatment of deep caries with temporary teeth with low invasive methods

The aim of the work was to evaluate the comparative clinical efficacy of the use of a material based on calcium hydroxide, which has successfully proven itself in pediatric dental practice, and the innovative material "Bio-Dent" (Dentals Pfarma), the experience of which is limited in the treatment of deep caries of deciduous teeth using minimally invasive methods. Clinical studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Hospital and Clinical Dentistry at the Children's Regional Dental Clinic in Andijan. The basis for the clinical analysis was the data obtained during the examination and treatment of 52 somatically healthy children 4–5 years of age with a compensated form of caries. Summarizing the results of the studies, it was concluded that the use of the "Bio-Dent" material in the teeth of temporary occlusion is the most effective and promising in the treatment of deep caries while maintaining the vitality of the pulp.

Measures to Control Invasive Crayfish Species in Switzerland: A Success Story?

Invasive crayfish species were first documented in Switzerland in the 1970s. Today, North American crayfish species dominate in most major lakes and streams in Switzerland. In combination with the crayfish plague, they pose a substantial threat to our native crayfish. Over the past 20 years, various techniques have been applied to reduce negative impacts of these invasive crayfish in Switzerland: eradication (temporary drainage or destruction of a water system, biocides), suppression (intensive trapping, electricity introduction of predatory fish) and containment (construction of crayfish barriers). Temporary drainage or filling-in of isolated ponds, in combination with calcium hydroxide application has been successful in eradicating populations of invasive crayfish. However, trapping and introduction of predatory fish led to a reduction in population density but neither method has ever caused the extinction of a population. Invasive crayfish have not yet reached crayfish barriers, therefore, long-term functionality of these barriers still needs to be proven. Nevertheless, functional controls with native crayfish have shown that barriers prevent their upstream movement. Implementation of crayfish barriers is the most promising method to protect native crayfish from displacement by invasive crayfish species. Many measures are expensive, time consuming, and show little or no success in controlling invasive crayfish. Therefore, we recommend to focus on implementing drastic measures, such as filling-in or draining of isolated waters or a combination of various methods to maximise the reduction of population size.

Cavity Bases Revisited.

ObjectiveThe aim of this paper was to review the current literature on cavity bases while focusing on the role of zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGI) as cavity bases.Materials and MethodsA thorough literature search between 1970 and 2020 was done using Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords of the search strategy were as below: cavity liners and bases, pulp protection, zinc oxide eugenol, and resin-modified glass ionomer. No specific inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied as to what articles would be included in this review.ConclusionThis review emphasizes that the available literature provides very little evidence to support the routine use of a base under amalgam or composite restorations. This review favors the adoption of “no more lining or bases” in shallow and moderate cavity preparations. However, an exception might be a “protective base” of RMGI following the application of calcium hydroxide (CH) liners in deep cavities. Bonded RMGIs are suitable cavity base materials and should always replace zinc oxide eugenol bases in daily practice.

THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE-PROPOLIS ON THE NUMBER OF MACROFAG CELLS ON THE WISTAR RAT DENTAL WITH PULPA PERFORMANCE

Background: Cellular response of dental pulp to existing lesions, caused by infiltration of inflammatory cells that migrate from blood vessels to the site of injury. Macrophages are the cells that most appear when inflammation occurs. Treatment for maintaining pulp tissue vitality is called pulp capping. Calcium hydroxide as a pulp capping material has the ability to trigger the growth of dentin bridges or remineralization, but calcium hydroxide can induce migration and proliferation of inflammatory cells. Currently the field of dentistry is developing propolis as an alternative pulp capping material. That is because propolis has anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To analyze the effect of the combination of calcium hydroxide-propolis on the number of macrophage cells in the teeth of wistar rats with pulp perforation. Method: This study used 30 samples of Wistar rats which were preparated until perforation and then divided into 3 groups. The first group continued with filling with cention, the second group continued with application of calcium hydroxide and filled with cention, and the third group continued with the application of combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis and then being filledwithcention. Macrophage cell is calculated histopathologically by using compound light microscope on the 3rd day with 400x magnification. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences in macrophages after the combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis (p = 0,000). The combined application of calcium hydroxide and propolis showed higher macrophages than the application of calcium hydroxide and the control group. Conclusion: Application of calcium hydroxide - propolis combination was proven increase the number of macrophage cells in Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) with pulp perforation

EFFECT OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE-PROPOLIS COMBINATION ON THE NUMBER OF FIBROBLAS CELLS AND ANGIOGENESIS IN WISTAR RATS PULP

Background: The vitality of the pulp must be protected because the pulp contains fibers, cells, and various structures. Pulp vitality can be maintained by pulp capping to stimulate the formation of reparative dentin. The material commonly used for pulp capping is calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide has the disadvantage of causing inflammation and necrosis of the pulp surface. To compensate that, propolis is added because it has the ability as an anti-inflammatory. Purpose: To analyze the increase in the number of fibroblast cells and angiogenesis in the pulp after the application of combination of Calcium hydroxide-propolis compared to the application of Calcium hydroxide.. Methods: This study used 30 samples of wistar rats which were preparated until perforation and then divided into 3 groups. The first group continued with filling with cention, the second group continued with application of calcium hydroxide and filled with cention, and the third group continued with the application of combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis and then being filledwith cention. fibroblast cells and angiogenesis is calculated histopathologically by using compound light microscopeon the 7th day with 400x magnification.Results:Based on the results of the study found a significant difference between the calcium hydroxide group and the calcium hydroxide-propolis group. Increased numbers of fibroblasts and angiogenesis indicate a faster inflammatory process that affects the acceleration of wound healingConclusion: More number of fibroblasts and angiognesis cells found in the pulp after the application of a combination of Calcium hydroxide-propolis compared to the application of Calcium hydroxide

NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ENDODONTIC IATROGENY USING MTA PLUG: A CASE REPORT

Endodontic treatment confronting previous iatrogeny in teeth with incomplete root formation and apical periodontitis is presented as a challenge to the Endodontists. The sanitization and peri-radicular repair can be achieved by the assist of auxiliary materials to biomechanical treatment procedures. MTA is cogitated as a choice for these cases due to its composition, physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. In this case report, the patient presented tooth 11 with incomplete root formation and peri-radicular radiolucent lesion accompanied by the presence of an inverted gutta-percha cone in an attempt to filling the root canal. Endodontic treatment was accomplished by removal of the previous gutta-percha. After determining the working length, biomechanical preparation was achieved up until #80 K-file. Sequentially application of calcium hydroxide, as intracanal medication, was performed. Six monthly exchanges of intracanal dressing were completed. Apex was sealed with MTA bonded with saline through #4 Paiva condenser, creating an apical plug. The tooth was temporarily sealed, and patient returned after a week to perform the root canal filling with gutta-percha associated to Sealapex. The final radiography shows apical tissue repair with no peri-radicular lesions and clinical signs of successful treatment. This case report highlights the tissue repair and lack of local infection, absence of sensitivity pain or edema. These findings indicated that these approaches could be elect to presence of necrotic lesions achieving tissue repair.

Clinical and radiographic rationale for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth with periapical destruction

In the course of the present study four endodontic treatment schemes were tested and the most effective scheme was determined through the use of calcium hydroxide-based paste being applied three times at an interval of 7-14 days with the subsequent long-term temporary obturation using calcium hydroxide with iodoform, ultrasonic activation of sodium hypochlorite in the root canal, hydrodynamic irrigation and a diode laser. During the entire treatment period, the most effective scheme has revealed a reduction in defect size by 2,57±0,17 (p>0,0001) as well as a 1,84 degree (p>0,0001) decrease in PAI score. Based on optical density data, it was concluded that the application of calcium hydroxide with iodoform in the treatment scheme leads to an 2,2-4,2% improvement in bone tissue regeneration in the periapical zone. The greatest and complete inhibition of microorganisms was determined in patients of the first and third experimental groups in which a diode laser was used. The use of a diode laser in endodontic dental treatment with periapical destruction, enhances antibacterial activity and contributes to the complete inhibition of pathogenic microflora in the root canals.

Effect of acidic environment and intracanal medicament on push-out bond strength of biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate plus: an in vitro study

Introduction. This in-vitro study aims to evaluate the effect of acidic environment and intracanal medicament on push out bond strength of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plus (MTA Plus)&#x0D; Method. Forty extracted single rooted teeth were sectioned below the cement-enamel junction. The root canals were instrumented using rotary files and then peeso reamer was used to obtain standardized root canal dimension. Specimens were randomly classified into following groups- Group 1: calcium hydroxide in the absence of acidic environment; Group 2: calcium hydroxide in the presence of acidic environment; Group 3: no intracanal medicament in the absence of acidic environment; Group 4: no intracanal medicament in the presence of acidic environment. Specimens were kept for 7 days at room temperature. Thereafter, specimens of each group were transversely sectioned into 1 mm thick slices and divided into 2 sub-groups according to the use of biodentine and MTA Plus. Using Universal Testing Machine, push out bond strength test was carried out and the data were analyzed statistically.&#x0D; Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the bond strength of biodentine and MTA Plus (P&gt;0.05). For both MTA Plus and biodentine, with or without calcium hydroxide, the push out bond strength was less in acidic environment and this difference was more pronounced without calcium hydroxide. In all the four groups, MTA plus showed comparable bond strength to biodentine.&#x0D; Conclusion. MTA Plus is a viable option for apexification. The push out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA Plus is impaired by acidic environment. Prior application of calcium hydroxide slightly increased the bond strength, though the difference was statistically insignificant.&#x0D; &#x0D;