Application Of Biosorption Research Articles

Bi-metal biosorption using Pleurotus ostreatus spent mushroom substrate (PSMS) as a biosorbent: isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic studies and mechanism

The bi-metal biosorption of Pleurotus ostreatus spent mushroom substrate (PSMS), a novel agriculture waste from solid substrate fermentation for mushroom production, was explored in this study. The biosorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) in bi-metal solution using PSMS were examined under batch biosorption technique. Determination of metal biosorption was evaluated through isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies in order to elucidate the mechanisms of metal biosorption. Metal biosorption results were well corresponded to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum uptakes were 3.54 mg/g Cu(II) and 1.85 mg/g Ni(II) for bi-metal solution. However, this PSMS biosorbent has higher selectivity to Ni(II) when compared to Cu(II). The mean energy indicated that chemisorption involved in metals biosorption. Biosorption data were superbly fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic when compared to pseudo-first-order kinetic. The results from the pseudo-second-order kinetic also implied that chemisorption plays a major role in biosorption process. Thermodynamic parameters showed that biosorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. Furthermore, a weaker and reversible bond formed after biosorption, which provided evidence that chemisorption is one of the mechanisms in biosorption. The ion exchange mechanism was evaluated through ICP-OES metals concentration and pH observation. In conclusion, the high metal biosorption uptake of PSMS indicates that it is a potential biosorbent for metal removal from waste streams. The findings revealed that both chemisorption and ion exchange were the two main mechanisms involved in spontaneous exothermic reversible metal biosorption process. This piece of information provides insight into application of biosorption of PSMC in real wastewater sample.

Utilization of Industrial Microbe Side Streams for Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters

The present report reviews the potential and applicability of industrial microbe side streams produced in Finnish bioprocess industries for biosorption of heavy metals from waste waters. Microbial side stream biomasses are formed worldwide in e.g. food, brewing, biofuel, pharmaceuticals, wood processing and enzyme manufacturing industries. Although these streams are typically used for low-valued animal feed or biogas production, they would also have potential for biosorbent materials to be used in in situ water treatment. Since major challenges have been recognized, especially regarding the availability of biomass, and to logistic and processing cost, biosorption is not the most economically attractive option for the use of these biomasses at the moment. However, in the future the situation may change due to new incentives or more cost-efficient biosorbent preparation technologies. This report will provide a knowledge basis for the consideration of biosorption applications for industrial microbe side streams.

The application of biosorption for production of micronutrient fertilizers based on waste biomass.

In the present paper, new environmental-friendly fertilizer components were produced in biosorption process by the enrichment of the biomass with zinc, essential in plant cultivation. The obtained new preparations can be used as controlled release micronutrient fertilizers because microelements are bound to the functional groups present in the cell wall structures of the biomass. It is assumed that new fertilizing materials will be characterized by higher bioavailability, gradual release of micronutrients required by plants, and lower leaching to groundwater. The biological origin of the material used in plant fertilization results in the elimination of toxic effect towards plants and groundwater mainly caused by low biodegradability of fertilizers. Utilitarian properties of new formulations enable to reduce negative implications of fertilizers for environmental quality and influence ecological health. In this work, the utilitarian properties of materials such as peat, bark, seaweeds, seaweed post-extraction residues, and spent mushroom substrate enriched via biosorption with Zn(II) ions were examined in germination tests on Lepidium sativum. Obtained results were compared with conventional fertilizers—inorganic salt and chelate. It was shown that zinc fertilization led to biofortification of plant in these micronutrients. Moreover, the mass of plants fertilized with zinc was higher than in the control group.

Voltammetric detection of As(III) with Porphyridium cruentum based modified carbon paste electrode biosensor

A novel biosensor based on carbon paste electrode modified with Porphyridium cruentum biomass was developed for the determination of As(III) in contaminated water. As(III) was first biosorbed–accumulated on the electrode surface at open circuit potential and then stripped off by applying anodic scan range of −0.8 to +0.8V using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric technique. The best result was obtained at pH 6.0 with 0.1M HNO3 solution as stripping medium, allowing biosorption–accumulation time of 8min using 5% P. cruentum biomass in graphite–mineral oil paste. Linear range for As(III) detection with the modified electrode-biosensor was observed between 2.5 and 20µgL−1. The FTIR spectrum of P. cruentum biomass confirmed the presence of active functional groups that participate in the binding of As(III). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indulged the surface morphology of modified electrode-biosensor before and after As(III) adsorption. Similarly, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed that the average roughness of the modified electrode decreased indicating the successful incorporation of P. cruentum biomass. Efficiency of the biosensor in the presence of different interfering metal (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) ions were also evaluated. The application of P. cruentum modified biosensor was successfully used for the detection of As(III) in the binary metal (Fe3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+) contaminated system. The accuracy of application of biosorption based biosensor for the detection of As(III) is as low as 2.5µgL−1.

Biosorption: current perspectives on concept, definition and application

Biosorption is a physico-chemical and metabolically-independent process based on a variety of mechanisms including absorption, adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation and precipitation. Biosorption processes are highly important in the environment and conventional biotreatment processes. As a branch of biotechnology, biosorption has been aimed at the removal or recovery of organic and inorganic substances from solution by biological material which can include living or dead microorganisms and their components, seaweeds, plant materials, industrial and agricultural wastes and natural residues. For decades biosorption has been heralded as a promising cost-effective clean-up biotechnology. Despite significant progress in our understanding of this complex phenomenon and a dramatic increase in publications in this research area, commercialization of biosorption technologies has been limited so far. This article summarizes existing knowledge on various aspects of the fundamentals and applications of biosorption and critically reviews the obstacles to commercial success and future perspectives.

Application of Biosorption in the Production of Innovative Feed Supplements: A Novel Method

A novel method of biosorption was used in the production of innovative feed supplements using microelements based on common feed ingredients (triticale, oat, barley, corn beans, soy beans, wheat and rye). A new insight into the application of biomasses as the biological carriers of microelements was proposed to reduce the production costs of new supplements. Chromium(III) ions were used as a model cation in kinetic and equilibrium studies. The experimental conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, temperature 25 °C, biomass concentration 1 g l-1. The reaction mixture attained the equilibrium point within minutes and all of the biomasses demonstrated good biosorption properties. Barley had the highest biosorption capacity (45.9 mg g-1), whereas wheat (19.1 mg g-1) had the lowest. Costs of the producing new supplements were related to the biosorption of microelement ions and drying of enriched biomass. However, no additional costs were associated with obtaining and preparing additional raw materials.

Immobilization of Trichosporon Cutaneum R57 on PVA/TEOS/MPTEOS Hybrid Matrices for Removal of Manganese Ions

ABSTRACTNew hybrid materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared, using a sol-gel process. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to determine the thermal stability of the hybrid materials. MPTEOS, as a precursor, ensured the presence of SH-groups, thus providing additional binding places for cell immobilization. Based on good adhesive behavior, the hybrid materials were tested as matrices for immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 for removal of manganese ions from aqueous solutions. Maximum Mn2+ removal was achieved by cells immobilized onto materials with higher MPTEOS concentration. The synthesized PVA/TEOS/MPTEOS hybrid materials proved to be efficient for use in biosorption applications.

PVA -based Hybrid Materials for Immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 Efficient in Removal of Chromium Ions

New hybrid materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and γ-aminopropyltriethoxyxilane (APTEOS), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared. To determine the thermal stability of the hybrid materials, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed. The new materials were tested for biofilm formation and biosorption studies. They were tested as matrices for immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 capable to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The use of APTEOS and MPTEOS as precursors, incorporated new NH– and SH– bonds, which ensured additional binding places for cells immobilization. The presence of SH– and NH– groups in the hybrid matrices resulted in apparently higher Cr(VI) sorption capacity of the immobilized Tr. cutaneum R57 cells due to the incorporation of additional adsorption sites in the matrix through the PVA functionalities. The synthesized PVA/APTEOS materials proved efficient for use in biosorption applications.

Decolorization of Reactive Blue 49 contaminated solutions by Capsicum annuum seeds: Batch and continuous mode biosorption applications

Biosorption potential of biomass obtained from Capsicum annuum seeds to remove a reactive textile dye from contaminated solutions was investigated. Reactive Blue 49 was chosen as model dye. Initial pH, biomass dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature were evaluated in batch mode studies. Up to 96.62% decolorization performance was achieved with 1.6 g L −1 of biosorbent. Rate constants of the biosorption were calculated by kinetic measurements. Process was well described with Langmuir isotherm model at the dye concentration range of 75–500 mg L −1. Maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was determined as 96.35 mg g −1. Decolorization ability of biomass in a packed bed column was investigated as a function of flow rate, biomass amount and initial dye concentration. The possible interaction between dye molecules and biosorbent surface was evaluated by SEM, EDX and FTIR analyses. Biosorption performance of the suggested biosorbent in simulated wastewater conditions was also tested. Overall, the proposed biosorbent material was successfully used for the removal of a reactive dye from contaminated solutions.

Preparation and characterization of baker's yeast modified by nano-Fe 3O 4: Application of biosorption of methyl violet in aqueous solution

The magnetic baker's yeast biomass (MB) was prepared by combining baker's yeast and nano-Fe 3O 4 using glutaraldehyde as a cross link agent. The MB was successfully used for the biosorption of methyl violet (MV) and was easily recycled by using an applied magnetic field. The mechanism of MV biosorption by MB was investigated by SEM, XRD, FTIR, zeta potential and potentiometric titration. The results revealed that nano-Fe 3O 4, with spherical and granular morphology, were distributed on the surface of baker's yeast biomass. The functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups found on the surface of MB may be responsible for MV biosorption. The optimal biosorption conditions were determined as pH 6.0, MV concentration 300 mg/L and contact time 30 min. The biosorption capacity in the optimal conditions was 60.84 mg/g. The biosorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm equation. The thermodynamic parameters Δ G°, Δ H° and Δ S° showed that the biosorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption and regeneration experiments were investigated and the biosorption/desorption cycles of MV were repeated three times. The MB regeneration efficiency and the MV recovery efficiency were 82.64% and 84.54% respectively in the third cycle by using HAc as an eluent solution.

In this issue

Engineering in Life SciencesVolume 10, Issue 3 p. 188-188 In this issueFree to Read In this issue First published: 16 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201090010AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Comparing curve analysis tools Zavrel et al., Eng. Life Sci. 2010, 10, 191–200. Enzyme kinetic analysis tools either apply algebraic or dynamic parameter estimation of use different approaches for data fitting. The choice of approach and computer program is usually subjective, while it is generally assumed that this choice has no influence on the obtained parameter estimates. However, this assumption has not yet been verified comprehensively. Therefore, authors from Aachen, Germany, have compared five commonly used computer programs with respect to accuracy and minimum data required to obtain accurate parameter estimates: MS-Excel, Origin, Encora, ModelMaker and gPROMS. Using experimental and in silico data of penicillin amidase activity, it was shown that significant differences in the estimated parameter values arise by using different computer programs, especially if the number of data points is low. This could explain different parameter values described in the literature. ……………103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900083 Microalgae in the spotlight Yeh and Chang, Eng. Life Sci. 2010, 10, 201–208. Chlorella species are unicellular microalgae commonly found in freshwater. They have various applications as supplements in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Especially, the algae-derived lipids are suitable for biodiesel production. The growth of microalgae and the composition of microalgal biomass are highly dependent on the type, source and intensity of light needed for the autotrophic growth of the organism. This study evaluates the effects of light and sodium bicarbonate as an inorganic carbon source for the growth of the indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31, which was obtained from southern Taiwan. At the determined optimal growth conditions, the resulting microalgal biomass consisted of 25-30% protein, 6-10% carbohydrate, and 30-40% lipid. ……………201 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900116 Metal ion biosorption Michalak et al., Eng. Life Sci. 2010, 10, 209–217. The interaction of metal cations in aqueous solution with macroalgal biomass is of interest for new biosorption applications. This could, for example, be used for the production of mineral feed additives for livestock on the basis of algae enriched with microelement ions. Here, researchers from Wrocław, Poland, investigate the mechanism of interaction between the cell wall of freshwater macroalga Vaucheria sp. and different metal ions. Many functional groups are capable of cation exchange on the macroalgal surface, including carboxyl, phosphate, hydroxyl or amino group, while carboxyl groups play a dominant role. It is shown that ion exchange is one of the key mechanisms of biosorption. Light metal cations Ca(II), Mg(II), Na(I) and K(I) are exchanged with the microelement cations Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Cr(III). ……………209 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900039 Volume10, Issue3June 2010Pages 188-188 RelatedInformation

Interactions of metal cations with anionic groups on the cell wall of the macroalga Vaucheria sp.

AbstractThe aim of this article was to investigate the interactions of metal cations in aqueous solutions with the biomass of the freshwater macroalga Vaucheria sp. This problem is important when elaborating new applications of biosorption, e.g. the production of mineral feed additives for livestock from the biomass of algae enriched with microelement ions. Potentiometric titration was applied as a quick and cheap screening test to search for new efficient biosorbents. It revealed a variety of functional groups capable of cation exchange on the macroalgal surface, including carboxyl, phosphate, hydroxyl or amino groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on natural and chromium‐loaded Vaucheria sp. confirmed that carboxyl groups played a dominant role in the biosorption. The study also showed that Ca(II), Na(I), K(I), and Mg(II) ions were released from the biomass after biosorption of Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) ions, indicating that ion exchange was a key mechanism in the biosorption of metal ions by Vaucheria sp. biomass. It was noticed that the mass of the microelement cations bound by the macroalga was proportional to the total mass of light metal ions [Na(I), K(I), Ca(II), and Mg(II)] released from the biomass.

Biosorption applications of modified fungal biomass for decolorization of Reactive Red 2 contaminated solutions: Batch and dynamic flow mode studies

Biosorption characteristics of a surfactant modified macro fungus were investigated for decolorization of Reactive Red 2 contaminated solutions. Better biosorption efficiency was obtained with a small amount of fungal biomass after modification process. Operating variables like pH, biomass amount, contact time, temperature, dye concentration, flow rate and column size were explored. The biosorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Thermodynamic data confirm that the biosorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Under optimized batch conditions, up to 141.53 mg dye g −1 could be removed from solution in a relatively short time. Modification process was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and zeta potential studies. Possible dye-biosorbent interactions were discussed. Good dynamic flow biosorption potential was observed for the suggested biosorbent in simulated wastewater. Overall, batch and continuous mode data suggest that this environmentally friendly and efficient biosorbent may be useful for the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous media.

Chitosan-Type Bioadditive-Modified Electronic Industry Waste Sludge for Heavy Metal Stabilization with Assistance of Microwave Heating

Cement solidification is used as the common method for stabilizing industrial wastewater sludge in Taiwan. However, this method has the disadvantage of increasing the volume of waste. In contrast, chitosan-type biopolymer is used by several researchers for biosorption applications and dye discoloration in aqueous solutions. Therefore, in this study, commercially available low-cost chitosan-type material was used as an alternative bioadditive to stabilize the leaching of heavy metal ions in industrial sludge. The effects of additive dosage amount, power of microwave irradiation, and reaction time were studied. The heavy metal leaching capacity was determined using a standard TCLP test, and the elemental content in the leachate was analyzed by ICP. It was found that chitosan effectively stabilizes copper ions with higher selectivity in the presence of microwave irradiation and other toxic heavy metal ions. The optimized additive mixing in industrial sludge for the control of the leaching of copper and other heavy metal ions was found to be <5 mg L−1 after a microwave heating process in nitrogen atmosphere rather than air. Complete stabilization was achieved for chromium and cadmium (not detected after a TCLP test) compared to other heavy metal ions. The heavy-metal-ion-stabilized sludge was further tested for dye discoloration efficiency. Chitosan-modified sludge exhibited complete discoloration for the dye compounds methlylene blue and acid red 114.

Biosorption of chitin and chitosan

As natural aminopolysaccharides, chitin and chitosan show high intrinsic sorption affinity for dyes, metal ions, chiral molecules and several biomacromolecules. They have been extensively investigated as the high selective, low cost and environment friendly adsorbents. The separation performance of chitin and chitosan can be further improved by physical or chemical modifications designed for a specific application. The present article provides a review of the recent progress in the material preparation, experimental methodologies and mechanisms for the biosorption applications of chitin and chitosan, with the focus on the separation of proteins, lipids, lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and chiral molecules. The prospects and challenges in those applications are also discussed.

Biological Removal of Ions: Principles and Applications

Microbial cell – soluble species interactions can be part of technologies for the treatment of metal/metalloid and radionuclide bearing water streams in order to sequester the targeted species. Interactions of microbial cells and soluble targeted species include passive and active processes of metabolically inactive or active biomass, and result in the reduction of their mobility and toxicity. Different parts of the cell may sequester targeted species via processes such as complexation, chelation, coordination, ion exchange, precipitation and reduction. Collectively, these mechanisms have been referred to as sorption and the overall phenomenon as biosorption. The term biosorption is generally used to describe the passive interaction of microbial biomass with targeted species. The technologies based on these processes, lead to the set up of units, mainly in the form of packed bed reactors similar to the configuration of ion exchange resins reactors, placed at the end of a treatment process as a polishing stage. In order to maintain durability of the sorbent, the microbial cells harvested from different sources, are formulated into particles by way of immobilization – pelletization. In the early years of Biosorption, a significant effort was devoted to study the reusability of the sorbent by repeated sorption – desorption cycles, in order to reduce the operating cost of the technology. The availability of the biosorbent material, the reversibility of the desorption process, the presence of competing co-ions and organic molecules, posed significant scepticism and finally serious doubt about the industrial applicability of biosorption as a stand alone technology. However the mechanisms are active and present in biological reactors, and can contribute to overall species sequestering. Biological reactors based on active microbial biomass as alternative to passive sorption, exploit the self regenerating features of living biomass along with the traits of microbial metabolism. Active cells produce metabolites (i.e. EPS, simple inorganic moieties etc.) interacting chemically with the targeted species. The active biomass offers the additional attractive feature of forming biofilms on the surface of carrier materials allowing a natural way of cell immobilization. Different biofilm reactor configurations e.g. static or moving bed filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contactors support the development of biofilms. Conditions such as temperature, pH, presence of toxic compounds etc. should be considered in the applicability of the technology. Important metabolically mediated immobilization processes for metal/metalloid and radionuclide species are bioprecipitation and bioreduction. Bioprecipitation processes include the transformation of soluble species to insoluble hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates, sulfides or metal – organic complexes as a result of the microbial metabolism. In the case of biological reduction, the cells may use the species as terminal electron acceptors in anoxic environments to produce energy or reduce the toxicity of the cells microenvironment. Such processes form the basis for treatment technologies which are recently developed and applied both in pilot and full scale.

Evaluation of Dry Protonated Calcium Alginate Beads for Biosorption Applications and Studies of Lead Uptake

Alginate polysaccharide is a promising biosorbent for metal uptake. Dry protonated calcium alginate beads for biosorption applications were prepared, briefly characterized and tested for lead uptake. Several advantages of this biosorbent are reported and discussed in comparison with other alginate-based sorbents. The alginate beads contained 4.7 mmol/g of COOH groups, which suffered hydrolysis near pH 4. The Weber and Morris model, applied to kinetic results of lead uptake, showed that intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step in lead sorption by dry alginate beads. Equilibrium experiments were performed and the data were fitted with different isotherm models. The Langmuir equation was the most adequate to model lead sorption. The maximum uptake capacity (q max) was estimated as 339 mg/g and the Langmuir constant (b) as 0.84 l/mg. These values were compared with that of other sorbents found in the literature, indicating that dry protonated calcium alginate beads are among the best biosorbents for the treatment and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous streams.

Chemical Modification and Immobilization of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Biosorption of Reactive Black 5 from Aqueous Solution

The main goal of this work was to develop a suitable biosorbent for the remediation of reactive dye bearing wastewaters. The poor mechanical stability of the microbial biosorbent and unfeasible operating conditions often limit the applicability of biosorption to industrial applications. Corynebacterium glutamicum, which has shown a high biosorption capacity under strong acidic conditions, was decarboxylated for the biosorption of Reactive black 5 (RB5) under moderate pH conditions (pH 4). Amine groups were responsible for accommodating the negatively charged RB5 via electrostatic interactions; while the repulsion caused by negatively charged carboxyl groups was minimized via decarboxylation. Isotherm experiments revealed that decarboxylated biomass possessed a maximum uptake of 257.3 mg/g at pH 4, according to the Langmuir model. Immobilization of C. glutamicum using polysulfone matrix enabled the biosorbent to be reused for multiple cycles. Even though immobilized beads showed a tendency to attain slow equilibrium, mainly due to intraparticle diffusion, the efficiency of binding sites was properly utilized. Application of decarboxylated biomass in an up-flow packed column for the continuous biosorption of RB5 was made possible by immobilization and exhibited an uptake of 78.6 mg RB5/g beads. Column regeneration experiments over three cycles revealed that polysulfone-immobilized, decarboxylated C. glutamicum maintained consistently high RB5 uptake, above 74.1 mg/g beads, using 0.01 M NaOH as the elutant.

Application of biosorption for penicillin G removal: comparison with activated carbon

Antibiotics are potential pollutants being responsible for disturbing the wastewater treatment processes and the microbial ecology of surface waters. The potential use of dried Rhizopus arrhizus and activated sludge as a substitute for powdered activated carbon for removal of penicillin G, one of the most widely used antibiotics, from aqueous solution was examined. The biosorption/adsorption of penicillin G on the three sorbents was investigated in a batch system by considering the decomposition of penicillin G as a function of pH, temperature and initial penicillin G concentration. The decomposition of penicillin G was strongly dependent on the aqueous phase pH and temperature and followed a first-order decomposition kinetics. Adsorption studies were performed under mild conditions of pH and temperature in order to minimise decomposition of penicillin G. Maximum sorption was observed at the initial pH value of 6.0 and at 35 °C, and the equilibrium uptake increased with increasing initial penicillin G concentration up to 1000 mg l −1 for all penicillin G–sorbent systems. Penicillin G uptake capacity was determined as 330.0 mg g −1 for activated sludge, 459.0 mg g −1 for R. arrhizus and 375.0 mg g −1 for activated carbon at these conditions. The suitability of the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson and Koble–Corrigan adsorption models to the equilibrium data was also investigated at various temperatures for all three sorbents. For all penicillin G–sorbent systems, the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order and a saturation type kinetic model rather than a pseudo-first-order kinetic model at all temperatures studied. The activation energy of adsorption was determined from the Arrhenius equation using saturation type kinetic constants for each sorbate–sorbent system. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of each sorption process (Δ G°, Δ H° and Δ S°) were also evaluated.

Review of biosorption applications to nuclear waste treatment

Review of biosorption applications to nuclear waste treatment