Application Of Ash Research Articles

3D printed concrete with sewage sludge ash: Fresh and hardened properties

In this study, the possibility of application of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in 3D printed concrete (3DCP) technology was explored. The replacement of partial cement with SSA in the concrete mix design was investigated, followed by a comprehensive analysis of its impact on the workability, printability, and mechanical properties of the 3DCP. The findings indicated that the incorporation of SSA accelerated the loss of workability of 3DCP, such as fluidity and consistency. However, it significantly improved the green strength and buildability. Further investigation revealed that the addition of SSA hampered the hydration process of cement, resulting in a reduction in the mechanical properties of the hardened material. CT scanning indicated that the addition of SSA increased the interlayer porosity, leading to further degradation of the mechanical properties. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure demonstrated that the maximum leaching concentration of 3DCP incorporating SSA was 0.14 mg/L. This result confirmed the effective immobilization of heavy metals, fulfilling the prerequisites for the application of 3DCP incorporating SSA.

Utilization Of Soil Ameliorant To Control Emission In Oil Palm Plantation On Tropical Peat Soil

Development of oil palm plantation areas today is increasingly leading to marginal areas, particularly on peatlands. However, development of peatland as agricultural land or as oil palm plantation has the potential to cause peatland to change from a carbon sink into a source of carbon emission. This objective of this research to determine the effect of utilization soil ameliorant to oil palm yield production and in controlling carbon emission and its impact to soil peat chemical properties. The research was conducted in Rokan Hilir district, Riau. The study was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications and three levels of soil ameliorant. The results show that application of high rate soil ameliorant significantly increase FFB yield relatively from control plot. Based on observational data for two months after first application of boiler ash, the CO2 emission was tends to decrease in plot that get the application of soil ameliorant compared to the control plot. Application of 1.5 tonne/ha/yr of ameliorant give the lowest CO2 emission value. Improvement of soil peat chemical properties by application of boiler ash as soil ameliorant also observed in this study, where the high rate of soil ameliorant significantly improves soil pH and also tends to increase total Potassium and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).

Effect of filter cake and bagasse ash application on selected chemical properties of acidic Nitisol

The rising cost of lime, traditionally used to address soil acidity and its detrimental effects on soil fertility, has prompted the exploration of organic by-products as more affordable alternatives for mitigating soil acidity, particularly for low-income farmers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate effects of filter cake (FC) and bagasse ash (BA) application on soil acidity under greenhouse condition. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with four replications. The FC and BA were investigated separately each with six levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100) t/ha-1. The acidic soil was collected from Imdibir area at a depth of 0-20 cm, air dried, ground and passed through 4 mm sieve. Each pot was received 4 kg of soil with respective treatment material after they were well homogenised. The laboratory analysis revealed that the soil had an initial pH of 5.1, while filter cake and bagasse ash had pH values of 8.0 and 10.2, respectively. Application of FC increased soil pH from 5.1 to 7.3, along with improvements in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity. Similarly, BA application raised pH from 5.1 to 7.4 and enhanced organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and cation exchange capacity. The maximum effects for both FC and BA occurred at the highest application rate (100 t/ha-1), while iron and manganese content increased with BA application but decreased as rates increased, and copper and zinc levels were positively affected by both FC and BA applications. Overall, both FC and BA applications significantly improved soil pH and nutrient content. The findings of this study can provide practical and cost-effective solutions for improving soil fertility and crop production

Subbase stabilization with fly ash

Due to increased activities in civil engineering, and especially in the transport infrastructure, and thus an increase in the use of additional construction materials, innovative solutions are needed in finding alternative materials for the preservation of natural resources. One of the solutions for preserving natural building materials is the application of recycled material, which will also meet the required standards in civil engineering. In the transport infrastructure, there is a great opportunity for the use of recycled material, starting from the subbase, through the embankment and all the way to the superstructure and the concrete structures. One of the recycled materials that can be used in construction is fly ash. Fly ash is the most promising waste material when it comes to the wide range of applications in construction. Fly ash is obtained by burning coal in thermal power plants to produce electricity. Due to variations in the composition and characteristics of fly ash, several divisions and classifications have been created. One of the main classifications is according to the American standard ASTM C 618-05 where it is divided into class C and class F fly ash. This research aims to investigate the application of fly ash for subgrade stabilization and to determine the difference from a financial and environmental perspective for the application of fly ash compared to natural stone aggregate. The main research was carried out in connection with the increased use of natural stone aggregate, which appeared as a need during the rehabilitation of state road R1206, section Karpalak - Zelino. Apart from the use of large quantities of stone aggregate for the stabilization of the subgrade, it also had an impact on the financial framework for the realization of the road project. In Macedonia, an analysis of the chemical composition of 4 samples of fly ash obtained in REC Bitola was carried out. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that it belongs to the classification of F-class fly ash and with the use of an activator (lime or cement) it can be used in the stabilization of the subgrade.

Farmer perception, knowledge and management of the scale insect pest complex infesting crops and trees in Coastal Kenya

Scale insects and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are serious plant sap-sucking pests affecting a wide range of cultivated crops and tree species. The insects are highly diverse and can have devastating effects on yields due to lack of farmer awareness and inappropriate management practices. Recent alien mealybug invasions in Kenya include among others, papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus), a highly invasive pest that is spreading quickly. Farmer experience with diverse crop pests can support development of a successful pest management strategy and contribute to reduced impacts on both crop yields and agro-biodiversity. This socio-economic survey was carried out in three coastal counties of Kenya (Mombasa, Kilifi and Kwale) to establish the impact of scale insect and mealybug pests on farmer livelihoods and to document the perception, knowledge and management practices used by smallholder farmers. Data from oral interviews using ODK were administered to respondents and analysed using Excel and GENSTAT. It emerged that 26% of the respondents were familiar with scale insects and 51% with mealybugs, respectively. Of these, 78.13 % and 94% acknowledged having encountered scale insects and mealybugs, respectively, on their farms. The farmers confirmed that scale insect pests affected a high diversity of crops and trees. About 56% of the respondents used pesticides to control the pests while 25% did not apply any management strategy. The remaining 19% practiced cultural control methods such as field sanitation and intercropping with less susceptible crops. Pesticides were reported to be moderately effective (41-70%) at controlling scale insects and mealybugs. Other management options reported by farmers included farm hygiene, the use of high-pressure water jets, and applications of ash and bio-pesticides such as home-made neem extract. Based on the findings, it is recommended that capacity building for farmers and input providers be undertaken to enhance the knowledge of scale insect and mealybug pest biology, symptoms of crop and tree attack, host ranges and management practices. Additonally, training on the use of low-risk pest control products and innovative control methods should be undertaken to reduce the impact of the pest on crop production and agro-biodiversity. Keywords: Farmer knowledge, management, mealybugs, scale insects and socio-economic survey.

Use of industrial waste in the production of non-autoclaved foam concrete

The paper presents the relevance of the use of industrial waste, in particular, fuel ash generated by thermal power plants. The application of fly ash in the production of non-autoclaved cellular concrete, namely foam concrete is substantiated. The mechanism of structural formation of foamed concrete with the use of silica component is given. The dependence of the strength of foam concrete with density D600 on the ratio of silicious component to binder by mass is determined, and the macrostructure of the developed compositions is shown. It is concluded that it is reasonable to use TPP fly ash as a silica component for foamed concrete mixtures.

Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Production of Tropical Peatlands Under Nitrogen Fertilizer with Coal Fly Ash Application

Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Production of Tropical Peatlands Under Nitrogen Fertilizer with Coal Fly Ash Application

Effect of fly ash and bottom ash application as mix growing media on heavy metals status in vegetables

Coal fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) is still possible to be used directly as a mixture of soil with other growing media in small-scale agriculture. This study aimed to determine and to identify the level of safety for the consumption of vegetable crops related to the adsorption of heavy metals due to the use of mixed FABA planting media. In this study, the proportion mixture of 6% FABA, 6% compost, and 8.6% fine coal (lignite) was applicated. The proportion ratio between FABA and soil was 1:15. The FABA media application was prepared for eggplant, chili, water spinach, spinach, mustard greens, and moringa vegetables. The study was conducted without any control treatment without FABA on the same soil type. As an alternative control, vegetables from local farmers, local markets, and supermarkets surrounding the study site were taken. The experimental results showed that the application of FABA did not increase nitrate and heavy metals content in vegetables. It can be concluded that vegetables grown on FABA media were safe and suitable for consumption in terms of acceptable daily intake of nitrate and various heavy metals, except for As intake in water spinach and mustard greens, which were recommended to be confirmed in further determination research.

Use of mill by-products in the fallow in sugarcane production in Australia

Mill by-products such as mud, ash and mud/ash mixtures are known to increase cane and sugar yields. Traditionally, Australian growers broadcast these by-products in the fallow at rates greater than 150 t/ha. However, growers are now banding by-products at less than 100 t/ha, with few guidelines on how to maximise their returns from this practice. Eight commercial size replicated, randomised strip trials were established in bare fallows between Ingham and Proserpine to investigate the impact of by-products banded between 35 and 100 t/ha and broadcast between 140 and 200 t/ha on cane yield, CCS and grower net revenue compared to standard grower fallow practices. The trials were harvested each year over the crop cycle using a commercial harvester. Tonnes of cane harvested and mill CCS provided by the receiving sugar mill were used to calculate tonnes of cane per hectare and grower net revenue per hectare using the Australian cane payment method for each plot in a trial. The application of mud, mud/ash and ash increased cane yield with ash ≥ mud/ash >> mud. The greater the quantity of by-product applied, the greater the cane yield. Conversely, CCS decreased linearly with the quantity of mud, mud/ash, or ash applied. CCS was lowest in mud << mud/ash ≤ ash. Cumulative grower net revenue at the end of the crop cycle was greatest in ash > mud/ash >> mud and was greatest at application rates of 35–50 t/ha > 70–100 t/ha > 140–200 t/ha. Broadcasting mud at 200 t/ha resulted in the growers not recovering the cost of application. Banding by-products containing mud/ash and ash at 100 t/ha or less resulted in the grower recovering the cost of the product by the second or third ratoon. By-products applied at rates as low as 50 t/ha reduced CCS, and further research is needed to improve guidelines on nutrient and water management so that growers using these by-products can maximize their profitability.

Potential application of sludge pond ash as a novel additive for clay stabilization

Clays often have unfavorable geotechnical properties that limit construction applications on them. There is a need for sustainable soil improvement techniques to enhance the strength and stiffness of clays. While previous studies have explored clay stabilization with common supplements like cement, lime and fly ash, the utilization of sludge pond ash (SPA) as a sustainable additive has been limited and there is a lack of understanding of the interactive effects of SPA proportion, moisture content, and curing time on the mechanical behavior of clay. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of clay enhanced with SPA under different curing conditions. To achieve this, different proportions of SPA were mixed with the clay to obtain accurate findings on the efficacy of SPA addition on compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the clay to determine mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided imaging of clay improved with SPA to evaluate the microstructural changes in soil texture. Firstly, the sludge from a pond burned at 1000 °C (the optimal temperature determined by microstructural X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis) was added to the mixture as 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of the soil's dry weight, respectively. The studied samples were prepared with the same energy (equivalent to the standard Proctor test) at different moisture contents and were tested in a uniaxial device at 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. It was found that adding SPA to the base soil decreased the maximum dry unit weight (MDUW). On the other hand, it increased the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the compacted mixture. The study examined the combined effects of moisture content and curing time on the compounds, revealing that these factors induced a decrease and an increase in the UCS, respectively. The addition of SPA as an additive material to the clay mixture was found to exert a significant effect on the strength properties of the clay, with an optimal percentage of around 10%. Empirical correlations were also developed to predict the UCS of the SPA-improved clay with high precision. Furthermore, SEM analyses show that SPA acts as a glue gel between aggregate in the mixture and coat clay particles that changes the blend texture and alters weak bonding to aggregate-like particles. The results of both macro- and micro-scale analyses collectively confirm the superior efficacy of the optimal SPA replacement in enhancing various strength and stiffness properties of the clay.

Sustainable waste utilization: Geopolymeric fly ash waste as an effective phenol adsorbent for environmental remediation

Rapid industrialization and urbanization generate significant waste, including fly ash, posing environmental challenges. Utilizing these materials is essential to mitigate impacts and promote sustainable development. This research paper focuses on the innovative application of geopolymeric fly ash (GEOFA) waste modified with titanium oxide (TiO2) (GEOFA-TiO2) as a promising adsorbent for the removal of phenol compounds from contaminated water. Analysis showed that the modification process resulted in the formation of functional groups such as -OH, which aided in the adsorption process. Adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of pH, temperature, and concentration on phenol removal. The maximum percentage removal of phenol was achieved at optimum conditions of pH 6 and a temperature of 25 °C, with an adsorption capacity of 166.7 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer adsorption mechanism and the thermodynamic studies revealed that the phenol adsorption onto GEOFA-TiO2 was an endothermic process with a promising affinity between phenol and the adsorbent. This study demonstrates the effective use of modified fly ash-based adsorbents to remove phenolic contaminants. By repurposing waste materials, this research addresses waste management challenges and promotes sustainable practices, reveling their potential for environmental remediation.

Soil Stability: An Experimental Investigation Utilizing Bagasse Ash in Combination with Guar Gum and Xanthan Gum Biopolymers

This study presents an experimental investigation aimed at enhancing soil stability through the synergistic application of bagasse ash in conjunction with Guar gum (GG) and Xanthan gum (XG) biopolymers. Soil stabilization is a critical aspect of construction and land management, especially in regions where red soil predominates. Due to its pozzolanic qualities, the by-product of sugarcane processing known as bagasse ash has demonstrated potential as a soil stabilizer. Guar gum (GG) and Xanthan gum (XG), natural biopolymers, have demonstrated promise in improving soil engineering characteristics. This research contributes to the evolving field of sustainable soil stabilization techniques, offering insights into the potential of bagasse ash and biopolymers in mitigating soil-related challenges. In the current study, Xanthum gum (XG) and Guar gum (GG) in varied percentages was employed in experimental experiments on red soil as a material for soil improvement. In this investigation, soil was also replaced with Bagasse ash up to 10% of its volume and its strength attributes were assessed. It was found through studies utilizing different Biopolymers concentrations (XG & GG) the soil's strength was improved.

Controlling Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Shallot using Nano Husk Ash

The Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) is a polyphagous defoliator that poses a significant threat to cultivated plants, particularly shallot crops. Its attacks during the vegetative phase cause substantial damage. To control this pest, farmers often resort to synthetic pesticides, leading to negative consequences such as resistance development. To address consequences, internal control measures, like enhancing plant resistance through beneficial nutrients like silica, are crucial. Silica has been known to improve plant resistance against pest attacks. This study aims to investigate the effects of various methods of applying nano-sized rice husk ash fertilizer on the growth and resistance of Biru Lancor cultivar of shallots against S. exigua. Nano-rice husk ash fertilizer with an average particle size of 65,326 nm was produced and applied using three methods: placement, foliar, and seed coating. The results demonstrated that all methods of nano-rice husk ash application increased plant resistance, reducing leaf damage and pest mortality. The foliar application yielded the best results, enhancing plant height and epidermal cell wall thickness. Furthermore, nano-rice husk ash application positively influenced shallot productivity. This study highlights the potential of nano-sized rice husk ash as a sustainable and effective internal control measure against S. exigua, complementing synthetic pesticides for shallot pest management.

Preliminary Experimental Work on Concrete-Fly Ash Compressive Strength Blended with Seawater as Mixing Water

Fly ash is widely used in the construction sector, but application with seawater has not fully utilised. Seawater is used in construction to minimise the scarcity of drinking water. The concrete was strengthened by the application of fly ash. Seawater replacing 100% tapwater as mixing water. Meanwhile, fly ash was substituted with ordinary Portland cement at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. To achive the objective, the 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cube size with 0.33 water-cementitious ratio were prepared. All series of mixture were casted and cured in water for 7 and 28 days. The fly ash blended with seawater in concrete were investigate through its compressive strength. In addition, scanning electron miscroscope were carried out to capture surface image of the specimen. The experimental work result shows, with the existence of fly ash in concrete mixture, it decreases workability, density and compressive strength. Though the decreasing pattern was seen in every series, the structural strength was still deemed adequate.

Graphene oxide coated fly ash for reinforcing dynamic tensile behaviours of cementitious composites

By virtue of its low cost, high workability, wide availability and suitability for large-volume fabrication, cement-based grouting is the most applied material in underground projects. However, due to the weak tensile strength and high-frequency impact dynamic load disturbance in underground engineering, cement-based grouting is vulnerable to tensile damage, seriously influencing the stability and safety of underground projects. Hence, in this work, the graphene oxide (GO) coated fly ash was adopted to reinforce the dynamic tensile behaviour of the cement-based matrixes to fabricate high-performance, cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious composites. The test results show that the GO-coated fly ash could significantly enhance the dynamic tensile performance of the cementitious composites. With only 0.08 wt% GO mixing, the dynamic tensile properties can be strengthened by 19.5–88.5%. After GO nanosheets accelerate the cement hydration process and improve the chemical composition of hydration products, GO nanosheets exhibit macroscopic nucleation and "crack-bridging" effects on the cement matrixes, and the cracks propagation of the hardened specimens would be suppressed under dynamic loading, thus enhancing the tensile resistance of the specimen. The fractal dimension calculation results prove that the GO-coated fly ash-modified cementitious composites have higher integrity after tensile impact, about 2.8–11.9% higher than plain cement-based slurry. Finally, the theoretical analysis reveals that GO nanosheets can enhance the tensile behaviours of the cement matrix by optimizing the dynamic load coefficient. Nevertheless, with the crack propagation, the reinforcing efficiency of GO would be gradually weakened. The findings of this study can promote an understanding of the enhancing mechanisms of GO on the dynamic tensile behaviour of cementitious composites and inspire the potential application of GO-coated fly ash to reduce cement usage in grouting engineering.

Effects of soil amendments on growth and biomass yield of early generation seeds of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) grown in net tunnels.

Early generation sweet potato vines are multiplied on nursery beds with high densities using soil medium within insect-proof net tunnels to inhibit the entrance of virus-transmitting insects (aphids and white flies). However, the rapid multiplication beds require suitable soil amendments to support vigorous growth of vines. To this end, farmyard manure, wood ash, sawdust, compost, coffee husk and control (soil only) were evaluated using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during the belg and meher seasons of 2016 to 2017 in the Chefe testing site of Hawassa Agriculture Research Center. Results also showed that the soil pH was higher by 8.9% and 1.4% due to the application of wood ash and sawdust whereas there was 9.3, 5.9 and 0.9% decrease in soil pH due to the use of compost, coffee husk and farmyard manure, respectively. All soil amendments enhanced soil moisture conservation compared to the control. A 47.0%, 31.2%, 30.3% and 26.5% increase in cation exchange capacity was observed by the end of second year due to use of coffee husk, wood ash, sawdust and farmyard manure, respectively. The potassium content was increased by 47.0%, 45.5% and 35.9% due to the use of wood ash, farmyard manure and coffee husk, respectively. The pencil root length, pencil root width and below-ground biomass were not affected significantly (P < 0.05) by differences in soil amendments (P < 0.05) in this experiment. The percentage increment in above-ground biomass due to the farmyard manure, coffee husk and compost was 62.01%, 53.56% and 49.87%, respectively higher than the control. Sawdust suppressed vine growth compared to the control. Coffee husk and farmyard manure medium produced higher number of branches (23 branches / plant) during meher whereas coffee husk produced the same during belg (14.4 branches / plant). Significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of vines was obtained due to farmyard manure (4686 vines/m2) and coffee husk (4602 vines/m2) compared to the control (2683 vines/m2). Significantly longer internodes were recorded due to the farmyard (100.6% greater) compared to the control. Thus, 50% farmyard manure, 50% coffee husk or 50% compost are recommended for better growth of pre-basic sweet potato vines in net tunnels. This study proclaimed possibility of nursery bed vine multiplication through use of local organic residues at the level of small holders and research sites during short and long rain seasons.

Effect of coconut shell ash as an additive on the properties of green concrete

&lt;p&gt;Concrete is the broadly adopted composite material in the construction arena. The growing need for cost-effective housing is resulting in the depletion of environmental resources such as river sand and gravel, which are essential components in the manufacture of concrete. However, the manufacturing of cement has been proven to have a negative impact on the environment because it contributes to the carbon footprint. The resolution of these environmental issues can be achieved through the implementation of sustainable solutions. This article explores the potential application of coconut shell ash as a substitute for cement in green concrete. Coconut shells (CS) are inevitable by-products derived from the agricultural sector. Coconut shell ash (CSA) was obtained through the combustion of coconut shells. The CSA is substituted by a range of 0 to 20% by weight of cement with a gradual 2.5% increase. The test findings concluded that 12.5% of CSA mix attained the maximum compressive strength. The durability results were found satisfactory in comparison with the normal concrete. The specimens were exposed to different temperatures (i.e., 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C) for a consistent duration of one hour. The CSA concrete exhibited improved residual strength and weight reduction compared to conventional concrete.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Sustainability study of mix design of high-strength concrete based on fly ash

Concrete is the most widely used building material in the construction of buildings, bridges, highways, and other infrastructure. With the spread of environmental preservation ideas and technological improvement, high-strength concrete materials and their sustainable hybrid design methods have been developed. A sustainable mix design approach for high-strength concrete (HSC) is critical for the construction industry as it is one of the major emitters of CO2 emissions worldwide. Fly ash concrete is an environmentally friendly, economical and sustainable building material. This paper analyzes the sustainable mixed design method of fly ash concrete by combining past scholars' research and practical experience. By analyzing the properties of fly ash, theoretical principles, and some sustainable mixed design methods, the properties (such as durability, compressive strength, etc.) of fly ash HSC are studied. It is found that the properties of fly ash HSC and traditional HSC are similar or even stronger in some aspects, which has a good improvement on the compatibility and durability of concrete. In the future, with the progress of science and technology, people will further study fly ash and HSC, and the application of fly ash in HSC will certainly get greater development, and achieve green development and sustainable development while meeting the strength of concrete.

Valorization of sorghum ash with digestate and biopreparations in the development biomass of plants in a closed production system of energy

Replacing chemical fertilizers with non-toxic waste that meet all fertilizing purposes, including ash from plant biomass and their management is becoming the important goal of sustainable agriculture concerning energy plants production in a closed system. This study aims to explore a novel strategy for utilizing natural sorghum ash together with digestate and ecological compounds, to replace synthetic fertilizers, for the energy plant development improvement and thus reduction of the environment pollution. Sorghum, as an energy plant, cultivated in low quality sandy and podzolic soils, in Central and North Poland climate, was fertilized with different doses of YaraMila Complex, a synthetic fertilizer (0, 150, 300 kg ha−1 Each dose was supplemented with different amounts of sorghum ash (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 t ha−1), used alone or with addition of APOL-HUMUS (soil improver; 10 L ha−1), biogas plant digestate (30 m3 ha−1) and Stymjod (nano-organic leaf fertilizer; 5 L ha−1). Added to each YaraMila Complex dose, the applied ash amounts (optimally 2–4 t ha−1), increased growth of plants, crop biomass, index of chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, content of intercellular CO2, activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, RNase and dehydrogenase and energy properties. Sorghum ash used with the lesser YaraMila Complex doses of 0 or 150 kg ha−1 caused the enhanced growth of plants more than the doubled YaraMila Complex amounts applied alone (150 or 300 kg ha−1, correspondingly). Additionally, applied biogas plant digestate, APOL-HUMUS and Stymjod further increased the plant growth. This indicates that the application of natural sorghum ash accelerates energy plant development, can reduce by half the recommended synthetic fertilizer doses on poor and marginal soil and enables the cultivation of sorghum in a closed production cycle.

Effect of Pelleted Bottom Ash Application on Kmichi Cabbage Cultivation

Effect of Pelleted Bottom Ash Application on Kmichi Cabbage Cultivation