Analog Applications Research Articles

Allicin Binds to Cysteine Residues of Fungal Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase to Control Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) of Tomato.

Allicin exhibits strong inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi; however, its antifungal mechanism remains unclear. This study assessed allicin's inhibitory effects on several phytopathogenic fungi, revealing a half-maximal effective concentration of 125.47 μg/ml against the hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. Micromorphological analysis showed that allicin caused abnormalities in the hyphae, including unclear organelle boundaries and organelle dissolution. Integrated transcriptomic, and proteomic, and metabolomic assays indicated that allicin induced differential gene and protein expression, particularly in the plasma membrane, oxidative stress processes, and energy metabolism pathways. Additionally, differentially expressed metabolites were involved in the inhibition of hyphal growth. Biochemical assays demonstrated that allicin inhibited ATP production and damaged hyphal cell membranes. Molecular docking revealed that allicin could bind to dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH), an enzyme rich in cysteine residues, with a binding free energy of -6.322 kcal/mol. Through antimicrobial activity testing of allicin analogues and molecular docking analysis, the active groups of allicin and its interaction with DLDH were identified. This study shows that allicin interferes with energy metabolism, impacts cell membrane and wall integrity by targeting cysteine-containing proteins, and inhibits the proliferation of plant pathogenic fungi. These insights into the antifungal mechanism will provide valuable data for the development and field application of allicin analogues.

Hybrid Lanthanide Metal–Organic Compounds with Flavonoids: Magneto-Optical Properties and Biological Activity Profiles

Lanthanides have seen rapid growth in the pharmaceutical and biomedical field, thus necessitating the development of hybrid metal–organic materials capable of exerting defined biological activities. Ternary hybrid lanthanide compounds were synthesized through reaction systems of Ln(III) (Ln = La, Nd, Eu) involving the antioxidant flavonoid chrysin (Chr) and 1,10-phenanhtroline (phen) under solvothermal conditions, thus leading to pure crystalline materials. The so-derived compounds were characterized physicochemically in the solid state through analytical (elemental analysis), spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-visible, luminescence, ESI-MS, circular dichroism, 151Eu Mössbauer), magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray crystallographic techniques. The analytical and spectroscopic data corroborate the 3D structure of the mononuclear complex assemblies and are in line with theoretical calculations (Bond Valence Sum and Hirshfeld analysis), with their luminescence suggesting quenching on the flavonoid-phen electronic signature. Magnetic susceptibility data suggest potential correlations, which could be envisioned, supporting future functional sensors. At the biological level, the title compounds were investigated for their (a) ability to interact with bovine serum albumin and (b) antibacterial efficacy against Gram(−) (E. coli) and Gram(+) (S. aureus) bacteria, collectively revealing distinctly configured biological profiles and suggesting analogous applications in cellular (patho)physiologies.

Design and temperature analysis of tree-shaped nanosheet FET for analog and RF applications

Abstract An innovative breakthrough that addresses the shortcomings of FinFET is the use of tree-shaped Nanosheet FET. This study examines the temperature dependence of the performance of 12 nm Tree-shaped NSFET on DC and analog/RF properties using a gate stack of high-k HfO2 and SiO2. From 200 K to 350 K, a detailed DC performance analysis was performed, including the transfer characteristics (ID vs VGS), output characteristics (ID vs VDS), subthreshold swing (SS), and ION/IOFF ratio. Additionally, we examined how temperature influence power consumption, dynamic power, and the ON-OFF performance metric (Q). Having the off current lesser than nA at all the temperatures, the proposed device shows good ION/IOFF switching performance. At an LG of 12 nm, the cutoff frequency (fT) is found to be in the Tera Hz region, and the Q varies from 0.9 to 5.1 μS-dec/mV at temperatures between 200 K and 350 K. Additionally, the impact of IB height (HIB) is investigated at 15–25 nm with the step of 5nm and the impact of IB width (WIB) is investigated at 3 - 5 nm on Tree-shaped NSFET and the impact of variation in the work function is also done in this paper. The effect of scaling with different gate lengths from 20 nm down to 10 nm and its DC characteristics are examined in this paper. The power consumption of the Tree-shaped NSFET increases with temperature. From all these results, the proposed Tree-shaped NSFET shows great potential as a high-frequency competitor at the nanoscale.

Exploring Mycolactone-The Unique Causative Toxin of Buruli Ulcer: Biosynthetic, Synthetic Pathways, Biomarker for Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Potential.

Mycolactone is a complex macrolide toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. The aim of this paper is to review the chemistry, biosynthetic, and synthetic pathways of mycolactone A/B to help develop an understanding of the mode of action of these polyketides as well as their therapeutic potential. The synthetic work has largely been driven by the desire to afford researchers enough (≥100 mg) of the pure toxins for systematic biological studies toward understanding their very high biological activities. The review focuses on pioneering studies of Kishi which elaborate first-, second-, and third-generation approaches to the synthesis of mycolactones A/B. The three generations focused on the construction of the key intermediates required for the mycolactone synthesis. Synthesis of the first generation involves assignment of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the mycolactones A and B. This was accomplished by employing a linear series of 17 chemical steps (1.3% overall yield) using the mycolactone core. The second generation significantly improved the first generation in three ways: (1) by optimizing the selection of protecting groups; (2) by removing needless protecting group adjustments; and (3) by enhancing the stereoselectivity and overall synthetic efficiency. Though the synthetic route to the mycolactone core was longer than the first generation, the overall yield was significantly higher (8.8%). The third-generation total synthesis was specifically aimed at an efficient, scalable, stereoselective, and shorter synthesis of mycolactone. The synthesis of the mycolactone core was achieved in 14 linear chemical steps with 19% overall yield. Furthermore, a modular synthetic approach where diverse analogues of mycolactone A/B were synthesized via a cascade of catalytic and/or asymmetric reactions as well as several Pd-catalyzed key steps coupled with hydroboration reactions were reviewed. In addition, the review discusses how mycolactone is employed in the diagnosis of Buruli ulcer with emphasis on detection methods of mass spectrometry, immunological assays, RNA aptamer techniques, and fluorescent-thin layer chromatography (f-TLC) methods as diagnostic tools. We examined studies of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of various analogues of mycolactone. The paper highlights the multiple biological consequences associated with mycolactone such as skin ulceration, host immunomodulation, and analgesia. These effects are attributed to various proposed mechanisms of actions including Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP)/neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP) inhibition, Sec61 translocon inhibition, angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) inhibition, and inhibition of mTOR. The possible application of novel mycolactone analogues produced based on SAR investigations as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and inflammatory pain are discussed. Additionally, their therapeutic potential as anti-viral and anti-cancer agents have also been addressed.

Analogical Reasoning in Tax Law – Selected Issues

Reasoning by analogy is well known in many branches of the law. Nevertheless, in the case of tax law, it is still a live and controversial issue. The application of reasoning per analogiam deals with a dilemma typical of the law and is of great value for practice. It is rare to find legal provisions on the admissibility of the use of analogy in the process of tax law interpretation. Owing to the universal nature of this method of inference, it is possible to analyse and draw conclusions regarding its applicability in the national legal orders of continental legal systems. As part of the analysis, the authors present arguments for and against the use of analogy in tax law. Subsequently, the analysis covers selected legal regulations in which the legislator has or has not explicitly referred to the permissibility of the use of analogy in tax law. This section deals in particular with the regulations of Brazil, Spain, Germany, Poland, and Portugal. The authors have also pointed out the distinctiveness of the appropriate application of the legislation and the application of analogy. The article also includes an analysis of selected Belgian, Czech, Polish, and German rulings. The study based on the above leads to the conclusion of a diverse approach to analogy. The research identifies areas of permissibility for the use of analogy in tax law. The authors made use of the comparative and dogmatic-legal methods.

Grover Speedup from Many Forms of the Zeno Effect

It has previously been established that adiabatic quantum computation, operating based on a continuous Zeno effect due to dynamical phases between eigenstates, is able to realise an optimal Grover-like quantum speedup. In other words, is able to solve an unstructured search problem with the same N scaling as Grover's original algorithm. A natural question is whether other manifestations of the Zeno effect can also support an optimal speedup in a physically realistic model (through direct analogue application rather than indirectly by supporting a universal gateset). In this paper we show that they can support such a speedup, whether due to measurement, decoherence, or even decay of the excited state into a computationally useless state. Our results also suggest a wide variety of methods to realise speedup which do not rely on Zeno behaviour. We group these algorithms into three families to facilitate a structured understanding of how speedups can be obtained: one based on phase kicks, containing adiabatic computation and continuous-time quantum walks; one based on dephasing and measurement; and finally one based on destruction of the amplitude within the excited state, for which we are not aware of any previous results. These results suggest that there may be exciting opportunities for new paradigms of analog quantum computing based on these effects.

Reflection on the Philosophical-Historical Roots of the Crisis in Western International Law Thinking

International Law appears to have lost both its possible civilizational foundations — the Greco-Roman/Christian doctrine of natural law and the contract theory, based on the “Humanist” confidence in the creative potential of individual will. In practice International Law — as it continues to exist — consists of either contractual arrangements among two or more States, or unilateral assertions of will by individual States, usually contested by other States. In this sense, International Law has become privatised, a matter of duelling individual perspectives, with no ontologically objective environment within which “warring” individuals can be embedded. This is the context in which the so-called Lauterpacht approach to International Law arises. It claims that the application of private law analogies should be suitable for international legal decision-making. Legal analysis and judgement then becomes a matter of weighing up the force of two or more competing wills. Another problem is that the social contract theory prioritises the striving for security as the central human characteristic. The legal discourse closes itself off from alternatives capable of questioning this idea. For one possibility, the idea that world society is a natural family of Nations is excluded. The new goal of the social contract, after the Great Depression and World War II, was to establish a liberal order wherein human opportunities would be significantly expanded and universal prosperity would be guaranteed. The basic tenet of liberalism is the dismantlement of the State, which is supposed to be the form through which individuals participate in their own governance. As this State retreats, private economic interests, regulated only by private law, if at all, take precedence. So, the long pathway from the 17th century confidence in the humanist construction of the State through the social contract of free and equal individuals ends up at present in a critical breakdown of order, where an antinomian spirit prevails at all levels of society, domestic, transnational and international. This diagnostic exercise offers no solution, although it does indicate obstacles which could, conceivably, be overcome.

Temperature influence on experimental analog behavior of MISHEMTs

This work presents an analysis on experimental analog behavior of MISHEMTs operating in the temperature range from 450 K down to 200 K. The drain current (IDS) presented a slight anomaly, especially for temperatures lower than 400 K. In the transconductance it is possible to visualize a second peak, suggesting a second conduction. As shown, the transconductance presented a low dependence on gate length, and an anomaly was observed for the devices at 350 K. The output conductance and transistor efficiency behavior suggest a competition between the effects of the MOS and HEMT conductions, present in the device. A new kink was observed in the output characteristic (IDSxVDS) at room temperature, which is caused by the HEMT and MOS conductions interaction, and it is even more noticeable for higher overdrive voltages (VGT). This effect is called MISHEMT kink effect (MH-kink) in this work. The MH-kink shifts toward higher VDS for higher overdrive voltage, showing the stronger influence of the MOS conduction on the total drain current. The unity gain frequency (ft) increases from 800 MHz (450 K) to 1.8 GHz (200 K), while the AV goes in opposite direction from 43 dB (450 K) to 38 dB (200 K). Considering that the intrinsic voltage gain is good enough even at low temperatures, the MISHEMT can be identified as a good candidate for analog applications.

3D WCSPH modelling of landslide-water dynamics during 1963 Vajont disaster

This study illustrates the full-scale 3D numerical simulation of the coupled water-landslide dynamics of the 1963 Vajont catastrophic event. The focus is given to the early phase of the event when about 270 million cubic meters of rock fell into the reservoir within an estimated runout time of about 25 s. A complex surge wave system developed throughout the basin in the first 40–55 s, producing maximum run-up of 270 m above the dam crowning. The mesh-free Lagrangian Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method is adopted to discretize and solve the coupled system of governing equations for the landslide and water dynamics. The adopted model, which is based on SPHERA v.9.0.0 (Amicarelli et al. Comput Phys Commun, 2020), has been derived by introducing relevant modifications in the research code SPHERA (RSE SpA). The derived model is validated and the influence of water saturated soil on prediction of surge wave run-up is analysed. The average values from technical literature are assigned to mechanical parameters without tuning or calibration. The maximum flooding on the opposite side of the valley and the peak flow rate of the discharge hydrograph through the dam section show good agreement with reference data and improvements with respect to published results. The validated derived model proves to be a promising engineering tool for quantifying the level of risk in analogous applications.

Linearity analysis of FE-based graded channel junctionless FET obtaining negative capacitance for low power applications

This paper reports ferroelectric (FE) oxide based graded-channel junctionless FET featuring the negative capacitance effects in nano-scale regime. The linearity nature of its response is analyzed on the basis of third order interception point (PIP3), harmonic interception voltages of 2nd and 3rd orders (VIP2, VIP3) and intermodulation distortion (IMD3). Influence of fundamental device’s parameters such as, gate and underlap length, ferroelectric oxide thickness, graded channel doping and operating temperature on its linear behavior is observed and analyzed in detail. The subthreshold slope is also found to go below 60mV/dec for optimum features, obtaining the NC characteristics. In its circuit application part, a cascode amplifier is designed using the proposed device showing variations due to the change in the proposed device dimensions. The proposed device is designed and simulated using Silvaco ATLAS device simulator, which is calibrated with the available experimental results. Therefore, the present study is quite relevant in recent days for low power analog applications.

Numerical investigation on the effect of an orifice plate on the flow-induced and acoustically induced vibration of a gas transmission pipe

In this paper, a numerical method is proposed for investigating the flow-induced vibration (FIV) and acoustically induced vibration (AIV) of a straight pipe with an orifice plate. First, the turbulent pressure (TP) and acoustic pressure (AP) signals on the pipe wall were obtained through the simulation of an unsteady flow field and the application of Mohring's analogy, respectively. Subsequently, the FIV and AIV of the pipe were calculated by means of one-way fluid-structure interaction and acoustic-structure interaction, respectively. The calculated pressures, flow velocities, and sound powers at the monitoring point were in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the literature. The numerical results revealed that the power spectral densities of the AP were significantly higher than those of the TP on the surface of the tested end pipe, particularly at the natural frequencies of the acoustic modes. In the low-frequency regime, FIV was the dominant factor, whereas in the medium-high frequency regime, particularly above the cutoff frequency of the plane wave, AIV was the dominant factor. The findings of the parametric studies demonstrated that the AP and AIV of the pipe exhibited a considerable increase with the Mach number. Conversely, the TP and FIV demonstrated a more pronounced rise when the Mach number increased from 0.1 to 0.2, followed by a less pronounced increase when the Mach number increased from 0.2 to 0.3. A reduction in the orifice diameter resulted in an increase in the AP and AIV. In contrast, the TP and FIV exhibited a comparatively minor increase.

Bench-Stable Meisenheimer Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Divergent Reactivity for Dearomatization.

The chemistry of the Meisenheimer complexes is of fundamental interest in organic chemistry. While the nitro group has been extensively employed to facilitate the formation and stabilization of Meisenheimer complexes, the analogous application of more user-friendly ester groups has remained an unexplored frontier. Herein, we report ester-stabilized Meisenheimer complexes, which have remarkable air-, moisture-, and thermo-stability. Moreover, the isolable and well-defined Meisenheimer intermediates exhibit divergent reactivity for dearomatization reactions, including modular 1,4-additions, dearomative (2 + 3) cycloadditions, and even higher-order (4 + n) cycloadditions. These methodologies enabled rapid access to complicated cyclohexane derivatives with multiple all-carbon quaternary centers and interesting structure topologies.

Study of A Heterojunction Double Gate Ferroelectric p-n-i-n Tunnel FET combining analytical modeling and TCAD simulation

A short channel Heterojunction Double Gate Ferroelectric p-n-i-n Tunnel Field Effect Transistor structure is proposed in this article to alleviate undesirable ambipolarity and Miller Capacitance and has a steeper subthreshold swing with improvement in ON state current compared to other conventional TFET structures. This work develops a physics based relevant analytical model of surface potential with the effect of gate fringing field and inclusive source and channel depletion region, drain current model, terminal charge and capacitance model to investigate its transient performance for the impact of ferroelectric polarization according to the Miller Ferroelectric polarization model. The proposed device is also validated using the SILVACO ATLAS device simulator, which yields a good agreement with the model, establishing its reliability and acceptability. The device achieves a steeper subthreshold of 31.3 mV/decade, an improved ON current∼5.9 x 10−4A/μmand enhanced transconductance∼0.105 ms as well as a very low energy delay product (EDP)∼4.07 x 10−3Js with hysteresis free operation at a low supply voltage∼0.5 V in a 40 nm technology node, making it desirable for ultra-low power analog and logic applications.

Unlocking the Secrets of Pheromones: Reproductive and Social Communication in Domestic Mammals

Pheromones play a pivotal role in the reproductive and behavioural management of livestock, influencing various physiological and behavioural responses within and across species. This review explores the application of pheromones in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and equines, highlighting their significant impact on reproductive efficiency, stress reduction, and animal welfare. In cattle, pheromones are essential for estrus detection and the enhancement of maternal bonding. Similarly, in buffaloes, urinary pheromones have been identified as markers for estrus detection, aiding in overcoming the challenge of silent ovulation, while also contributing to penis erection and sperm quantity enhancement. In small ruminants such as sheep and goats, the "male effect" accelerates puberty and synchronizes estrus, which is crucial for optimizing breeding cycles. In pigs, the presence of boars accelerates puberty in gilts and reduces postpartum anestrus in sows, enhancing reproductive outcomes. Equines benefit from appeasing pheromones, which alleviate stress in foals and adult horses, particularly during transportation and other stressful events. The synthesis and application of synthetic analogs of these pheromones have demonstrated practical benefits in animal husbandry, offering promising avenues for improving reproductive performance and animal welfare. However, despite these advancements, the identification and characterization of specific pheromones across different species remain incomplete. Future research should focus on the molecular identification of these pheromones, their mechanisms of action, and the development of innovative applications to further enhance their utility in animal management.

Numerical simulation of core shell dual metal gate stack junctionless accumulation mode nanowire FET (CS-DM-GS-JAMNWFET) for low power digital applications

In this paper, Core Shell Dual Metal Gate Stack Junctionless Accumulation Mode Nanowire FET (CS-DM-GS-JAMNWFET) is proposed, which has enhanced performance and is suitable for analog and digital applications. A high-k gate stack engineering, Hafnium Oxide (HfO2) is deployed in the outer as well as inner gate oxides of the core shell structure. The proposed device is compared with CS-DM-JAMNWFET, CS-SM-JAMNWFET, DM-GS-JAMNWFET, DM-JAMNWFET, and SM-JAMNWFET by maintaining a constant threshold voltage for all structures. The proposed CS-DM-GS-JAMNWFET provides a substantial reduction in subthreshold current with a high Ion/Ioff ratio as compared to other competent device structures. Also, the proposed device exhibits improvements in various parameters compared to the SM-JAMNWFET. It shows improvement in drain current (2.27 times), output conductance (2.14 times), subthreshold swing (0.94 times), transconductance (2.47 times), gate capacitance (2.00 times), cut-off frequency (1.24 times), intrinsic gain (12.95 times), current gain (1.46), Ion/Ioff ratio (6.15 times), unilateral power gain (1.09 times), maximum transducer power gain (1.08 times), Transconductance Generation factor (1.08 times), gain frequency product (14.61 times), transconductance frequency product (1.32 times), and gain transconductance frequency product (17.27 times). These benefits are due to combined advantages of the dual metal high-k dielectric HfO2 structure in core shell JAM FET, which enhances the device's gate dominance over the channel with high driving current.

Optimization and analysis of Si/SiGe strained vertically stacked heterostructure on insulator FeFinFET for high performance analog and RF applications

As semiconductor technology advances, the exploration of novel materials and device architectures becomes imperative to meet the growing demands of integrated circuits for analog and radio-frequency (RF) applications. In this paper, various advanced technologies have been amalgamated such as integration of ferroelectric layer in multigate FinFET along with the adaptation of SOI technology. Further strain technology is also used which employs a tri-layered strained-silicon channel system with the help of SiGe to form Vertically Stacked Heterostructure on Insulator Ferroelectric based FinFET (VS-HOI-FeFinFET) and on comparison with baseline FeFinFET, it is found to show remarkable improvements in terms of various measured parameters such as drain current, switching ratio, threshold voltage and subthreshold swing. Subsequently, gate stacking architecture is incorporated in VS-HOI-FeFinFET to further optimize the device performance. The four different configurations C1 to C4 are taken in terms of four different combinations of gate stack materials considered for gate oxide such as C1(SiO2+Al2O3), C2(SiO2+HfO2), C3(Al2O3), and C4(Al2O3+HfO2). It is found that the static and analog performance of VS-HOI-GS-FeFinFET enhance sequentially from configuration C1 to C4 such as switching ratio is enhanced upto around 5 times, DIBL and quality factor are improved by around 41% and 58% respectively along with significant improvement in device efficiency, early voltage, intrinsic gain, output conductance and output resistance. Subsequently performance optimization of VS-HOI-GS-FeFinFET with variation in mole fraction of germanium is also explored for various analog metrics. Further, several RF parameters are also explored and it is observed that the gain frequency product (GFP) and gain transconductance frequency product (GTFP) are augmented by around three times in magnitude along with 16% reduction in the unity gain cut off frequency in C4 configuration, exhibiting its ability of high frequency amplification with minimized noise distortion thus makes the device suitable for various high performance Analog and RF applications.

Callose and Salicylic Acid Are Key Determinants of Strigolactone-Mediated Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis

Research has demonstrated that strigolactones (SLs) mediate plant disease resistance; however, the basal mechanism is unclear. Here, we provide key genetic evidence supporting how SLs mediate plant disease resistance. Exogenous application of the SL analog, rac-GR24, increased Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae. SL-biosynthetic mutants and overexpression lines of more axillary growth 1 (MAX1, an SL-biosynthetic gene) enhanced and reduced bacterial susceptibility, respectively. In addition, rac-GR24 promoted bacterial pattern flg22-induced callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide production. SL-biosynthetic mutants displayed reduced callose deposition but not hydrogen peroxide production under flg22 treatment. Moreover, rac-GR24 did not affect avirulent effector-induced cell death between Col-0 and SL-biosynthetic mutants. Furthermore, rac-GR24 increased the free salicylic acid (SA) content and significantly promoted the expression of pathogenesis-related gene 1 related to SA signaling. Importantly, rac-GR24- and MAX1-induced bacterial resistance disappeared completely in Arabidopsis plants lacking both callose synthase and SA. Taken together, our data revealed that callose and SA are two important determinants in SL-mediated plant disease resistance, at least in Arabidopsis.

Dead ringer acts as a major regulator of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in insects.

In holometabolous insects, proper control of the production of juvenile hormone (JH), which maintains larval traits, is crucial for successful metamorphosis. JH is produced specifically in the corpora allata (CA) via the functioning of a set of JH biosynthetic enzymes (JHBEs). Expression of JHBE genes in the CA is coordinated except for JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT), which functions in the last step of JH biosynthesis. Here, we sought to determine the mechanism that enables this coordinated expression, assuming the presence of a central regulator of JHBE genes. Comparison of transcriptomes in the CA during active and inactive stages revealed the presence of 3 transcription factors, whose expression patterns matched those of JHBE genes. We propose that one of these, Dead ringer (Dri), is the central up-regulator of CA-specific JHBE genes including JHAMT, based on the following findings: (ⅰ) Knockdown of Dri in the larvae caused precocious metamorphosis, which was rescued by the exogenous application of JH analog, and (ⅱ) knockdown of Dri decreased the expression of most CA-specific JHBE genes examined. Furthermore, RNAi-based reverse genetics indicated that Dri works most upstream in the control of CA-specific JHBE genes, and that shutdown of JHAMT, which occurs independent of other JHBE genes prior to the onset of metamorphosis, can be hypothetically explained by the presence of an unidentified repressor. Our study suggests that Dri, which has been known to regulate embryonic development in a wide range of animals, is conferred a new role in holometabolous insects, i.e. central regulation of CA-specific JHBE genes.

Real‐Time Nanoscale Bacterial Detection Utilizing a 1DZnO Optical Nanobiosensor

One‐dimensional zinc oxide nanomaterials (1DZnO) have emerged as promising, cost‐effective nanoplatforms with adjustable properties suitable for electrochemical and optical biosensing applications. In this work, modifications in the inherent photoluminescent response of 1DZnO are harnessed to develop a novel immunosensor tailored for detecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. This nanobiosensor demonstrates a modulation in photoluminescence signal, effectively responsive to analyte concentrations ranging from 1 × 102 to 1 × 108 CFU mL−1, with direct visualization of targeted bacterial cells over 1DZnO structures through scanning electron microscopy. The conceptualization of this nanobiosensor is focused on a real‐time contact strategy that can significantly reduce processing and response times for pathogen detection, prospected for emergency scenarios. With this aim, the detection process unfolds in real time, with a mere 5–10 s interaction time, corroborated by the standard polymerase chain reaction approach. This synergistic validation underscores the reliability and precision of the developed biosensor. Notably, the utility of 1DZnO nanoplatforms extends beyond the realm of enteropathogenic E. coli, as the biosensing performance exhibited here holds promise for analogous applications involving other medically pertinent pathogens. This study paves the way for the broader implementation of 1DZnO‐based biosensors in medical diagnostics, offering rapid, sensitive, and real‐time detection capabilities.

All-optical organic photochemical integrated nanophotonic memory: low-loss, continuously tunable, non-volatile

Controlling changes in the optical properties of photonic devices allows photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to perform useful functions, leading to a large breadth of applications in communications, computing, and sensing. Many mechanisms to change optical properties exist, but few allow doing so in a reversible, non-volatile manner. Without such mechanisms, power inefficiencies and use of external memory are inevitable. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate reversible, non-volatile phase actuation of a silicon nitride PIC with thermally stable photochromic organic molecules vapor-deposited within a slot waveguide structure. The use of a high-core-index platform allows the photochemical phase actuation of a planar-resonator-based photonic memory unit, which enables positive and negative signal weighting and permits integrated spectroscopic analysis. We show properties of this all-optical memory for a silicon photonics platform, including low loss in the optical C-band, first-order photokinetics of the photoconversion, bidirectional scalable switching, and continuous tuning. Such features are critical for memories in analog applications such as quantum, microwave, and neuromorphic photonics, where bipolar weights, low loss, and precision are paramount. More generally, this work suggests that back-end-of-line-compatible vapor deposition of organic molecules into silicon photonic circuits is promising to introduce non-silicon-native functionality.