Application Of Alachlor Research Articles

Chemical weed control in soybean (Glycine max)

t A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 1995 and 1996 on alluvial soils of Agronomy Research Centre of College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). Pre-emergence application of alachlor and pendimethalin @ 1.50 kgtha were comparable with two hand-weedings (20 and 30 DAS) in reducing the weed density and weed biomass, and increasing the weed-control efficiency as well as number of podstplant and weight of pods. Pooled data showed that except the weed-free treatment, next in higher order was the treatment of two hand weedings, which gave maximum seed yield (12.45 qlha) , followed by alachlor @ 1.5 kglha. However, alachlor at 1.5 kglha was on a par with penedimethalin 1.5 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence and fluchloralin 1.5 kg a.i./ .ha as pre-plant application. 4 Key words : Soybean, Alachlor, Pendimethalin, Hand-weeding

Dry matter accumulation in weeds and qualitative characters of sesame (Sesamum indicum) as influenced b y nitrogen levels and weed control measures

A field investigation was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 1995 and 1996 at Agra, under rainfed conditions, to find out optimum level of nitrogen and effective weed control methods in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kglha) and 8 weed control treatments, viz. weedy check (W,), 1 hand weeding 21 DAS (W,), pre emergence application of oxyfluorfen Q 0.15 kglha (W,), W, 1 hand weeding, 21 DAS (W,), pre planting incorporation of fluchloralin Q 1.0 kglha (W,), W, 1 hand weeding 21 DAS (W,), pre emergence application of Alachlor Q 1.0 kglha (W,) and W, 1 hand weeding 21 DAS (W,), were replicated 4 times in split plot design. Among the weed control methods tested, dry weight of weeds was reduced and weed control efficiency increased due to the application of pre planting incorporation of fluchloralin Q 1.0 kglha 1 hand weeding. This combination promoted seed yield, protein and oil production on hectare basis in addition to higher seed index and iodine value of oil. Unchecked weed growth lowered seed yield by 31.5%. Increasing N lev els up to 60 kg Nlha increased the seed yield, protein and oil production, however, influence of N on the dry weight of weeds was not noted.

Simulation of alachlor fate and transport: model calibration and sensitivity analysis

Spraying of agricultural chemicals result in their travel downward through the unsaturated zone and adsorption on the surrounding soil. Infiltration from rainfall and irrigation solubilize these chemicals and carry the dissolved components to the ground water. This process can cause soil and ground water contamination the extent of which is greatly influenced by soil characteristics, the rate and method of chemical application. This paper presents experimental and mathematical results describing the transport of the herbicide Alachlor in laboratory soil columns with variable length, initial moisture content, and Alachlor application rate and method. The laboratory time‐dependent distribution of Alachlor concentration is used to calibrate a numerical flow and transport model. The model was also used to conduct a sensitivity analysis with respect to soil and chemical properties and identify parameters value ranges controlling Alachlor transport in porous media.

Integrated weed management in soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill),under various plant densities

A study was undertaken at Agricultural College & Research Institute, Coimbatore during Summer and Kharif seasons of 1994 to investigate the effect of three levels of plant densities with various weed management methods in Soybean. The results revealed that the weed density significantly reduced in the higher plant density of 6.66 lakh plants ha in both the seasons. Among the weed management methods, pre-emergence application of alachlor 1.25 kg ha-1 hand weeding (40 DAS) and hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS after sowing) have considerably reduced the weed population and enhanced the grain yield. However, hand weeding twice had exhibited similar effect as that of alachlor 1.25 kg ha-1 + hand weeding (40 DAS) in suppressing the weed population at 40 DAS. The yield attributes like number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and test weight of the seeds were greatly influenced at lowest plant density of 3.33 lakh plants ha-1, however it was comparable with 4.44 lakh plants ha in registering the test weight. There was significant increase in yield of the crop under 4.44 lakh plants ha-1.

Runoff and leaching of atrazine and alachlor on a sandy soil as affected by application in sprinkler irrigation

Rainfall simulation was used with small packed boxes of soil to compare runoff of herbicides applied by conventional spray and injection into sprinkler‐irrigation (chemigation), under severe rainfall conditions. It was hypothesized that the larger water volumes used in chemigation would leach some of the chemicals out of the soil surface rainfall interaction zone, and thus reduce the amounts of herbicides available for runoff. A 47‐mm rain falling in a 2‐hour event 24 hours after application of alachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetamide) and atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) was simulated. The design of the boxes allowed a measurement of pesticide concentrations in splash water throughout the rainfall event. Initial atrazine concentrations exceeding its’ solubility were observed. When the herbicides were applied in 64000 L/ha of water (simulating chemigation in 6.4 mm irrigation water) to the surface of a Tifton loamy sand, subsequent herbicide losses in runoff water were decreased by 90% for atrazine and 91% for alachlor, as compared to losses from applications in typical carrier water volumes of 187 L/ha. However, this difference was not due to an herbicide leaching effect but to a 96% decrease in the amount of runoff from the chemigated plots. Only 0.3 mm of runoff occurred from the chemigated boxes while 7.4 mm runoff occurred from the conventionally‐treated boxes, even though antecedent moisture was higher in the former. Two possible explanations for this unexpected result are (a) increased aggregate stability in the more moist condition, leading to less surface sealing during subsequent rainfall, or (b) a hydrophobic effect in the drier boxes. In the majority of these pans herbicide loss was much less in runoff than in leachate water. Thus, in this soil, application of these herbicides by chemigation would decrease their potential for pollution only in situations where runoff is a greater potential threat than leaching.

The Influence of Weed Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Stubble on Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays)

The objectives of this study were to determine how the timing of weed management treatments in winter wheat stubble affects weed control the following season and to determine if spring herbicide rates in corn can be reduced with appropriately timed stubble management practices. Field studies were conducted at two sites in Ohio between 1993 and 1995. Wheat stubble treatments consisted of glyphosate (0.84 kg ae/ha) plus 2,4-D (0.48 kg ae/ha) applied in July, August, or September, or at all three timings, and a nontreated control. In the following season, spring herbicide treatments consisted of a full rate of atrazine (1.7 kg ai/ha) plus alachlor (2.8 kg ai/ha) preemergence, a half rate of these herbicides, or no spring herbicide treatment. Across all locations, a postharvest treatment of glyphosate plus 2,4-D followed by alachlor plus atrazine at half or full rates in the spring controlled all broadleaf weeds, except giant ragweed, at least 88%. Giant foxtail control at three locations was at least 83% when a postharvest glyphosate plus 2,4-D treatment was followed by spring applications of alachlor plus atrazine at half or full rates. Weed control in treatments without alachlor plus atrazine was variable, although broadleaf control from July and August glyphosate plus 2,4-D applications was greater than from September applications. Where alachlor and atrazine were not applied, August was generally the best timing of herbicide applications to wheat stubble for reducing weed populations the following season.

Controlled Release of Pesticides into Soils from Clay−Polymer Formulations

Alachlor was released from a controlled-release formulation (CRF) when applied to a sandy loam soil under conditions of constant temperature and moisture and achieved concentrations of 0.1−0.2 mg/kg after 1 week. Soil concentrations of 0.2−0.8 mg/kg were maintained for at least an additional 8 weeks. A large portion (35−70%) of the active ingredient was still present in the CRFs at the conclusion of the experiment. Application of alachlor as the commercial formulation resulted in 50% dissipation after only 3−4 days. Alachlor released from CRFs with a smaller diameter resulted in higher soil concentrations (1.2 mg/kg) after 18 days. In column leaching studies the leaching of alachlor, atrazine, and trifluralin from CRFs was considerably reduced with respect to leaching of the same compounds from commercial formulations. The release of alachlor from an Al-pillared clay CRF and its subsequent transport in soil columns showed that pillared clays can be used for controlled release of herbicides, but more work ...

Herbicide Programs for Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control in Soybean (Glycine max)

A study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 at two Mississippi locations to evaluate preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of alachlor, clomazone, SAN 582, metolachlor, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, and postemergence (POST) applications of AC 263,222 and imazethapyr alone or followed by clethodim late postemergence (LPOST) for red rice control in soybean. Applications of 110 g ai/ha clethodim increased red rice control when following any earlier herbicide application at one location that harbored a high natural infestation. In 1 yr at one location, red rice seedhead suppression from PPI and PRE herbicide applications alone was greater than 95% due to high activity from herbicides and drought conditions during red rice seedhead development. Early postemergence (EPOST) applications of 30 g ae/ha AC 263,222 suppressed at least 95% of red rice seedheads, regardless of year, location, or clethodim LPOST application. At one location, any treatment where 110 g/ha clethodim followed an earlier herbicide application suppressed red rice seedheads at least 95%. Compared to the nontreated control, only AC 263,222 injured soybean (30%) and reduced soybean yield (200 kg/ha).

Sequential Applications Control Woolly Cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) and Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Corn (Zea mays)

Field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the contribution of PRE applications of alachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor, SAN 582H, or pendimethalin on woolly cupgrass and wild-proso millet control when followed by POST nicosulfuron at 0, 0.018, 0.027, or 0.036 kg ai/ha. Sequential treatments controlled woolly cupgrass and wild-proso millet greater than single applications of PRE herbicides, which when applied alone resulted in the least wild-proso millet control and lowest corn grain yield. Lack of complete woolly cupgrass control with POST nicosulfuron alone resulted in corn grain yield that was less than with sequential treatments but was equal to PRE treatments. Wild-proso millet control with nicosulfuron at 0.027 kg/ha resulted in corn grain yield that was less than with sequential treatments, but greater than with all PRE treatments except for SAN 582H. All PRE herbicides, regardless of early season performance, when followed by nicosulfuron resulted in woolly cupgrass and wild-proso millet control that was similar. Woolly cupgrass seed production compared to the nontreated check was reduced 98% with acetochlor followed by nicosulfuron. Sequential treatments provided the most consistent woolly cupgrass and wild-proso millet control, the highest corn grain yield, and the greatest reduction in woolly cupgrass and wild-proso millet seed production.

Interaction of Early‐Season Herbicide Injury, Tobacco Thrips Injury, and Cultivar on Peanut

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can tolerate severe early‐season injury by tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)], and controlling populations usually is not recommended in the southeastern USA. Field observations, however, indicated that injury from early‐season thrips infestation may exacerbate injury caused to peanut by early postemergence herbicide application. Studies were conducted near Jay and Marianna, FL, during 1989 and 1990 to evaluate the interaction between peanut cultivar, preplant incorporated application of vernolate (S‐propyl dipropylcarbamothioate), postemergence application of alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide] plus paraquat(1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion) and thrips suppression with foliar application of acephate (O,S‐dimethyl acetylphosphoroamidothioate). ‘Southern Runner’ was more susceptible than ‘Florunner’ to early‐season stress from insect and herbicide injury. Injury from preplant incorporated herbicide alone, postemergence herbicide alone, or thrips alone usually was not sufficient to cause long‐term damage to peanut growth or to adversely affect peanut maturity or yield. When two or all of these factors impacted peanut simultaneously, however, delays in crop maturity and reduced yields (up to 11%) were often observed. Early‐season suppression of tobacco thrips often alleviated the detrimental effects to peanut. Suppression of thrips populations should receive greater consideration in future integrated pest management programs of peanut to avoid interactions with early‐season herbicide stress, especially when growing Southern Runner.

A new mask filter cartridge used to determine applicator inhalation exposure to an alachlor herbicide (Lasso) during normal spraying operations.

A filter cartridge with a low air-flow resistance was designed for use on a modified half-face respirator worn during the application of alachlor (Lasso) herbicide. The filter trapped large concentrations of alachlor while retaining the ability to trap small respirable droplets. Moreover, alachlor could be recovered from the disassembled cartridge and analyzed by conventional methods. The test cartridges were used in combination with conventional personal air samplers to determine whether the filters trapped more alachlor when compared with personal samplers and to determine accurately the amount of alachlor reaching the breathing zone. Farmers sprayed alachlor in the form of alachlor (N = 7) or alachlor mixed with other herbicides or surfactant (N = 15). An average of 4 x 10(-2) mg or 2 x 10(-4) mg/kg of applied alachlor reached the respirator filters. This concentration was 10-fold higher than the alachlor recovered from the personal samplers. The new filter cartridge is better for determining the amount of alachlor reaching the breathing zone, and there is a low potential for significant inhalation exposure to alachlor during normal spraying operations.

Polarographic Behaviour of Alachlor Application to Analytical Determination

Abstract A DC polarographic reduction wave independent of pH, with a half-wave potential of about −1.30 V (S.C.E.) is shown by Alachlor This reduction wave is characterized by the attainment of a current maximum, which vanishes in the presence of small amounts of a cationic surfactant The presence of strong surfactants prevents the adsorption of the reaction product on the electrode, thus eliminating the current maximum. The results of polarographic, coulometric and preparative electrolysis measurements are consistent with a reaction mechanism of reductive cleavage, which is shown by several organic halides. For analytical applications the DP polarographic technique is more usefuL In this case the adsorption of reactant or product on the electrode surface increases DPP currents. The peak current is proportional to the concentration over the range 1×10−7-1×10−5 M.

Carbamothioate and Chloroacetamide Herbicides for Woolly Cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) Control in Corn (Zea mays)

Field experiments were conducted to compare herbicides applied preplant incorporated (PPI), preplant incorporated/preemergence (PPI/PRE), and preplant incorporated/early postemergence (PPI/early POST) to control woolly cupgrass in corn. Although good early-season control of woolly cupgrass from PPI cycloate plus cyanazine, EPTC plus dietholate or SC-0058, and butylate plus cyanazine sometimes was observed, middle- and/or late-season control was often limited. Generally, better woolly cupgrass control and higher corn yields were obtained from split PPI/PRE applications rather than from single PPI applications of alachlor, metolachlor, and acetochlor. The highest and most consistent full-season woolly cupgrass control resulted when cycloate or EPTC plus dietholate applied PPI was followed by cyanazine plus either pendimethalin, alachlor, metolachlor, or acetochlor applied early POST. However, in 1989 adverse weather conditions near the early POST application timing injured corn and reduced yields.

Cropping and Herbicide Systems for Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control

A cropping system of soybeans and rice grown in alternate years for 4 yr controlled red rice when combined with effective herbicide treatments applied to the soybean crop. Effective herbicide treatments in soybeans were preplant incorporated applications of alachlor, metolachlor, or alachlor plus trifluralin each followed by postemergence over-the-top applications of bentazon plus mefluidide, postemergence directed applications of paraquat, or sequential applications of postemergence over-the-top bentazon plus mefluidide and postemergence directed paraquat. Control of red rice in soybeans reduced red rice infestations in the subsequent rice crop. Red rice infestations were lower in rice grown the fourth year than in rice grown the second year. Postemergence over-the-top or directed herbicide treatments used alone or combined with preplant incorporated applications of trifluralin did not control red rice in soybeans with subsequent red rice infestations in the rice crop.

Postemergence Weed Control Systems Without Dinoseb for Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Postemergence treatments utilizing various combinations of fluazifop-P, paraquat, and 2,4-DB were compared to a preplant-incorporated (PPI) application of benefin followed by a ground-cracking application of alachlor and dinoseb plus naptalam and a postemergence application of 2,4-DB for weed control, peanut yield, and net economic return to land, overhead, and management. The greatest peanut yields (3-yr average of 4510 kg/ha) and net returns (3-yr average of $521/ha) were provided by a postemergence system that utilized one ground-cracking and one postemergence application of paraquat and one postemergence application of fluazifop-P and 2,4-DB. Seven postemergence systems provided equivalent or greater yield and net returns than the PPI and dinoseb plus naptalam system. Fresh weight reductions of Texas panicum, sicklepod, Florida beggarweed, and pitted morningglory from postemergence weed control systems were equivalent to reductions obtained from the PPI and dinoseb plus naptalam system. The addition of paraquat and 2,4-DB to the PPI and dinoseb plus naptalam system improved the 3-yr average peanut yield and net economic return by 510 kg/ha and $136/ha, respectively, compared to the same system without paraquat and 2,4-DB.

Consecutive Annual Applications of Alachlor and Metolachlor to Continuous No-Till Corn (Zea mays)

Consecutive annual applications of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were made to continuous no-till corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3184’ in 1982 and 1983, ‘Pioneer 3744’ in 1984, and ‘Pioneer 3378’ in 1985 to 1987). In a 5-yr study, control of the dominant annual grass species, large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA], by alachlor declined to less than 50% by the fifth year. Control of large crabgrass by metolachlor remained greater than 80% throughout the study but metolachlor allowed the establishment of a greater fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI) population in this and an additional 3-yr study than in chloroacetamide-free checks. In the 3-yr study in which giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) was dominant, annual applications of metolachlor and a microencapsulated formulation of alachlor provided better control in the second year than the emulsifiable concentrate formulation of alachlor, but formulation differences diminished in the third year.

Accelerated Degradation Potential of Selected Herbicides in the Southeastern United States

The influence of previous herbicide applications on the degradation rate of butylate [S-ethyl bis (2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate), alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethyl-phenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] was measured. Degradation studies were conducted on soils with zero to eight previous applications of butylate, zero and six consecutive annual applications of alachlor, and zero to seven previous applications of metolachlor. Previous applications of alachlor or of metolachlor did not affect the rate of degradation when the same herbicide was reapplied. Soils with previous butylate-use history had more rapid degradation of butylate or EPTC than soils with no previous butylate applications. Because soil sterilization reduced14CO2evolution to a low level, soil microorganisms could be the primary mechanism of butylate degradation. There was no difference between butylate or EPTC degradation rate in soils treated previously with butylate. Butylate could not be detected 28 days after treatment in soils previously treated with butylate, whereas soils not previously treated with butylate still contained biologically active butylate. Dietholate (O,O-diethylO-phenyl phosphorothioate) added to butylate generally reduced the rate of butylate degradation in soils previously treated with butylate, but the butylate concentration always was lower in soils treated previously with butylate than in soils without previous butylate applications. Weed control in the field showed rapid loss of butylate and EPTC in soils with previous butylate treatment and that dietholate reduced the rate of butylate and EPTC degradation.

Herbicide Dissipation from Soils with Different Herbicide use Histories

Herbicide dissipation was monitored in soils differing in herbicide use histories. Repeated annual applications over 5 yr enhanced biodegradation of butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate) but not alachlor {2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide}, atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cyanazine {2-[[(4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}, or metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide]. Prior application of butylate or EPTC enhanced biodegradation of the other thiocarbamate herbicide but not alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, or metolachlor. Prior application of alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, or trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] did not enhance biodegradation of butylate or EPTC. Dissipation of EPTC applied with dietholate (O,O-diethyl-O-phenolphosphorothioate) was not enhanced by prior application of alachlor, atrazine, or trifluralin. Prior use of EPTC, EPTC + dietholate, butylate, or cycloate, respectively, enhanced biodegradation of EPTC in 100, 100, 71, and 50% of the experiments, of EPTC applied with dietholate in 57, 100, 60, and 33% of the experiments, of butylate in 33, 40, 100, and 20% of the experiments, and of cycloate in 0, 0, 17, and 0% of the experiments. Prior thiocarbamate herbicide applications usually did not enhance cycloate biodegradation, but soils from two locations without prior pesticide use histories rapidly degraded the herbicide. Storage of soil samples at 25 C for 6 or 12 months before application of EPTC and EPTC + dietholate resulted in less herbicide degradation than storage at 15 C. Differences in prior environmental conditions such as temperature may explain why development of enhanced biodegradation varied between years even in the same field plots.

Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Control with Alachlor where EPTC Failed

A location in east Central Kansas with a history of continuous corn (Zea maysL.), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) plus dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide) plus dietholate (O,O-diethylO-phenylphosphorothioate) application, and shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. #3SORVU] was selected for herbicide efficacy investigations. Thiocarbamate herbicides applied before planting corn failed to control shattercane in 1 of 2 years. Adding dietholate did not improve EPTC efficacy in either year. Alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] applied preplant failed to control shattercane both years. Treatments which included applications of alachlor at 2.2 kg ai/ha 7 or 10 days after preplant herbicide applications were made provided significantly better shattercane control than did preplant treatments.

Factors Affecting Postemergence Control of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) with Imazaquin and DPX-F6025: Spray Volume, Growth Stage, and Soil-Applied Alachlor and Vernolate

In field and greenhouse experiments, sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB) control with postemergence application of imazaquin {ammonium salt of 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} was similar with spray volumes of 50, 185, and 360 L/ha. Application of DPX-F6025 {ethyl ester of 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoate} in 50 L/ha resulted in greater control than application in 185 or 360 L/ha in the greenhouse, but no effect of spray volume was noted in field studies. In the greenhouse, control was 25 and 63% less with imazaquin applied to three- and five-leaf plants, respectively, compared to one-leaf plants; control was 40 and 62% less with DPX-F6025 applied to three- and five-leaf plants, respectively, compared to one-leaf plants. In the field, initial control was greater with imazaquin and DPX-F6025 applied to one-leaf plants than to three- or five-leaf plants. Following cultivation, control was similar regardless of plant size at time of application. In the field, postemergence applications of imazaquin and DPX-F6025 were equally phytotoxic following preplant-incorporated application of vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) or preemergence application of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide]. A synergistic interaction was observed in the greenhouse with imazaquin applied postemergence to sicklepod grown in vernolate- or alachlor-treated soil and with DPX-F6025 applied to sicklepod grown in alachlor-treated soil. Antagonism was observed with DPX-F6025 applied postemergence to sicklepod grown in vernolate-treated soil.