Application Of Acetylsalicylic Acid Research Articles

The effects of metformın, acetylsalıcylıc acıd and ıbuprofen on telomerase enzyme actıvıty: ınhıbıtory effect of ıbuprofen

Telomerase enzyme is necessary for the elongation of telomeres while telomerase being critical for aging and cancer. Metformin, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid used in this research are drugs that millions of people already use and that many are likely to use in future. In this study, the effects of these drugs on telomerase activity of Mus musculus swiss albino mice in liver tissue were investigated and the telomerase activity was measured with a PCR-ELISA based kit. In the study a possible connection between telomerase enzyme activity and activities of antioxidant enzymes was also investigated by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes. The data obtained show that metformin slightly decreased telomerase enzyme activity in low dose application; however, this change was not statistically significant. In ibuprofen application, there was a significant inhibitory effect when high doses were used; whereas, there was a slight inhibitory effect at low doses. In acetylsalicylic acid application, a slight activator effect was detected; it was not statistically significant, though. Metformin was observed to increase catalase and SOD activities in general while low and high doses of acetyl salicylic acid showed different effects. In addition, ibuprofen caused a statistically significant increase in liver SOD values. It is important to note that this study demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of ibuprofen on telomerase enzyme activity in animal models..

Asetil Salisilik Asit Solüsyonlarında Ön Çimlendirmenin Havuç Tohumlarının Tuz Stresi Altında Çimlenme ve Çıkışı Üzerine Etkileri

Bu araştırmada asetil salisik asit (ASA) solüsyonun farklı dozlarında ön çimlendirmenin “Nantes” havuç çeşidi (Daucus corata L.) tohumlarının tuz stresi altında çimlenme ve çıkış performansları üzerine etkileri laboratuar koşullarında araştırılmıştır. Tohumlar, ASA solüsyonları içerisinde 24 saat süreyle iklim dolabında ön çimlendirme işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu işlemden sonra ön çimlendirme ve kontrol grubu olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki grup 0, 50, 100 ve 150 mM NaCl stresine maruz bırakılarak, ASA uygulamasının tuzluk sterine tepkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda yüksek tuz konsantrasyonunun (150 mM NaCl) havuç tohumlarının çimlenmesini azalttığı, yüksek dozdaki ASA ön uygulamalarının tohumların çimlenme ve çıkış parametrelerini etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre ön uygulamalar arasında doz x tuz interaksiyonunda 150 mg/L ASA uygulmasında 0 ve 50 mM NaCl interaksiyonunda %93 ile en yüksek çimlenme oranı belirlenmiştir. ASA uygulamalarının, düşük ve yüksek tuzluluğa sahip yetiştirme ortamlarında tohumların çimlenme oranında artış sağladığı ve başarılı bir şekilde kullanılabileceği ön görülmüştür.

Alleviation of copper phytotoxicity by acetylsalicylic acid and nitric oxide application in mung bean involves the up-regulation of antioxidants, osmolytes and glyoxalase system

ABSTRACT The study assessed the individual and interactive role of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and nitric oxide (NO) against excess copper (Cu) concentrations. Excess Cu significantly reduced growth and photosynthesis, although the application of ASA and NO significantly mitigated the reduction with much visible effect in their combination. The oxidative effects of Cu have been evident as increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced membrane stability index (MSI). Both ASA and NO reduced oxidative damage obvious as reduced MDA and lipoxygenase (LOX) down-regulation. Up-regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants due to ASA and NO application contributed to the quick elimination of excess ROS. Oxidative effects of excess Cu were mitigated by osmolyte accumulation, up-regulation of the γ-Glutamyl kinase (γ -GK), glyoxalase, and down-regulation of proline oxidase (PROX). Reduced Cu accumulation in our study showed the crosstalk effect of ASA and NO resulting in the protection of mung bean growth against the damaging effects of Cu.

Effect of Foliar Applied Acetylsalicilic Acid on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions

The exogenous application of salicylic acid prevents plant damage caused by various abiotic stresses (drought, high and low temperatures, salinity) and helps plants to build resistance to biotic stresses (pathogens). Acetylsalicylic acid, which is a synthetic salicylic acid derivative, has the same properties. In the face of climate change and a greater likelihood of extreme weather events, the use of these acids can significantly help to ensure proper growth and development of plants, especially sensitive species, even under stress conditions. The problem, however, is choosing the right dose (concentration) and time of application, and individual species sensitivity. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the growth and yield parameters of spring wheat. A field trial was carried out in 2013 and 2014 at the Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The experiment was established on spring wheat cv. ‘Tybalt’, in four replications. Acetylsalicylic acid was tested in two concentrations: 0.3 and 0.5 mM. Each concentration was applied to the crop twice at growth stage BBCH 29 (end of tillering) and 7 days afterwards, and at growth stage BBCH 37 (flag leaf just visible) and 7 days afterwards. The study evaluated 12 traits of the crop, including plant height, chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, length of the ear, and quality and quantity parameters of the yield. The study showed that both the selection of the appropriate concentration and the time of acetylsalicylic acid application have a significant impact on the growth and development of the wheat. The acetylsalicylic acid increased the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves, the number of grains in the ear, the mass of a thousand grains, and grain yield. The present study did not confirm significant differences between the acetylsalicylic acid concentrations. The concentration of 0.5 mM proved more effective only for such traits as plant height and protein content in the grain. The study showed that it is not the concentration but the time of acetylsalicylic acid application that is more important for the growth of the wheat. Although there were no significant differences between the effects of earlier and later application time on plant height or chlorophyll content, most of the structural and qualitative parameters of the yield (number of grains in the ear, grain density, grain hardness, protein, gluten and starch content) were better after later application of acetylsalicylic acid (GS BBCH 37).

Foliar Applied Acetylsalicylic Acid Induced Growth and Key-Biochemical Changes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Under Drought Stress.

The exogenous application of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is stated to increase tolerance of plants against different environmental stresses. Therefore, the present study was planned to get insight into ASA-mediated regulation of growth, secondary metabolism, and oxidative defense in 2 chickpea varieties. Ten seeds of 2 chickpea varieties (DG-89 and Bittle-98) were sown in plastic pots containing sandy loam soil with 3 drought stress levels, i.e. wet conditions or flooded water (100% FC) as recommended control, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC for chickpea. The moisture contents were maintained and regularly monitored through the addition of normal irrigation water. The design of experimental was completely randomized with 3 replicates per treatment. Penultimate leaves were harvested with knife after 20 days of foliar spray to observe the effect of exogenously applied ASA (100 mg/L) on growth, and key-biochemical attributes of chickpea plants (DG-89 and Bittle-98) under drought stress regimes. Drought stress regimes caused a substantial decline in shoot (37% and 35%) and root length (67% and 78%), shoot (80% and 76%) and root (62% and 68%) fresh masses, shoot (71% and 63%) and root (77% and 74%) dry masses, leaf area per plant (77% and 80%), chlorophyll a (7% and 45%), chlorophyll b (57% and 42%), total chlorophyll (30% and 39%), total carotenoids (76% and 54%), total anthocyanins (38%), reducing sugar (10% and 57%), total soluble proteins (77% and 44%), total flavonoids (61% and 59%) and total phenolics (58% and 31%) contents in both DG-89 and Bittle-98, respectively. A significant increase in MDA (25%), H2O2 contents (100% and 62%), proline (145% and 131%), and ascorbic acid (133% and 203%) contents was documented in stressed plants of both varieties, respectively. Additionally, drought stress significantly improved the activities of POD (154% and 76%), CAT (87% and 45%) and SOD (248% and 143%) in both varieties. Exogenous application of ASA reduced drought-mediated oxidative stress by reducing MDA (53% and 14%), and H2O2 (84% and 56%) contents, proline contents (50% and 17%) and enhanced the shoot (6% and 25%) and root (43% and 33%) dry masses, leaf area (9% and 10%), chlorophyll a (7% and 32%), b (82% and 81%), and carotenoids (53% and 33%) in both barley cultivars. When plants of chickpea was treated with ASA had greater total anthocyanins (26% and 35%), free amino acids (48% and 28%), ascorbic acid contents (135% and 179%), total soluble proteins (34% and 23%), total flavonoids (58% and 35%) and phenolic (50% and 69%)contents besides the POD (41% and 64%), CAT (23% and 56%) and SOD (73% and 72%) enzymes activities. Plants of DG-89 showed more tolerance to drought stress than that of Bittle-98 as a manifest from higher plant biomasses. Thus, our results showed that foliar-applied ASA is an effective strategy that can be used to improve the tolerance of chickpea plants to drought stress.

Effect of foliar application of acetyl salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and riboflavin on growth, yield and yield component of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L Cv. Arka Arjun)

The present experiment was carried out toassess the influence of foliar application of antioxidants on growth, yield and yield component of French bean cv. Arka Arjun. This experiment consisted of 7 treatment viz. Distilled water spray (T1), Acetyl Salicylic Acid @ 100ppm (T2), Acetyl Salicylic Acid @ 200 ppm (T3), Ascorbic Acid @ 100 ppm (T4), Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm (T5), Riboflavin @ 200 ppm (T6) and Riboflavin @ 400 ppm (T7). Five plants in each plot were randomly selected for recording the growth, yield observation and its parameters. Data was collected on different traits such as Plant height, Number of branches per plant, Number of leaves per plant, Leaf Area Index, Number of pods per plant, Pod weight of ten fruits, Pod length, Pod diameter, Pod yield per plant, Protein content of pod. The salient findings of the present investigation have been summarized as under: such as Plant height was significantly influenced by various treatments The maximum Plant height was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). Maximum number of branches per plant was observed for treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). The maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). Maximum Leaf Area Index was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). The maximum number of pods per plant was recorded in the treatment T3 (ASA @ 200ppm) Maximum pod weight of ten fruits was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm). The maximum fruit length was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm). Highest Pod yield per plant was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm) also. Maximum value of protein content was observed for treatment T3 (ASA @ 200ppm). These results prove that foliar applications of Ascorbic Acid at concentrations of 200 ppm (T5) were beneficial for the growth and development of French bean. Maximum yield per plant was recorded with the treatment application of Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 200 ppm (T5) and was found to be superior over Acetyl Salicylic Acid concentrations. Maximum protein content was recorded with the treatment application of Acetyl Salicylic Acid at concentrations 200 ppm (T3) and was found to be superior over Ascorbic Acid concentrations.

Platelet function testing in pigs using the Multiplate® Analyzer.

For endovascular research pigs are an established animal model. However, experiences regarding analyses of platelet inhibition in pigs using the Multiplate® Analyzer are limited. The aims of the present study were to investigate if (1) the Multiplate® Analyzer is a suitable method for examination of porcine platelet function using manufacturers’ recommendations for human blood, and (2) platelet inhibition can be induced with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel in pigs reliably, and if (3) non-responders to one of the drug can be detected. Additionally we examined differences in (4) the effectiveness of ASA between oral administration and intravenous application, and (5) between domestic pigs (German Landrace; GL) and miniature pigs (MP). We investigated platelet function of 36 unmedicated pigs (GL n = 28; MP n = 8). In addition, 32 blood samples taken from medicated pigs (GL n = 15; MP n = 17) were analysed. Platelet inhibition was induced in four different ways: (1) 500 mg ASA intravenously (n = 11), (2) 500 mg ASA intravenously and 450 mg clopidogrel orally (n = 5), (3) 250 mg ASA orally (n = 11), (4) 250 mg ASA orally and 75 mg clopidogrel orally (n = 5). Results of the ASPI and ADP test of the Multiplate® Analyzer subtests in unmedicated and medicated pigs were in a comparable range to results known from humans. Application of ASA decreased the mean values of the ASPI test significantly regardless of the application method. Joined administration of ASA and clopidogrel also decreased the mean values of the ADP test significantly. Both, oral and intravenous administrations of ASA as well as oral administration of clopidogrel effectively inhibited platelet function in pigs. One pig did not respond to clopidogrel. We found no differences between domestic and miniature pigs regarding reference values in unmedicated pigs and the effectiveness of ASA and clopidogrel.

Aqueous Garlic Extract as a Plant Biostimulant Enhances Physiology, Improves Crop Quality and Metabolite Abundance, and Primes the Defense Responses of Receiver Plants

Biostimulants are the next-generation choice for sustainable agricultural production and are gradually becoming an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Various botanicals are proposed to exert stimulatory effects, and garlic allelochemicals are among such botanicals; however, a peer-reviewed scientific evaluation is required to understand garlic-derived substances such as biostimulants. Current studies were therefore performed to identify the bioactivity of garlic extract as a biostimulant to improve crop quality, alter its physiological potential, and prime its defense responses against pathogenic fungal infections. 100 µg mL−1 aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) in consort with 1 mM of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and distilled water as a control treatment were applied to eggplant and pepper seedlings as foliar application and fertigation methods. The results revealed stimulatory responses in the growth of the vegetables with improved plant height, number of leaves, root growth, fresh and dry weight, etc., due to AGE and ASA applications. Moreover, significant alterations were indicated in plant metabolites such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble sugars. Additionally, stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the root activity of these plants, was observed after treatment. Application of AGE and ASA also exerted priming effects on pepper plants, inducing defense responses prior to Phytopthora capsici inoculation, and the treated plants therefore successfully resisted infection through activated antioxidant systems, and probably carotenoid and other protectory metabolites. Stress-induced H2O2 content was extremely low in the treated plants, indicating successful resistance against pathogenic infection.

Desempenho agronômico da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. ´Unica´ sob inoculação com rhizobacterias nativas e aplicação de ácido acetil salicílico

Peru is center of origin of potato and its wild relatives, so it is convenient to develop new technologies of agronomical management with less impact on the ecosystem, as in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in potato is increasing in developing countries. The objective of the work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of potato cv. ´Unica´ under inoculation with PGPR rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Andean potatoes and on the effect of the application of acetylsalicylic acid in field conditions of the Peruvian coast. Inoculation of four bacterial isolates were evaluated: Bacillus simplex B13, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bac 15Mb, Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 and Pantoea sp. DZ22, as well as a dose of 0.4 mM acetyl salicylic acid as promoter treatments for plant growth versus a control with no inoculation. A randomized complete block design was used in a sandy loam class soil, slightly alkaline, with low organic content and free of salts. There was a relative humidity between 54 and 71%, while the average air temperatures ranged between 13 and 21 °C in San Vicente de Canete, Lima (coordinates UTM 18L3540788550372). Inoculated plants with bacterial strains at sowing time and control were evaluated at flowering in plots of 40 plants with three replications for several physiological and productive parameters. Means were separated statistically through Duncan's multiple range test and processed with Infostat software. Inoculation with strain Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2, showed significant differences (p<0.05) with respect to control without inoculation, increasing tuber yield and commercial tuber weight per hectare and with less damage by the leafminer fly (Liriomyza huidobrensis) vis-a-vis the control. Also application of acetyl salicylic acid showed higher percentage of inflorescences (p<0.05) compared to the control, while statistical differences were not found between bacterial strains for this character. It was concluded that the application of inoculant strain Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 improved the agronomic performance of potato cv. ‘Unica’, under subtropical conditions of the valley of Canete in terms of production of tubers and commercial quality, and less foliage damage by the leafminer fly compared to non-inoculated plants.

Acetylsalicylic acid enhance tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to chilling stress, improving photosynthesis, antioxidants and expression of cold stress responsive genes

BackgroundHigh and low temperatures constitute the most damaging type of abiotic stress and limit the survival, and productivity of plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of exogenous applications of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in reducing the deleterious effects of cold stress. Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings were treated with foliar-sprayed ASA at concentrations of 0–3 mM and then subjected to chilling stress at 4 °C for 2 or 4 days.ResultsGrowth, photosynthesis, biochemical alterations, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the expression of cold-responsive genes (CBF3–COR47), were monitored during the experiment. ASA applications substantially improved several growth and photosynthetic parameters, including shoot biomass, dry weight, and photosynthetic pigments, of P. vulgaris seedlings exposed to different durations of chilling stresses. The ASA foliar spray treatments significantly (p < 0.05) rescued the growth and photosynthetic pigments of P. vulgaris seedlings under different chilling stresses. The total soluble sugars markedly increased during 0–4 days of chilling stress following ASA foliar spraying. The exogenous application of ASA significantly (p < 0.05) increased the accumulation of proline in P. vulgaris seedlings under chilling stress. At the gene expression level, ASA significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the cold-responsive genes CBF3 and COR47.ConclusionsAs a result, we speculate that, the application of exogenous ASA alleviated the adverse effects of chilling stress on all measured parameters, and 1 and 2 mM ASA exhibited the greatest effects.

Therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid on experimental periodontitis in rats

Periodontitis is a local inflammatory environment with dysregulation of host responses, which results in destruction of periodontal tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to play important roles in tissue regeneration by serving as progenitor cells, but its therapeutic outcomes are yet, evaluated variable and unpredictable because of the influence of local inflammation. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been reported to benefit for MSCs in terms of inflammation control and tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) pretreated with ASA (ASA-BMMSCs) on periodontal bone repair in a ligature and bacteria-induced periodontitis model in rats. We show herein that, ASA-BMMSCs treatment reduced inflammatory infiltration and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis rats, reflected by immunohistochemistry staining of OPG/RANK-L and Micro-CT. Levels of TNF-α and IL-17 decreased while IL-10 increased after the treatment of ASA-BMMSCs in periodontitis rats. In addition, less osteoclasts number was detected in ASA-BMMSCs treated group. In vitro study showed that ASA facilitated BMMSCs proliferation and differentiation, which might explain the reduced bone loss in periodontitis. These results together suggest that local application of ASA-BMMSCs in periodontal lesion sites is capable of improving inflammatory microenvironment, promoting alveolar bone regeneration, thus leading to a recovery of periodontal homeostasis. Besides, this study also provides us a new idea that a combined application of ASA and BMMSCs may be a novel approach for periodontitis treatment and periodontal bone regeneration.

Acetylsalicylic acid application decreased tobacco-specific nitrosamines and its precursors but maintained quality of air-cured burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important raw material in the production of Chinese-style blended cigarettes. However, the high levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) have devalued the industrial use of burley tobacco and limited its sustainable use. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) application on accumulation of TSNA, its precursors and quality of air-cured burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. DaBai 1). Field experiments were conducted to determine the contents of TSNA and the precursors and the sensory quality of burley tobacco under 0, 0.1, 0.3mM of ASA in 2014 and 2015 at Dazhou, Sichuan Province, China. The results showed that TSNA, nitrate, nitrite and alkaloids levels were significantly reduced by the application of ASA, of which the total TSNA were significantly lower by 10.40–24.75%, and two of the strong animal carcinogens in tobacco products, i.e. N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino) -1- (3- pyridyl) -1- butanone (NNK) were reduced by 9.01–24.23% and 11.43–26.86%, respectively. Year had significant effects on TSNA and the TSNA contents in 2014 were higher than in 2015. Interestingly, the sensory quality of burley tobacco remained or was even better after application of ASA. In conclusion, this study revealed that ASA application was able to reduce the levels of TSNA and its precursors in sustaining burley tobacco industry potentially.

Capsaicin as new orally applicable gastroprotective and therapeutic drug alone or in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in healthy human subjects and in patients.

Capsaicin is a specific compound acting on capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves. Capsaicin was used to study the different events of human gastrointestinal physiology, pathology, and clinical pharmacology, and possible therapeutic approaches to enhance gastrointestinal mucosal defense in healthy human subjects and in patients with various different gastrointestinal disorders as well as its use with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in healthy subjects and in patients. The observations were carried out in 198 healthy human subjects and in 178 patients with different gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (gastritis, erosions, ulcer, polyps, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal polyps, cancers), and in 69 patients with chronic (Helicobacter pylori positive and negative) gastritis (before and after eradication treatment). The gastric secretory responses and their chemical composition, gastric emptying, sugar loading test, gastric transmucosal potential difference (GTPD) with application of capsaicin alone, after ethanol alone and with capsaicin, indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal microbleeding without and with capsaicin were studied. The immunohistochemical examinations of the capsaicin receptor (TRVP1), calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) were carried out in gastrointestinal tract, and especially in patients with chronic gastritis (with and without Helicobacter infection, before and after classical eradication treatment). Classical molecular pharmacological methods were applied to study the drugs inhibiting the gastric basal acid output. Capsaicin decreased the gastric basal output, enhanced the "non-parietal" (buffering) component of gastric secretory responses, and gastric emptying, and the release of glucagon. Capsaicin prevented the indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage; meanwhile capsaicin itself enhanced (GTPD). Capsaicin prevented the indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal microbleeding. The expression of TRVP1 and CGRP increased in the gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis (independently of the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection), and the successfully carried out eradication treatment. The human first phase examinations (the application of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), diclqfenac, and naproxen together with capcaicinoids) (given in doses that stimulate capsaicin-sensitive afferent vagal nerves) showed no change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of ASA and diclofenac and the ASA and diclofenac-induced platelet aggregation. Capsaicin represents a new orally applicable gastroprotective agent in healthy human subjects and in patients with different chemical and Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosal damage and in many other diseases requiring treatment with NSAIDs.

Populações Celulares Periféricas (CD4+, CD8+ e CD19+) em Indivíduos Dislipidémicos

The past decade has witnessed an increasing recognition that inflammatory mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. Recently, attention was focused on the potential role of plasma markers of inflammation as risk predictors among those at risk for cardiovascular events. Of these potential markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL6, metalloproteinases, ICAM, VCAM and other molecules, have been extensively studied. On the other hand, to our knowledge, there are only a few studies on the role of inflammatory cells, like T and B lymphocytes in the atherosclerosis. By flow cytometry analysis we have determined on dyslipidemic people and on a control group, the percentage of some peripheral inflammatory cells, like CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD56+, CD56CD8+, DN, CD25+, CD26+, CD25CD3+, CD26CD3+, CD25CD26CD3+, CCR5+, CCR5CD3+, CCR5CD4+, HLADR+, HLADRCD4+, HLADRCD8h+, HLADRCD8low+, HLADRCD8+, CD95+, CD95CD95L+, CD3CD95+, CD3CD95L+, CD62L+, CD3CD62L+, CD69+, CD69CD3+ e CD69CD4+. In the present study we have particularly studied the percentage of CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. The CD4+ cells have been significantly reduced in the people with dyslipidemia. We do not know the peripheral numbers of the subtype Th1 and Th2, neither the percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells (regulatory T cells). We have not find any differences on the percentage from the CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In spite of the identified limitations resulting from the small-sized samples, it was possible to show a reduction of some molecules after application of acetylsalicylic acid.

Application of acetyl salicylic acid and chemically different chitosans against storage carrot rot

This study was conducted to evaluate antifungal activity of three chemically different chitosans named as A, B and C at different concentrations against three isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of storage carrot rot, by in vitro and in vivo tests. In addition, potential of SAR (systemic acquired resistance) induced by the chitosans and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) was assessed against the disease. The degree of N-deacetylation (DN) and the molecular weight of chitosans A, B and C were 85%–1129kDa, 95%–521kDa and 75%–607kDa, respectively. The concentrations 2g/L and 5g/L of all chitosans were significantly able to decrease mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and carpogenic germination of the pathogen. Four hours and three days before inoculation with the pathogen, application of chitosans and ASA reduced severity of carrot rot in all isolates. However, mycelial growth and sclerotia formation of isolate 2 was more reduced than other isolates. In accordance with in vitro tests, chitosan B showed the highest inhibitory efficacy against the disease. The fungicidal effect of chitosan increased when the DN decreased and there was a negative correlation between the mycelial growth inhibition and the molecular weight of chitosans. The enzyme analysis showed that the activity of phenylalanine ammonia layse, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase increase in the inoculated carrots after application of different chitosans and ASA.

Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on kiwifruit ethylene biosynthesis and signaling components

The effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cvs Bruno and Hayward) ethylene biosynthesis and signaling were investigated. Exogenous application of ASA inhibited ethylene production in both whole fruit, and in vitro with flesh discs, and enzymes associated with ethylene biosynthesis (ACS and ACO). The effect of ASA treatment on kiwifruit softening was relatively weak. Combination treatments also had inhibitory effects on fruit ripening, with ASA+C2H4 more effective than C2H4+ASA. In order to evaluate the effects of ASA on ethylene signaling, twenty-four ethylene signaling components (five ethylene receptors, two CTR1 like genes, four EIN3-like genes and thirteen ERF genes) were analyzed at the transcriptional level. The results indicated that ASA treatment generally inhibited ethylene-induced modulation of ethylene receptor genes, and had little effect on softening-related ethylene signaling components, which suggested that ASA inhibits fruit ripening mainly by interfering directly with ethylene biosynthesis and perception. In addition, the ethylene response factors AdERF1, AdERF3 and AdERF12 were characterized as ASA-responsive genes, and their roles in fruit stress response are also discussed.

Inhibitory effects of acetylsalicylic acid on exocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis

We investigated short (6 months) and long (12 months) term inhibitory effects of low (200 ppm) and high (400 ppm) dosages of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on exocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis. It is known that exocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis can be detected by the presence of atypical acinar cell foci (AACF) in pancreas. We investigated possible inhibitory effects of acetylsalicylic acid in an azaserine-treated rat model. AACF were produced in rats by injection with azaserine according to previous studies. Our findings showed that the number, volume and diameter of pancreatic AACF were reduced after acetylsalicylic acid application. These observations suggest that acetylsalicylic acid may exert a protective effect against neoplastic development of pancreatic acinar cells in azaserine injected rats. Our findings corroborate reports in the literature concerning the effects of aspirin in reducing neoplastic development.

Independent effects of jasmonates and ethylene on inhibition of Pharbitis nil flowering

Interactions between methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and ethylene in the photoperiodic flower induction of short-day plant Pharbitis nil were investigated. Both JA-Me and gaseous ethylene applied during the inductive long night caused a decrease in the number of flower buds generated by P. nil. Application of ethylene did not affected niether the level of endogenous jasmonates in the cotyledons during the 16 h long inductive night, nor the inhibitory effect of JA-Me on the flowering of P. nil accompanied by variations in ethylene production. The application of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)—a jasmonate biosynthesis inhibitor—slightly stimulated flowering. Our results have shown that the mechanisms of P. nil flower inhibition by jasmonates and ethylene are independent.

Neuroprotection and glutamate attenuation by acetylsalicylic acid in temporary but not in permanent cerebral ischemia

To assess the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on glutamate and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release in the striatum of rats suffering from cerebral ischemia, we used the microdialysis technique with probes implanted 2 h prior to stroke onset. A total of 36 rats were randomly assigned to either temporary (90 min, n = 18) or permanent ( n = 18) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals received either a bolus of 40 mg/kg ASA or saline as control 30 min after stroke onset. Permanent MCAO led to large infarct volumes with no differences between treatment with ASA (239.8 ± 4.1 mm 3) and saline (230.1 ± 3.9 mm 3, p = 0.15). In contrast, ASA therapy in temporary ischemia (87.2 ± 6.2 mm 3) reduced infarct size significantly compared to placebo (155.6 ± 4.8 mm 3, p < 0.0001). Only in temporary ischemia, ASA application reduced glutamate significantly at the time points 90, 120, and 150 min after MCAO. Pooled post-ischemic microdialysate concentrations of IL-6 in temporary MCAO were significantly higher after ASA treatment (215 ± 81 pg/mL, p = 0.0297) than in saline-treated rats (80 ± 13 pg/mL). In the permanent MCAO group, no difference in IL-6 between the ASA (125 ± 21 pg/mL) and saline group (68 ± 34 pg/mL) was noted. No differences were seen for c-fos positive neurons in the penumbra and hippocampus between all groups. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of ASA is reflected by glutamate attenuation and IL-6 induction even if given after stroke onset, but only if reperfusion is achieved.

Utilization of Shoot Cuttings for Elimination of PLRV and PVY by Thermotherapy and Chemotherapy from Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Heat and ribavirin treatments were applied for the elimination of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY) from the potato genotype F 9-99. The explants, rooted young plantlets, cultured on MS medium with and without ribavirin (20 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) were subjected to thermotherapy (35ºC/31ºC, 4 h alternating periods) and room temperature (25ºC) for 30 days. Double antibody sandwich - enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) testing following the therapies revealed that ribavirin alone was enable to eliminate 10% each of PLRV and PVY, whereas along with thermotherapy its efficacy increased to 25% PLRV and 20% PVY elimination. In another experiment, three potato genotypes F 9-99 infected with PLRV and PVY, Gui Valley with PLRV infection and Rose Valley with PVY infection were evaluated. Ribavirin (20 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and ASA (acetylsalicylic acid) (10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; M) were supplemented in liquid culture medium alone or in combination with thermotherapy for three successive cycles of 30-36 days interval. Heat and/or ribavirin suppressed survival and plant height whereas ASA promoted the survival as well as plant height even under heat treatment. After each cycle, the effect of treatment on virus elimination was evaluated by DAS-ELISA. The combined application of ribavirin and ASA with thermotherapy after three cycles of treatment showed up to 47.4% PLRV and 57.9% PVY elimination in F 9-99. In the case of single viral infection of PLRV or PVY the same combined treatment showed up to 58.8% PLRV and 61.1% PVY free plantlets. Virus elimination was also confirmed by transplanting in vitro grown plantlets in a net house and then retesting after 45 days of in vivo growth. This novel technique would be highly efficient for virus elimination within a short duration in diverse genotypes of potato. &lt;i&gt;Nepal Journal of Science and Technology &lt;/i&gt; 7 2006