Application Of 3D Model Research Articles

THE APPLICABLE VALUE OF 3D MODELING IN THE ASPECT OF FORENSIC MEDICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE TYPE OF A TRAUMATIC TOOL IN INJURIES FROM FIREARMS AND APPROXIMATE TO IT BY ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Implementation of up-to-date evidenced-based research methods is rather important in the process of conducting forensic expertise. One of them is 3D-modeling of body injuries of various genesis. The method has been widely applied into theory and practice of forensic medicine both by Ukrainian and foreign scientists. The article demonstrates new possibilities during making differential diagnostics of a traumatic tool type, which become informative due to the application of 3D modeling in the process of examination of injuries from firearms or other weapon approximate to it by its characteristics.
 Aim of the work. To improve the process of forensic differential diagnostics of the type of a traumatic tool by means of 3D-modelling of body injuries caused by small-caliber firearms or other weapon approximate to it by its characteristics, to create opportunities for the implementation of 3D-modelling techniques in the everyday practical work of forensic medical experts and forensic criminologists with the possibility of further adding the obtained results to the materials of criminal proceedings.
 Materials and methods. The material of the research was the results of experimental study when fired from small-caliber firearms and a gun for firing Flaubert cartridges. At the same time, measurements were made both by traditional measuring technique and in the process of 3D-modeling of the entrance gunshot wound on the skin of a pig and on the side of the subcutaneous fat tissue and the wound channel at its various intervals in ballistic plasticine Roma Plastilina №1, produced in the USA, used for ballistic tests according to NIJ, HOSDB standards. The results obtained were processed by means of the common methods of variation statistics applicable in medicine.
 Results. The study presents the major parameters and determines interdependence between the parameters when fired from a gun for firing Flaubert cartridges and small-caliber firearms, and morphological signs of gunshot injuries. Direct moderate and strong correlations are found between the initial speed, kinetic and specific energy of the bullet, and the length of the wound channel, diameter of the entrance wound, diameter of the wound channel in its middle portion and on exit measured by means of traditional measuring methods and those discovered in the process of their 3D-modeling (р≤0,05).
 Conclusions. The use of modern 3D-modeling techniques in the practice of forensic medical examination makes it possible to create 3D-models of both individual components of gunshot damage and the wound channel as a whole.
 At the same time, it becomes possible to study individual elements of gunshot damage and measure their sizes with significantly increased accuracy, store and re-analyze them if necessary.
 As a result, we get an improvement in the process of performing forensic medical examinations in cases of gunshot injuries with the possibility of conducting differential diagnosis of the type of traumatic projectile, studying new signs of gunshot injuries, increasing the visibility and objectivity of forensic medical conclusions during such examinations.

Use of advanced 3D modelling and printing for congenital heart disease at a large surgical center

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Rachel Cooper Innovative Technologies Fund Background 3D cardiac models, digital and physical, are being used for pre-procedural planning for management of congenital heart disease. Purpose We describe the application of 3D cardiac modelling with details regarding which indications were typically useful to 3D print at our high volume congenital cardiac surgical center. Methods We reviewed patients with congenital heart disease for whom 3D models were created at our institution from January 2018 to December 2022. The diagnosis and indications for the 3D model were collected. Indications for model were separated into 1) complex intracardiac anatomy 2) ventricular assist device/transplant planning 3) anomalous coronary artery origins and 4) other. The mode of 3D modelling was identified as digital model or 3D print. Results A total of 61 models were created over the 5 year period. Indications for advanced modelling were: 30 with complex intracardiac anatomy, 17 ventricular assist device/transplant planning, 9 with anomalous coronary artery and 6 with other indications. Patients included in the "other" category were those with extracardiac congenital anomalies. A total of 25 3D printed cardiac models were created. These included 12/30 of the complex intracardiac anatomy patients, 12/17 of the ventricular assist device/transplant planning patients and 1/6 of the patients with complex extracardiac anatomy (Figure 1). An example of a 3D printed cardiac model used for presurgical planning for a patient with anomalous right pulmonary venous drainage to the inferior vena cava is demonstrated in Figure 2. Right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), inferior vena cava (IVC), right pulmonary artery (RPA), aorta (Ao). Conclusion 3D printed cardiac models were more commonly utilized at our center than digital models for ventricular assist device and transplant planning than for any other indication including complex intracardiac anatomy.

Application of 3D modeling in power engineering survey and design

In the rapid development of social economy and science and technology, digital three-dimensional modeling technology has been widely used in machinery, architecture, planning and other fields. Especially in the era of big data, computer aided design software in power design began to innovate in the direction of 3D and digitalization. In order to keep up with the design requirements of the international market, Chinese scholars begin to focus on how to apply 3D modeling technology in the survey and design of electric power engineering, master the basic structure and operation characteristics of the digital 3D design software, and provide effective technical support for the survey and design of electric power engineering in the new era. Therefore, after understanding the unique advantages of digital 3D modeling technology, this paper takes 110kV overhead line in a certain area as an example to focus on the application of 3D modeling in power engineering survey and design, and then defines the development direction of 3D modeling software technology in the new era, so as to gradually replace the traditional power engineering design means.

FocalPoint

We propose FocalPoint, a direct manipulation technique in smartphone augmented reality (AR) for selecting small densely-packed objects within reach, a fundamental yet challenging task in AR due to the required accuracy and precision. FocalPoint adaptively and continuously updates a cylindrical geometry for selection disambiguation based on the user's selection history and hand movements. This design is informed by a preliminary study which revealed that participants preferred selecting objects appearing in particular regions of the screen. We evaluate FocalPoint against a baseline direct manipulation technique in a 12-participant study with two tasks: selecting a 3 mm wide target from a pile of cubes and virtually decorating a house with LEGO pieces. FocalPoint was three times as accurate for selecting the correct object and 5.5 seconds faster on average; participants using FocalPoint decorated their houses more and were more satisfied with the result. We further demonstrate the finer control enabled by FocalPoint in example applications of robot repair, 3D modeling, and neural network visualizations.

Three-Dimensional Cell Co-Culture Liver Models and Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Research.

As the primary site for the biotransformation of drugs, the liver is the most focused on organ type in pharmaceutical research. However, despite being widely used in pharmaceutical research, animal models have inherent species differences, while two-dimensional (2D) liver cell monocultures or co-cultures and three-dimensional (3D) liver cell monoculture in vitro liver models do not sufficiently represent the complexity of the human liver's structure and function, making the evaluation results from these tools less reliable. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop more representative in vitro liver models for pharmaceutical research. Fortunately, an exciting new development in recent years has been the emergence of 3D liver cell co-culture models. These models hold great promise as in vitro pharmaceutical research tools, because they can reproduce liver structure and function more practically. This review begins by explaining the structure and main cell composition of the liver, before introducing the potential advantages of 3D cell co-culture liver models for pharmaceutical research. We also discuss the main sources of hepatocytes and the 3D cell co-culture methods used in constructing these models. In addition, we explore the applications of 3D cell co-culture liver models with different functional states and suggest prospects for their further development.

Self-supervised Image-based 3D Model Retrieval

Image-based 3D model retrieval aims at organizing unlabeled 3D models according to the relevance to the labeled 2D images. With easy accessibility of 2D images and wide applications of 3D models, image-based 3D model retrieval attracts more and more attentions. However, it is still a challenging problem due to the modality gap between 2D images and 3D models. In spite of the remarkable progress brought by domain adaptation techniques for this research topic, which usually propose to align the global distribution statistics of two domains, these methods are limited in learning discriminative features for target samples due to the lack of label information in target domain. In this article, besides utilizing the label information of 2D image domain and the adversarial domain alignment, we additionally incorporate self-supervision to address cross-domain 3D model retrieval problem. Specifically, we simultaneously optimize the adversarial adaptation for both domains based on visual features and the contrastive learning for unlabeled 3D model domain to help the feature extractor to learn discriminative feature representations. The contrastive learning is used to map view representations of the identical model nearby while view representations of different models far apart. To guarantee adequate and high-quality negative samples for contrastive learning, we design a memory bank to store and update representative view for each 3D model based on entropy minimization principle. Comprehensive experimental results on the public image-based 3D model retrieval datasets, i.e., MI3DOR and MI3DOR-2, have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Novel 3D Tree-Modeling Method of Incorporating Small-Scale Spatial Structure Parameters in a Heterogeneous Forest Environment

Currently, 3D tree modeling in a highly heterogeneous forest environment remains a significant challenge for the modeler. Previous research has only focused on morphological characteristics and parameters, overlooking the impact of micro-environmental factors (e.g., spatial-structural diversification and habitat heterogeneity) and providing less structural information about the individual tree and decreasing the applicability and authenticity of 3D tree models in a virtual forest. In this paper, we chose a mixed-forest conversion of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations in a subtropical region of China as our study subject and proposed a novel 3D tree-modeling method based on a structural unit (TMSU). Our approach modified traditional rule-based tree modeling (RTM) by introducing a nonlinear mixed-effect model (NLME) to study the coupling response between the spatial structures and morphological characteristics (e.g., tree height (H), height-to-crown base (HCB), and crown width (CW)) of three dominant trees (e.g., Cunninghamia lanceolata (SM), Machilus pauhoi (BHN), and Schima superba (MH)) and develop a prediction model of the morphological characteristic by incorporating forest-based structural parameters. The results showed that: (1) The NLME model in TMSU was found to better fit the data and predict the morphological characteristics than the OLS model in RTM. As compared to the RTM morphological model, the prediction accuracy of the TMSU model of morphological features was improved by 10.4%, 3.02%, and 17.8%, for SM’s H, HCB, and CW, respectively; 6.5%, 7.6%, and 8.9% for BHN’s H, HCB, and CW, respectively; and 13.3%, 15.7%, and 13.4% for MH’s H, HCB, and CW, respectively. (2) The spatial-structural parameters of crowding (Ci), mingling (Mi), and dominance (Ui) had a significant impact on the morphological characteristics of SM, BHN, and MH in TMSU. The degree of crowding, for example, had a positive relationship with tree height, height-to-crown base, and crown width in SM, BHN, and MH; under the same crowding conditions, mingling was positively correlated with tree crown width in SM, and dominance was positively correlated with tree height but negatively correlated with height-to-crown base in BHN; under the same crowding and mingling, dominance was positively correlated with height-to-crown base in MH. (3) Using 25 scenes based on the value class of Ci,Mi for SM, 25 scenes based on the value class of Ci,Ui for BHN, and 125 scenes based on the value class of Ci,Mi,Ui for MH, we generated the model libraries for the three dominating species based on TMSU. As a result, our TSMU method outperformed the traditional 3D tree-modeling method RTM in a complex and highly heterogeneous spatial structure of a forest stand, and it provided more information concerning the spatial structure based on the neighborhood relationships than the simple morphological characteristics; a higher morphological prediction accuracy with fewer parameters; and the relationship between the spatial-structural parameters and the morphological characteristics of a reference tree.

First experience of using augmented reality technology in liver and pancreas laparoscopy

Aim. To describe the experience of using augmented reality system in abdominal surgery at one clinical center.Materials and methods. In 2021–2022, five patients underwent laparoscopy with augmented reality technology. The interventions included echinococcectomy with resection of IV, V, VI liver segments, pancreaticoduodenal resection for pancreatic head cancer, excision of mesostenium cyst, resection of pancreas body and tail for neuroendocrine tumor.Results. Application of 3D models requires putting on glasses, scaling and setting a model on the screen image, which sometimes prolonged surgery time to 25 minutes. In a number of operations the use of augmented reality navigated the surgeon when working near vascular structures. After looking through the AR model, a surgeon felt more confident in terms of individual anatomy.Conclusion. Augmented reality can become a reliable and promising tool in abdominal surgery. However, further technological development in augmented reality systems is needed to increase their performance.

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 3D Model to Comprehensive Supervision of Mining and Virtual Simulation Training and Teaching

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 3D Model to Comprehensive Supervision of Mining and Virtual Simulation Training and Teaching

Digitally constructing a late Early Bronze Age roof. Observations and conclusions

While computer aided design (CAD) technology has been used in archaeology since the early 1980s, the advent of free, open-source 3D modeling software such as Blender is quickly moving the application of 3D modeling in archaeology from a narrow specialization to a common tool for examining a wide range of basic research questions. In this case study, Blender is used to create two models for the construction of a multi-roomed house at the late Early Bronze Age (EBA) city of Titriş Höyük (c. 2300-2100 BC). The models focus on the challenges posed by roofing a large mudbrick structure with a mud roof supported by wooden elements. One house excavated at the site in the 1990s, was chosen for modeling since its location at the corner of two ancient streets, its location adjacent to a terrace wall, and its contiguity with an adjacent house provided a complex problem for ancient builders. Considerations of material, labor, and time costs (architectural energetics) needed to provide a viable model, and new observations have added nuance to our understanding of EBA construction processes. In particular, the case-study provided here illustrates the value of an iterative problem-solving methodology that forces the researcher to consider in detail the decisions made by ancient builders in constructing complex domestic houses. This article shows that 3D modeling software is an appropriate and feasible solution to moving archaeological analysis of ancient architecture beyond the traditional presentation of plan and section views and enables the researcher to evaluate design processes used in antiquity.

Application of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing Methods in Preoperative Planning of Cranioplasty and Preoperative Personalized Training in Treatment Cranio-synostoses

On the example of a clinical case, we used software 3D modeling of the reconstruction of the shape of the skull of a child aged 2 years and 5 months with metopic craniosynostosis, as well as manual training using a craniotomy on an individual 3D model of the patient's skull before surgery. The use of a plastic 3D model of a particular patient made it possible to conduct a “trial, training operation” to work out the optimal osteotomy geometry. An intraoperative evaluation of the result obtained on a visual scanner was also carried out.Purpose of the study. Improving the result of surgical treatment of a child with metopic craniosynostosis using preoperative 3D planning and personalized simulation of a planned operation. For the purpose of preoperative planning we used an algorithm with the inclusion of 3D technologies: preoperative modeling on software, simulation of surgery on plastic models of the skull, surgical intervention along craniotomy lines, intraoperative visual scanning and assessment of the results of skull reconstruction.Conclusion. The preoperative 3D modeling of the skull formed a complete plan for individual reconstructive changes in the skull in our patient with metopic craniosynostosis over the age of two years, and allowed us to perform a “trial, training operation” on a plastic model to work out the optimal osteotomy geometry. This made it possible to provide the optimal technique for a real operation, speed up its implementation, reduce trauma and blood loss, the duration of anesthesia, and, in combination, improve the results of surgical treatment.

An Overview on Image-Based and Scanner-Based 3D Modeling Technologies.

Advances in the scientific fields of photogrammetry and computer vision have led to the development of automated multi-image methods that solve the problem of 3D reconstruction. Simultaneously, 3D scanners have become a common source of data acquisition for 3D modeling of real objects/scenes/human bodies. This article presents a comprehensive overview of different 3D modeling technologies that may be used to generate 3D reconstructions of outer or inner surfaces of different kinds of targets. In this context, it covers the topics of 3D modeling using images via different methods, it provides a detailed classification of 3D scanners by additionally presenting the basic operating principles of each type of scanner, and it discusses the problem of generating 3D models from scans. Finally, it outlines some applications of 3D modeling, beyond well-established topographic ones.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КОМПЬЮТЕРНОГО ГЕОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ УЧЕБНЫХ И ПРИКЛАДНЫХ ИНЖЕНЕРНО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАЧ

This work develops an algorithm for solving computational and graphical work from a cycle of constructive problems of engineering and construction design (construction graphics) using CAD, based on the transition from the traditional method of solving this problem (building a 2D drawing manually) to the method of computer geometric modeling. The application of geometric 3D modeling as a useful CAD tool for solving educational and applied problems is considered. The algorithmization of the solution from the cycle of graphic works on the training course “engineering and computer graphics”, which is the basis for solving problems of engineering and construction design, is shown. A comparison is made between the classical method of solving an engineering problem and using CAD. The use of computer graphic modeling methods using CAD systems facilitates solving the problem, calculating the necessary data, visualizing the results, and contributing to the mastery of universal and professional competencies for students. Their use is expedient in solving applied problems on the training course “engineering and computer graphics” for students of engineering and construction.

Modeling Methods of 3D Model in Digital Twins

To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins (DTs), abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review. The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed, as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries. The application of 3D DTs modeling in the fields of smart manufacturing, smart ecology, smart transportation, and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail, and the current limitations are summarized. It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles. At the same time, the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, and game technology. Therefore, although some results have been achieved, there are still limitations. This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.

A timely method for post-disaster assessment and coastal landscape survey using drone and satellite imagery

To mitigate floods and storm surges, coastal communities across the globe are under the pressure of high-cost interventions, such as coastal barriers, jetties, and renourishment projects, especially in areas prone to hurricanes and other natural disturbances. To evaluate the effectiveness of these coastal projects in a timely fashion, this methodology is supported by a Geographic Information System that is instaneously fed by regional and local data obtained shortly (24 h) after the disturbance event. Our study assesses the application of 3D models based on aerophotogrammetry from a Phantom 4 RTK drone, following a methodological flowchart with three phases. The Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) based on aerophotogrammetry obtained from a Phantom 4 RTK drone presented a low margin of error (± 5 cm) to dispense Ground Control Points. This technique enables a rapid assessment of inaccessible coastal areas due, for instance, to hurricane impacts. Evaluation of DEMs before and after the disturbance event allows quantifying the magnitudes of shoreline retreat, storm surges, difference in coastal sedimentary volumes, and identifying areas where erosion and sediment accretion occur. Orthomosaics permit the individualization and quantification of changes in vegetation units/geomorphological areas and damages to urban and coastal infrastructure. Our experience monitoring coastal dynamics in North and South America during the last decade indicates that this methodology provides an essential data flow for short and long-term decision-making regarding strategies to mitigate disaster impacts.•Permanent and regional monitoring with spatial-temporal analysis based on satellite/aerial images and lidar data prior to the event.•Local DEMs based on drone aerophotogrammetry after the event.•Integration of regional and local planialtimetric/environmental data.

Systematic Review of Comparative Studies of 3D Models for Preoperative Planning in Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy

BACKGROUND: The employment of 3-dimensional (3D) virtual models of the organs and tumors, obtained from conventional 2-dimensional (2D) imaging (i.e. computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging) have already demonstrated an outstanding potential in urology, especially in renal surgery. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated focus on the results obtained from the preoperative employment of 3D virtual imaging reconstructions in nephron sparing oncological surgery. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in April 2022 using Medline (via PubMed), Embase (via Ovid), Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy used PICO criteria and article selection was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias and the quality of the articles included were assessed. A dedicated data extraction form was used to collect the data of interest. RESULTS: The initial electronic search identified 471 papers, of which 13 ultimately met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. 11 studies reported outcomes of virtual models, 2 studies focused on printed 3D models. In these studies, the application of 3D models for preoperative planning has been reported to increase the selective clamping rate and reducing the opening of collecting system, blood loss and loss of renal function. CONCLUSIONS: 3D virtual models seem to provide some surgical benefits for preoperative planning especially for complex renal masses. In the future the continuous evolution of this technology may further increase its field of application and its potential clinical benefit.

Application of 3D modeling in a personalized approach to bone osteosynthesis (A literature review)

Three-dimensional printing opens up many opportunities for use in traumatology and orthopedics, because it takes into account personal characteristics of the patients. Modern methods of high-resolution medical imaging can process data to create threedimensional images for printing physical objects. Today, three-dimensional printers are able to create a model of any complexity of shape and geometry. The article provides a review of the literature about three-dimensional digital modeling in shaping implants for osteosynthesis. Data search was carried out on the Scopus, Web of Scince, Pubmed, RSCI databases for the period 2012–2022. The effectiveness of three-dimensional printing for preoperative modeling of bone plates has been confirmed: implants perfectly corresponds with the unique anatomy of the patient, since the template for it is based on the materials of computed tomography. Individual templates can be useful when the geometry of patients' bones goes beyond the standard, and when improved results of surgery are expected due to better matching of implants to the anatomical needs of patients.

Novel kinome profiling technology reveals drug treatment is patient and 2D/3D model dependent in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma is the deadliest brain cancer. One of the main reasons for poor outcome resides in therapy resistance, which adds additional challenges in finding an effective treatment. Small protein kinase inhibitors are molecules that have become widely studied for cancer treatments, including glioblastoma. However, none of these drugs have demonstrated a therapeutic activity or brought more benefit compared to the current standard procedure in clinical trials. Hence, understanding the reasons of the limited efficacy and drug resistance is valuable to develop more effective strategies toward the future. To gain novel insights into the method of action and drug resistance in glioblastoma, we established in parallel two patient-derived glioblastoma 2D and 3D organotypic multicellular spheroids models, and exposed them to a prolonged treatment of three weeks with temozolomide or either the two small protein kinase inhibitors enzastaurin and imatinib. We coupled the phenotypic evidence of cytotoxicity, proliferation, and migration to a novel kinase activity profiling platform (QuantaKinome™) that measured the activities of the intracellular network of kinases affected by the drug treatments. The results revealed a heterogeneous inter-patient phenotypic and molecular response to the different drugs. In general, small differences in kinase activation were observed, suggesting an intrinsic low influence of the drugs to the fundamental cellular processes like proliferation and migration. The pathway analysis indicated that many of the endogenously detected kinases were associated with the ErbB signaling pathway. We showed the intertumoral variability in drug responses, both in terms of efficacy and resistance, indicating the importance of pursuing a more personalized approach. In addition, we observed the influence derived from the application of 2D or 3D models in in vitro studies of kinases involved in the ErbB signaling pathway. We identified in one 3D sample a new resistance mechanism derived from imatinib treatment that results in a more invasive behavior. The present study applied a new approach to detect unique and specific drug effects associated with pathways in in vitro screening of compounds, to foster future drug development strategies for clinical research in glioblastoma.

ASSESSING POTENTIAL DISRUPTIONS FROM EARTHQUAKES IN THE HISTORICAL PENINSULA IN ISTANBUL USING 3D MODELLING

Abstract. The increased number of city networks such as 100 Resilient Cities, proves the importance of making cities disaster resilient. The major difficulty on this trajectory is the interrelated components in urban systems that influence each other and increase uncertainty in the risk assessment and management. This study analyses the potential disruptions that impact traffic control with the help of multi-hazard risk assessment for the historical peninsula of the city of Istanbul. 3D model is created for the visualisation of disaster risk to support the communication of the causes of such potential disruptions. The additive normalization indicator-based approach is used to assess the socioeconomic, road and systemic vulnerability and risk. Besides, the EMS-98 Macroseismic method is applied to determine the building vulnerability and damage grades. The results show that the socioeconomic vulnerability is high to very high which is likely to contribute to traffic congestions and communication issues. In addition, most of the buildings are expected to be ‘very heavily damaged’. So, while roads have low risk to damage, there is high risk for road blockages in the narrow streets of the case study area. The application of 3D models improves the recognition of buildings and the identification of the causes of road blockages.

1D Sine-Map-Coupling-Logistic-Map for 3D model encryption

With the rise of technologies of VR technology, AR technology, and 3D printing, the application of 3D models has become more and more extensive. The data of the 3D model is the floating point and has a unique storage format, and the traditional 2D image encryption algorithms are unsuitable for 3D models. Therefore, based on 1D Sine-Map-Coupling-Logistic-Map (1D-SMCLM), a 3D model encryption algorithm is designed in this paper. The 1D-SMCLM is a new chaotic system with large parameter space and good chaotic characteristics. The keystream generated by the 1D-SMCLM has good randomness and is very suitable for cryptographic systems. In the new encryption algorithm (SMCLM-3ME), the vertices of the 3D models are divided into integer and decimal vertices. The integer part is encrypted by the strategy of simultaneous scrambling and diffusion. The 3D ciphertext model is obtained by combining the integer and fractional parts. Experimental results show that the SMCLM-IE exhibits excellent performance.