Application In Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Enhanced Azo Dye Removal through Sequential Ultrasound-Assisted-Treatmentand Photocatalysis Using CdZnS.

The treatment of high-concentration azo dyes remains challenging due to the inherent limitations of conventional single-mode approaches. Here, we propose an integrated strategy that sequentially combines ultrasound-assisted-adsorption with photocatalysis using CdZnS solid solutions to efficiently and rapidly remove high-concentration azo dyes. CdZnS exhibits high adsorption capacity and exceptional photocatalytic activity, enabling initial dye capture and enrichment, followed by significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) on CdZnS solid solutions follows the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, demonstrating a multilayer adsorption behavior involving physical and chemical interactions. Ultrasound assistance during the first stage not only significantly reduces equilibrium time, but also results in enhanced negative charges in CdZnS that extend to the subsequent photocatalysis stage. This charge enhancement substantially improves CR photodegradation performance, establishing synergistic interactions between ultrasonic treatment and photodegradation. The system demonstrates excellent performance in treating both concentrated single dyes and complex dye mixtures, maintaining high efficiency over multiple treatment cycles. This integrated approach provides new insights for developing more effective technologies for dye degradation and practical wastewater treatment applications.

Enhanced Azo Dye Removal through Sequential Ultrasound‐Assisted‐Treatment and Photocatalysis Using CdZnS

The treatment of high‐concentration azo dyes remains challenging due to the inherent limitations of conventional single‐mode approaches. Here, we propose an integrated strategy that sequentially combines ultrasound‐assisted‐adsorption with photocatalysis using CdZnS solid solutions to efficiently and rapidly remove high‐concentration azo dyes. CdZnS exhibits high adsorption capacity and exceptional photocatalytic activity, enabling initial dye capture and enrichment, followed by significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) on CdZnS solid solutions follows the Freundlich and pseudo‐second‐order models, demonstrating a multilayer adsorption behavior involving physical and chemical interactions. Ultrasound assistance during the first stage not only significantly reduces equilibrium time, but also results in enhanced negative charges in CdZnS that extend to the subsequent photocatalysis stage. This charge enhancement substantially improves CR photodegradation performance, establishing synergistic interactions between ultrasonic treatment and photodegradation. The system demonstrates excellent performance in treating both concentrated single dyes and complex dye mixtures, maintaining high efficiency over multiple treatment cycles. This integrated approach provides new insights for developing more effective technologies for dye degradation and practical wastewater treatment applications.

Recent advancements in the synthesis of anion exchange membranes and their potential applications in wastewater treatment.

Water treatment procedures are increasingly utilized for resource recovery and wastewater disinfection, addressing the current challenges of clean water depletion and wastewater management. Various pollutants, including dyes, acids, pharmaceuticals, and toxic heavy metals have been released into the environment through industrial, domestic, and agricultural activities, posing serious environmental and public health risks. Addressing these issues requires the development of more effective waste treatment processes. Membrane-based treatment technologies offer significant advantages, including high efficiency, versatility, and cost-effectiveness, making them a promising solution for mitigating the impact of these pollutants. In view of this, the potential of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is continuously increasing due to their advanced characteristics compared to conventional techniques. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs), a special class of IEMs, selectively allow anions to pass through their pores due to the positive charge on their surface. This selective passage aids in resource recovery and removing specific types of pollutants. This review covers preparation methods, modification techniques, and classification of AEMs. It offers a practical classification based on the method of synthesis and structural properties of AEMs. The water-based applications of AEMs including, electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis, and electro-electrodialysis for various wastewater treatments such as heavy metal recovery, dye removal, pharmaceutical removal, and acid separation, have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the effect of various operational parameters on the performance and SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis of AEMs in effluent treatment are presented. The review provides detailed insights into the current status, challenges, and future directions of AEM-based technologies, offering suggestions for future advancements.

Assessment of reactor configurations and key factors for enhanced anammox-based nitrogen removal.

Wastewater treatment processes are continually evolving to meet stringent environmental standards while optimizing energy consumption and operational costs. With significant advantages over more traditional approaches, the anammox process has become a hopeful substitute for nitrogen removal. The objective of this work was to evaluate upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and sequential batch reactor (SBR) among diverse reactor configurations, in culturing anammox bacteria and achieving nitrogen removal efficiencies. Synthetic wastewater containing NH4+-N concentration and NO2--N concentration of 80±5mg/L was introduced to the reactors, and observations were made for up to 150 days. This study found that the MBBR demonstrated superior anammox activity, achieving a total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) of 94±3%, SBR exhibited a TNRE of approximately 85±3%, while UASB displayed TNRE of 73±3%. The effect of varying carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios on nitrogen removal efficiencies was investigated, revealing a decrease in TNRE as the C/N ratio increased from 3 to 8. This study demonstrated the enhancing and inhibitory effects of C/N ratio, NO₂--N, and Fe concentrations. It revealed that Fe concentrations between 1 and 5mg/L increase specific anammox activity (SAA), while concentrations between 5 and 10mg/L negatively impact it. Additionally, NO₂--N concentrations above 150mg/L significantly reduce SAA. Furthermore, a 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of MBBR sludge samples revealed the significant presence of Candidatus Brocadia bacteria, constituting 20.4% of the microbial community. This research highlights the potential of MBBR in fostering anammox reactions and achieving efficient nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment applications.

Adsorption and Photodegradation of Organic Compounds in Wastewater by Hierarchical Organic Molecular Sieves

AbstractDyes with aromatic structures are known for their persistence and high toxicity. Once these dyes enter aquatic environments, they pose significant threats to both the ecosystem and human health. In this study, N,N‐dimethylethylenediamine(DMEN) was used as a template to synthesize the ZIF‐8 material, characterized by a high specific surface area and high mesoporosity. The hierarchical ZIF‐8 material is utilized to remove dyes from simulated wastewater. It can adsorb organic dye molecules and harmful metal ions from dye‐laden wastewater. And the two processes do not exhibit significant interference with each other. The results indicate that the hierarchical ZIF‐8 exhibits excellent adaptability to wastewater environments with high salinity and extreme pH levels. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of hierarchical ZIF‐8 for methylene blue is twice that of microporous ZIF‐8, and its photocatalytic efficiency is enhanced by 30% compared to microporous ZIF‐8. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance significantly improves under alkaline conditions: at a pH of 12, the degradation rate of methylene blue reaches 96.9%. The study found that hierarchical ZIF‐8 primarily follows the photocatalytic reaction mechanism during the catalytic degradation of methylene blue. Hierarchical ZIF‐8 demonstrates significant potential for application in textile wastewater treatment.

Integrated sand and activated carbon-based filtration for decanted oily wastewater treatment during offshore oil spill response.

Decanted oily wastewater is the generated stream associated with vessel-based skimming operations during offshore oil spill response. It contains a large amount of persistent, bio-accumulative, carcinogenic, and mutagenic oil contaminants, so it is critical to find effective ways to treat it. This study targets the decanted oily wastewater treatment by developing an integrated sand and activated carbon-based filtration approach. Three activated carbons (AC-1, AC-2, AC-3) were evaluated for oil removal from the oil-water mixture. AC-1 demonstrated superior performance with the highest BET surface area (704m2/g) and pore volume (0.231cm³/g). Batch adsorption experiments with AC-1 examined the effects of activated carbon textural characteristics, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on the total oil concentration and removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Column experiments with AC-1 further explored various parameters, including the flow rate, column bed height, oil type, and adsorbent media on the adsorption performance. The findings demonstrate that 34ml/min flow rate, 4cm column height, and a combination of sand and activated carbon as adsorbent media achieved the highest total crude oil (Tera-Nova) and PAH removal efficiency (both 99.9%). By integrating the sand with activated carbon in the filtration system, both dissolved and emulsified petroleum hydrocarbons can be effectively removed. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing activated carbon-based systems in oil-water separation, with practical applications in marine oil spill response and wastewater treatment.

Tape casting technique in the fabrication of ceramic membranes: A review of influential factors and applications in water and wastewater treatment

Tape casting technique in the fabrication of ceramic membranes: A review of influential factors and applications in water and wastewater treatment

Expression of Concern: "Effect of Ag doped MnO2 nanostructures suitable for wastewater treatment and other environmental pollutant applications" [Environ. Res., 205 (2022) 112560

Expression of Concern: "Effect of Ag doped MnO2 nanostructures suitable for wastewater treatment and other environmental pollutant applications" [Environ. Res., 205 (2022) 112560

Recent advances in the extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic waste for wastewater treatment applications

Recent advances in the extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic waste for wastewater treatment applications

Interfacial charge transfer in g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite for efficient photodegradation of tetracycline antibiotic and Victoria blue dye.

The study presents the fabrication and superior photoactivity of a ternary g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr heterojunction nanocomposite, synthesized via a chemical precipitation method for effective degradation of tetracycline (TC) and Victoria Blue (VB) dye under light illumination. The morphology and the crystal size of the synthesized nanocomposite were characterized by using FESEM and XRD and the calculated grain size (100.39nm) is larger than the crystal size (48.14nm) indicating strong interparticle bonding. The heterojunction design leverages dual S-scheme interfacial charge transfer, reducing electron-hole recombination as confirmed by optoelectronic and electrochemical techniques. The composite demonstrated superior performance, achieving 82.15% degradation of TC and 97.25% degradation of VB. The study highlights density functional theory (DFT) simulations and Mott-Schottky (MS) analysis, providing insight into the electronic structure, distribution of charge, and band alignments of the g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite. Electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments revealed holes and superoxide radicals as the primary species driving the degradation process. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis provided insights into the degradation pathways, confirming the conversion of TC and VB into non-toxic byproducts. The photocatalytic stability was confirmed through five consecutive cycles with minimal disruption in both performance and morphology, demonstrating its potential for wastewater treatment applications. Consequently, this study illustrates how the collaborative interplay of dual S-scheme charge migration and silver plasmonic effects enhances the efficiency of the g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite, offering a novel and highly effective solution for the degradation of complex pollutants in environmental remediation.

Biosynthesis and Application of Biological Thin Films for Heavy Metal Ion Biosorption from Aqueous Solution

This study investigates the biosynthesis and application of Mycelium Bio-Films (MBFs) derived from pure Common oyster mushroom (COM) for heavy metal ion biosorption from aqueous solutions. The research focuses on the growth mechanism of MBFs and their potential for Cu (II) ions removal. MBFs were synthesized through a hyphae cultivation process and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to determine optimal operational parameters and adsorption mechanisms. Key findings reveal optimal biosorption conditions at pH 5, with a 40-minute contact time, and 100mg/L initial Cu (II) concentration using 0.2g of biosorbent in 10mL aqueous solution at room temperature with 150rpm agitation. Under these conditions, a maximum adsorption efficiency of 82.8% was achieved. The adsorption process best fits Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, indicating chemisorption, complexation, and ion exchange as primary mechanisms. Functional groups involved in biosorption include carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amide groups. Importantly, MBFs demonstrate high reusability potential through diluted acid elution. This research contributes to environmental remediation by presenting a novel, sustainable biosorbent for heavy metal removal. The MBFs show promise for industrial wastewater treatment applications, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional adsorbents and contributing to filling the lack of biobank collections. Future studies could explore the efficacy of MBFs with other heavy metals and investigate potential scale-up for large-scale implementation.

Characteristics and Mechanism of Ammonia Nitrogen Removal by Heterotrophic Nitrification Bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae LCU1 and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment

In this study, a novel strain exhibiting heterotrophic nitrification was screened; subsequently, the strain was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae LCU1 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of external factors on the NH4+-N removal efficiency of strain LCU1 in order to elucidate the optimal conditions for NH4+-N removal by the strain and improve the removal efficiency. The findings indicated that the NH4+-N removal efficiency of the strain exceeded 80% under optimal conditions (sodium succinate carbon source, C/N ratio of 10, initial pH of 8.0, temperature of 30 °C, and speed of 180 rpm). The genome analysis of strain LCU1 showed that key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, including narGHI, nirB, nxrAB, and nasAB, were successfully annotated; hao and amo were absent, but the nitrogen properties analysis determined that the strain had a heterotrophic nitrification ability. After 120 h, the NH4+-N removal efficiency of strain LCU1 was 34.5% at a high NH4+-N concentration of 2000 mg/L. More importantly, the NH4+-N removal efficiency of this strain was above 34.13% at higher Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ ion concentrations. Furthermore, strain LCU1 had the highest NH4+-N removal efficiency of 34.51% for unsterilised (LCU1-OC) aquaculture wastewater. This suggests that with intensive colonisation treatment, the strain has promising application potential in real wastewater treatment.

Ecofriendly remediation of cadmium, lead, and zinc using dead cells of Microcystis aeruginosa

The utilization of cyanobacteria toxin-producing blooms for metal ions adsorption has garnered significant attention over the last decade. This study investigates the efficacy of dead cells from Microcystis aeruginosa blooms, collected from agricultural drainage water reservoir, in removing of cadmium, lead, and zinc ions from aqueous solutions, and simultaneously addressing the mitigation of toxin-producing M. aeruginosa bloom. Some physical characterization of the dead biomass was performed, including scanning electron microscope (SEM) which revealed that, the cells form a dense, amorphous cluster, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed that carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are the predominant elements in the biomass, Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified several active function groups, including hydroxyl, aliphatic C–H amide I and amide II bands, carboxylate and carbonyl (C=O). Key factors influencing the adsorption process were examined. Under optimal conditions—pH 6, a biosorbent dose of 0.3 g, contact time of 90 min, primary metal level of 100 mg/L and temperature of 35 °C (313K)—a maximum removal efficiency exceeding 90% was achieved. Isothermal analysis revealed that the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.96, qmax > 67 mg/g). Kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption process (R2 > 0.94 and qe > 81.3 mg/g.), suggesting a dominant chemisorption mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The findings highlight the potential of M. aeruginosa dead cells as a low-cost, sustainable biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal in wastewater treatment applications.

Fabricating Open‐Framework Using Polyoxovanadate Clusters for Efficient Removal of Radioactive Cs+ and Sr2+

AbstractInnovation of 137Cs+ and 90Sr2+ ion exchangers is achieved through heteroatom‐bridged integration of polyoxovanadate clusters, whose soft Lewis basic nature and large size promote the selective capture of cesium/strontium radionuclides. The radiolytically stable Na6P4V10O34·19H2O (VPO‐1) features an interlinkage of {NaV10O26} clusters and phosphorus bridges, forming nanoscale voids with hydration‐lubricated sodium ions. This structure endows VPO‐1 with remarkable exchange kinetics (k2Cs = 3.774 g mg−1 min−1; k2Sr = 1.376 g mg−1 min−1), equilibrium removal (R > 99.3% within 5–10 min), and maximum capacities (qmCs = 300.32 mg g−1; qmSr = 113.00 mg g−1). The exchange mechanism is illuminated through single‐crystal XRD by revealing cluster‐vacancy pathways and ionic‐radius‐dependent adsorption sites. VPO‐1 exhibits stability across pH = 3–12, with exceptional KdCs and KdSr values above 105 mL g−1, and high selectivity for Cs+ and Sr2+ over various competing ions. These properties enable excellent column filtration performance (R = 99%–100%) for mixed Cs+ and Sr2+ during a 3000 mL test. Deep cleaning of these ions is also possible via suction filtration using an ultra‐thin VPO‐1/PTFE membrane, with high exchange activity (R = 98.8%–99.9%) retained after simple regeneration with 2 m NaCl, offering significant potential for nuclear wastewater treatment applications.

Co/Al–Layered Double Hydroxide-Modified Silicon Carbide Membrane Filters as Persulphate Activator for Aniline Degradation

Novel catalytic silicon carbide membrane filters (SCMFs) are synthesized with Co/Al–layered double hydroxide (Co/Al-LDH)-coated silicon carbide powder. After capsuled in a self-designed membrane shell, the SCMFs are utilized in activating persulphate for aniline degradation. Thermal analysis conducted via TG/DTG/DSC examination shows that the heating treatment is beneficial in elevating the activating ability of SCMFs, and the derived Co3O4 displays superior catalytical efficiency than Co/Al-LDHs precursor. The XRD patterns and SEM images indicate the sheet-like Co/Al-LDHs are uniformly coprecipitated throughout the surface of SCMFs. Within 20 min, around 95% of aniline is eliminated under 0.7 m of flow velocity and 8:1 of persulphate to aniline ratio. Three-dimensional fluorescence and GC chromatography reveal that distinct by-products exist in the early stage of the aniline degradation process between the sintered and non-sintered Co/Al-LDH-coated SCMFs. The integration strategy of Co/Al-LDH coatings and heating treatment endows traditional SCMFs with robust catalytic properties for engineering-oriented applications in wastewater treatment.

Adsorption of Acid Yellow 36 and direct blue 86 dyes to Delonix regia biochar-sulphur

This study aims to investigate a new approach to removing hazardous dyes like Direct Blue 86 (DB86) and Acid Yellow 36 (AY36) from aqueous environments. Delonix regia biochar-sulphur (DRB-S), made from Delonix regia seed pods (DPSPs), is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Different characterization investigations using BJH, BET, FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and EDX were utilized in the descriptions of the DRB-S biosorbent. The optimal pH for AY36 dye and DB86 dye adsorption to the DRB-S adsorvbent was at pH 1.5. For the adsorption of AY36 and DB86 to DRB-S, equilibrium was attained at 30 and 90 min of reaction time interaction. The Langmuir model (LGM) and pseudo-second-order-model (PSOM) best describe the biosorption of both dye molecules to the biosorbent owing to the equal and homogeneous spread of the dye molecules over the biosorbent porous surface and a chemisorption process which involved the valency force through the exchange of electrons between the dye molecules and the prepared biosorbent. The determined biosorption capacities for both dyes (AY36 and DB86) were found to be 270.27 mg/g and 36.23 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, this recently synthesised DRB-S adsorbent exhibited an impressive sorption capacity and successfully removed AY36 and DB86 dyes. This suggests that the biosorbent has potential applications in wastewater treatment and can be recycled without affecting its adsorption effectiveness.

Synthesis, characterization of graft copolymers and their application in treatment of refinery wastewater

Synthesis, characterization of graft copolymers and their application in treatment of refinery wastewater

Piezoelectric-Driven Fenton System Based on Bismuth Ferrite Nanosheets for Removal of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol in Aqueous Environments

Emerging pollutants, such as N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, pose significant challenges to environmental sustainability, and Bi2Fe2O2 (BFO) nanomaterials are an emerging class of piezoelectric materials. This study presents a novel piezoelectric-driven Fenton system based on Bi2Fe4O9 nanosheets for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants. BFO nanosheets with varying thicknesses were synthesized, and their piezoelectric properties were confirmed through piezoresponse force microscopy and heavy metal ion reduction experiments. The piezoelectric electrons generated within the BFO nanosheets facilitate the in situ production of hydrogen peroxide, which in turn drives the Fenton-like reaction. Furthermore, the piezoelectric electrons enhance the redox cycling of iron in the Fenton process, boosting the overall catalytic efficiency. The energy band structure of BFO nanosheets is well-suited for this process, enabling efficient hydrogen peroxide generation and promoting Fe³⁺ reduction. The findings demonstrate that thinner BFO nanosheets exhibit superior piezoelectric activity, leading to enhanced catalytic performance. Additionally, the incorporation of gold nanodots onto BFO nanosheets further boosts their piezocatalytic efficiency, particularly in the reduction of Cr (VI). The system exhibited robust oxidative capacity, stability, and recyclability, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) verified via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Overall, BFO nanosheets, with their optimal energy band structure, self-supplied hydrogen peroxide, and enhanced Fe³⁺ reduction, represent a promising, sustainable solution for advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment and other applications.

Nitrogen/Sulfur Co-Doped Biochar for Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Paracetamol Degradation: Mechanism Insight and Toxicity Evaluation

Advanced oxidation processes based on either peroxydisulfate (PDS) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS), collectively termed persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs), show potential in wastewater treatment applications. In this work, the nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped biochar (NSBC) was prepared via a one-step pyrolysis of coffee grounds at 400 to 800 °C as a PMS activator for degrading paracetamol (PCT). The non-metallic NSBC demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity in activating PMS. In the NSBC-800/PMS system, 100% of PCT was completely degraded within 20 min, with a high reaction rate constant (kobs) of 0.2412 min−1. The system’s versatility was highlighted by its degradation potential across a wide pH range (3–11) and in the presence of various background ions and humic acids. The results of various experiments and characterization techniques showed that the system relied on an NSBC-800-mediated electron transfer as the main mechanism for PCT degradation. Additionally, there was a minor involvement of 1O2 in a non-radical degradation pathway. The graphitic N and thiophene-S (C-S-C) moieties introduced by N/S co-doping, as well as the carbonyl (C=O) groups of the biochar, were considered active sites promoting 1O2 generation. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 37% in 120 min, while the assessment of the toxicity of the degradation products also affirmed the system’s environmental safety. This research provides a novel method for preparing environmentally friendly and cost-effective carbon-based catalysts for environmental remediation.

Synergizing Monte Carlo simulations and experimental insights for efficient cationic dye removal using natural fluorapatite.

Natural fluorapatite (FAP) has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions. Effective dye removal is crucial for water treatment, particularly for industrial wastewater containing toxic dyes. FAP, a naturally abundant material, was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The maximum adsorption efficiency achieved was 97% (23 mg/g) for CV and 95% (13 mg/g) for MB under optimal conditions within an equilibrium time of 50 min. The adsorption capacity increased with the ionic strength of the dye solution, reaching 35 mg/g for CV and 28 mg/g for MB. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption of CV and MB is well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) and fits the Freundlich model significantly, with an R2 = 0.99 for both studied molecules. The thermodynamic analysis (ΔH° = 22.647 and 14.907 kJ.mol-1, ΔS° = 88.627 and 47.330 J.mol-1.K-1 for CV and MB, respectively) revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic, with significant randomness at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface. However, desorption and regeneration tests showed that the efficiency of FAP decreases upon reuse. Despite this, the abundance of natural FAP balances its drawbacks. MD simulations confirmed that adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous, especially in basic conditions, where Van der Waals interactions dominate. These findings suggest that natural FAP has significant potential for dye removal in wastewater treatment applications. The effects of various parameters, including dye concentration, temperature, adsorbent mass, and pH, on the adsorption capacity of FAP were studied. Experimental conditions included an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent mass of 1 g/L, pH of 12, and temperature of 298 K. The Freundlich model was used to describe the adsorption process, while MD simulations provided insights into the adsorption mechanism.