Application Of Temperature Control Research Articles

Power-hardware-in-the-loop validation of air-source heat pump for fast frequency response applications

This paper presents a standard power-hardware-in-the-loop testing platform to simulate detailed air-source heat pump dynamics based on well-established modeling knowledge. Distributed air-source heat pumps can be potentially used for fast frequency response. However, using air-source heat pumps for rapid modulation cannot be based on the current assumptions of linear speed-power transient characteristics developed for low-speed temperature control applications. Customized setups with experimental validation options are needed to design the new fast frequency response compatible heat pump controllers. Most power system laboratories struggle to build a customized air-source heat pump, which hinders research progress. The proposed platform is relatively universal, can fit different heat pumps with minor modifications, and can be implemented on standard PHIL emulators in power system laboratories. Emulation results, real-time implementation details, and model complexity metrics are presented to assist in the transference of the setup to other laboratories.

Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System–Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controller Based on FPGA and Its Application in Radiofrequency Ablation Temperature Control

The radiofrequency ablation temperature system is characterised by its time-varying, non-linear, and hysteretic nature. The application of PID controllers to the control of radiofrequency ablation temperature systems has a number of challenges, including overshoot, dependence on high-precision mathematical models, and difficulty in parameter tuning. Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation temperature control, an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system combined with an incremental PID controller was used to optimise the shortcomings of the PID controller in radiofrequency ablation temperature control. At the same time, the learning rate at the time of updating the consequence parameters was set by segmentation to solve the problem of poor control accuracy when the ANFIS-PID controller is implemented based on FPGA fixed-point decimals. Based on FPGA-in-the-loop simulation experiments and ex vivo experiments, the effectiveness of the ANFIS-PID controller in the temperature control of radiofrequency ablation was verified and compared with the PID controller under the same conditions. The experimental results show that the ANFIS-PID controller has a superior performance in terms of tracking capability and stability compared with the PID controller.

Digital Twin-Enabled Modelling of a Multivariable Temperature Uniformity Control System

The use of a digital twin as an enabling technology for industry 4.0 provides control systems engineers with novel tools for modelling, designing, and controlling complex systems, providing a deep understanding of the physical asset based not only on its physics but also the real system’s response. It is particularly critical for uniformity temperature control applications, where providing a reasonable model of the system’s diffusion is always affected by the physical behavior of the system’s components required for heating, cooling, or power distribution. In this paper, a digital twin is used to represent a multivariable thermoelectric system employed for temperature uniformity distribution control with potential applications in semiconductor manufacturing. The modelling employs a five-step methodological framework consisting of the stages: target system definition, system description, multiphysics and data-driven simulation, behavioral matching, and implementation to represent the system’s temperature distribution accurately. The temperature distribution is measured using an infrared thermal camera to perform model behavioral matching on heating and cooling temperature uniformity applications. The obtained results indicated that using digital twins not only increases the accuracy of the system’s representation but can also provide the system with novel information that can be leveraged for the design and implementation of smart control systems.

Pyrolysis process control: temperature control design and application for optimum process operation

Fast pyrolysis in auger reactor gains attention for efficient bio-oil production. Due to the quick nature of the process, precise temperature control using the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm is paramount. This study harnesses various PID tuning approaches through modelling and experimental validation to optimize continuous and precise pyrolysis temperature. System identification was done to investigate the process dynamic with fit accuracy above 93% and design a suitable PID control. Comparison with the experiment data shows a favorable result with rise time and settling time match above 75%. Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) and Cohen-Coon (CC) tuning methods were implemented in the system with undistinguished results, yielding steady-state error (SSE) below 1% and settling time around 4,300 to 4,800 seconds. The heuristic fine-tuning method improved the rise time and settling time by stabilizing before 3,600 seconds. Furthermore, the robustness of PID controllers was verified with a disturbance rejection test, keeping the SSE deviation inside the boundary of 2%. Finally, the setup could support maximum pyrolytic oil production by 69.6% at 500 °C. The result implies that the PID controller could provide a stable and rugged response to support a productive and sustainable pyrolysis plant operation.

The development and diverse applications of temperature sensors in different temperature environments

This paper provides an in-depth study of the origins and trends of temperature sensors and their applications in high, low, and ambient temperature environments. Temperature sensors are crucial in industrial automation, healthcare, environmental monitoring, and other fields. This paper reviews the history of temperature sensors, from early measurement methods to advanced technologies. The use cases of temperature sensors in high-temperature environments are analyzed, emphasizing their role in ensuring equipment safety in industrial production and energy development. In low-temperature environments, temperature sensors find applications in scientific research and medical equipment, providing reliable temperature monitoring solutions. In room temperature environments, temperature sensors play a vital role in indoor temperature control and IoT applications. Three examples of temperature sensors, LM35, DS18B20, and DHT22, in different environments are introduced in detail. An in-depth analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these sensors is provided, along with their specific uses in practical applications. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of temperature sensors, their historical development, and their diverse applications in various temperature environments. The analysis and presentation of specific sensor examples contribute to a deeper understanding of temperature sensing technology and its practical implications.

Practical Application of Model Predictive Zonal Temperature Estimation and Control for Vehicle Cabins

Practical Application of Model Predictive Zonal Temperature Estimation and Control for Vehicle Cabins

Irreversible colorimetric bio-based curcumin bilayer membranes for smart food packaging temperature control applications.

Research into innovative food safety technologies has led to the development of smart packaging with embedded chemical sensors that can monitor food quality throughout the supply chain. Thermochromic materials (TM), which are able to dynamically change colour in response to temperature fluctuations, have proven to be reliable indicators of food quality in certain environments. Natural colourants such as curcumin are becoming increasingly popular for smart packaging due to their low toxicity, environmental friendliness and ability to change colour. The innovation in this research lies in the production of a bio-based bilayer membrane specifically designed for irreversible temperature monitoring. Membrane A was prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate and curcumin in acetone at room temperature, with glycerol serving as a plasticiser. At the same time, membrane B was carefully formulated by dissolving cellulose acetate and triethanolamine in acetone, with sorbitol as plasticiser. The preparation of these different membranes revealed a remarkable event: a gradual and irreversible colour transition from an initial yellow to a brick-red hue after 24 hours of storage at 25 °C. The chemical structure and morphological analyses of the membranes were performed using several techniques, including FTIR, DSC and SEM. The membrane labels were adhered to aluminium cans and their colorimetric response was observed over a period of 10 days. Minimal colour variations were observed, confirming the reproducibility and stability of the curcumin-based membranes as temperature sensors.

Preparation of bio-based heat storage microcapsules of cellulose acetate butyrate/ polymethylmethacrylate composite by micro-suspension polymerization

ABSTRACT Because of environmental concerns, the utilization of bio-based, renewable resource materials has attracted great attention for a wide range of applications. In this research, green cellulose-based microcapsules containing capric acid (CA) as a bio-heat storage material were prepared. Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)/methacrylate polymer composite particles were produced by microsuspension iodine transfer polymerization to encapsulate CA. The influences of methacrylate polymer type and amount on microcapsule morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and thermal properties were investigated. Using methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, the colloidal stable spherical microcapsules with smooth surfaces and core-shell morphology were obtained. Although high percentages of EE, ≥70%, were obtained at all CAB:MMA weight ratios, the latent heats of the encapsulated CA were lower than those of the original ones which may be due to the incomplete phase separation of the CAB/PMMA shell and CA core. The increase of CA content up to 60% provided stable spherical microcapsules with a maximum loading of 59% and 97% EE. After thermal cycling for 100 cycles, stable microcapsules still remained with stable thermal properties. The obtained bio-based microcapsules would be well applied for heat storage and temperature control applications.

An LSTM-PSO-Based Predictive Strategy and Its Application in the Main Steam Temperature Control in Power Plants

We proposed an LSTM-PSO predictive controller strategy to overcome the large delay and strong disturbance during main steam temperature control. First, the long short-term memory (LSTM) network model was developed to forecast the future trend of mainstream temperature, and the deviation between the model output and the expected value after feedback correction was minimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then, the LSTM-PSO predictive controller was taken as the primary controller to maintain the steam temperature of the coal-fired boiler. A comparative simulation with conventional PID cascade control and dynamic matrix controller strategies was given, and the test calculations indicate that the adjustment time was shortened and the overshoot was reduced. Finally, the LSTM – PSO predictive control strategy was deployed into the actual boiler operation process of a 300 MW coal-fired power plant, within 0.5 °C steady-state error and 2 °C dynamic error.

Decoding the molecular basis for temperature control by metabolomics to improve the taste quality of soy sauce fermented in winter

This study aimed to explore the material basis of the temperature-controlled fermentation method (30 °C) to improve the taste quality of soy sauce fermented in winter under 200 tons industrial scale by quantitative description analysis (QDA), physicochemical and metabolomic analysis. Results showed that the taste of soy sauce fermented at controlled temperature (SSCT) was superior to that of soy sauce fermented at room temperature (SSRT), especially the intensity of umami, kokumi, and sweet. The contents of total nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen in SSCT were significantly higher. 49 non-volatile compounds (13 organic acids, 10 sugars, 9 sugar alcohols, 15 amino acids and 2 others) were identified by GC-MS derivatization, classified according to the taste characteristics and taste active value (TAV) was calculated. The total TAV of sweet and umami substances increased while the total TAVs of sour substances decreased for SSCT. Moreover, out of the 191 peptides/amino acids derivates detected by UPLC-MS/MS, where 34 compounds had large differences. Some umami compounds (Fru-Glu, Fru-Val and Fru-pGlu) and kokumi compounds (γ-Glu-Leu, γ-Glu-Ile) were significantly higher in SSCT. These results revealed the intrinsic reasons for the improved quality of temperature-controlled soy sauce and provided a theoretical basis for the exploration and industrial application of temperature control on soy sauce fermentation.

A scalable micro-encapsulated phase change material and liquid metal integrated composite for sustainable data center cooling

In this paper, we utilized a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) with high thermal conductivity to immerse carbon-based phase change material (PCM) capsules to acquire a PCM-LM composite. This produced a scalable, thermally stable, mechanically reliable, high thermally conductive, and leakage-free material. This composite was then applied as a heat mitigator for CPU cooling. Results demonstrate that clear improvements could be made compared to traditional pin-fin heat-sink cooling. Here the continuous full-load operating time could be prolonged by 414.3%. Moreover, the temperature difference between the idle and full-load operating states could be significantly decreased, and prevent damage from thermal stress. Significantly, a 23% energy-saving performance was attained because of the thermal buffering effect and high responsive ability of the composite. Guidelines for an effective match between the heat absorption of the composite and the heat generation from the CPU could also be established. Here the proposed PCM-LM composite can be applied to other PCM-based energy storage industries and efficient temperature control applications, contributing to carbon neutralization and global warming mitigation.

Fluidic microencapsulation of calcium chloride hexahydrate phase change material in resorcinol formaldehyde shell

Phase change material, encapsulated in micro-particles are required extensively in temperature control and heat storage applications. The encapsulation through random mixing and chemical emulsification does not allow use of inorganic salt as PCM that is otherwise known to be safe and effective. Microencapsulation of an inorganic phase change material in resorcinol resin shell is demonstrated here by co-flowing the two phases in a fluidic device, and inducing instability driven disintegration of core-sheath filament. Highly unimodal sized microcapsules with diameter of 978 µm ± 75 µm and uniform coating thickness were evident from the optical microscope as well as scanning electron microscope images. The heat absorption and release characteristics of microcapsules with varied shell thickness of 1.57 µm, 4.05 µm and 12.8 µm were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The integrity of the shell was evaluated through sustained dipping of microcapsules in water, and measuring the electrical conductivity. The fractional release was restricted to about 10% of in-place PCM after 30 days. The results serve as proof of concept for the fluidic microencapsulation in general, and inorganic material in particular, which in spite of possessing many favourable aspects has not been studied till date for thermal control and energy harvesting applications.

Preparation of n-Octadecane@MF resin microPCMs and its application in temperature control of esterification reactions

Reaction thermal runaway accidents occur frequently and occupy a high proportion in chemical accidents. Reducing accidents by controlling reaction temperature is of great implication to enhance the safety level of chemical processes. Phase change materials (PCMs) have a good energy storage potential, which can rapidly convert the reaction exotherm in the reaction process into its own phase change latent heat, urgently control the reaction temperature, and enhance the process thermal safety level. In this study, using n-octadecane as the core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin as the shell, microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) was made, which has a smooth spherical shape, good thermal stability, and a phase change enthalpy up to 162.87 J/g. The homogeneous esterification reaction of 2-butanol (2 B) and propionic anhydride (PA) was selected as the target reaction, and then the reaction was scaled up equivalently to investigate the effect of amplification to the reaction system. The results indicated that the temperature control of the esterification reaction system by microPCMs is the synergy between physical inhibition and chemical inhibition. The reaction temperature could be controlled by adding microPCMs, and the temperature control effect improved with the increase of microPCMs addition. In large scale reactors, microPCMs still has certain temperature control ability after being added.

Comparative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicate that cold stress enhanced the production of the long C18-C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Aurantiochytrium sp.

Aurantiochytrium sp. belonging to Thraustochytrids are known for their capacity to produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, effects of cold stress accompanied with staged-temperature control on the fatty acid metabolism in Aurantiochytrium sp. were rarely studied. In this study, cold stress (15°C, 5°C) was applied for Aurantiochytrium sp., with the physiological responses (morphology, growth, fatty acid profiling) and gene expression related FA synthesis, lipid metabolism, and regulatory processes was observed. Results showed that there is a significant change for the lipid types under 5°C (251 species) and 15°C (97 species) treatment. The 5°C treatment was benefit for the C18–C22 PUFAs with the yield of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased to 1.25 times. After incubation at 15°C, the accumulation of eicosadienoic acid (EA) (20:2) was increased to 2.00-fold. Based on transcriptomic and qPCR analysis, an increase in genes involved in fatty acid synthase (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways was observed under low-temperature treatment. With upregulation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (2.44-fold), ketoreductase (2.50-fold), and dTDP-glucose 4,6-Dehydratase (rfbB) (2.31-fold) involved in PKS pathway, the accumulation of DHA was enhanced under 5°C. While, FAS and fatty elongase 3 (ELO) involved in the FAS pathway were upregulated (1.55-fold and 2.45-fold, respectively) to accumulate PUFAs at 15°C. Additionally, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT), phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS), and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) involved in glycerophospholipid biosynthesis were upregulated at 5°C increasing the accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). However, glycolysis and the TCA cycle were inhibited under 5°C. This study provides a contribution to the application of two-staged temperature control in the Aurantiochytrium sp. fermentation for producing cold stress-enhancing PUFAs, in order to better understand the function of the key genes for future genetic engineering.

Automatic Temperature Detection and Sanitization with Authorized Entry using Face Mask Detection

To contain the chain of Covid-19, taking on the role of Engineering Ambassador of humanity in these dire conditions, this paper develops an electronic equipment referred holistically as “Covid Tunnel” or “Disinfectant Tunnel”. The general thesis from which the whole work has evolved is to make use of temperature control and automation by programming to try to pin the potential host of virus in possible hotspots viz., hospitals, administrative complexes, strategic junctions, etc. The first and foremost import of this benevolent project is the application of Automatic Temperature Control. Arduino Nano Temperature Control is employed for checking the temperature of each entrant at the entrance gate. For instance, if a person entering happens to have a body temperature above 38C, the buzzer goes on indicating a red flag for the entry. The second and equally important process is filtering based on the face mask. Now, a webcam attached right after, which is program-based on Python, Open CV, Tensor Flow etc. provides the necessary input and the program searches for the face mask. If the entrant is unmasked, a voice in Urdu commands for wearing of the face mask. While a masked person enters, the automated sanitizer pops out for sanitizing as a precautionary measure. The sanitizer itself is automated by a DC motor which in turn is driven by MOSFET integrated circuit. Thusly, this paper tries to kick in with the Electronics and Information Technology and helps arrest the spread of the virus in the community, anticipating a Coronavirus-free world.

Application of model-free adaptive temperature control in medium frequency induction heating

Induction heating has a series of advantages such as high heating efficiency, low energy consumption, and environmental protection. It is widely used in the heat treatment of metal workpieces. Only when the temperature of heat treatment meets the process requirements can the quality of workpiece be guaranteed, so the temperature control algorithm is very important. The heat treatment requirements of thick wall pipeline are more stringent than those of conventional workpieces, in order to better control the heat treatment temperature, a model-free adaptive temperature control algorithm based on data-driven is proposed. The principle and rationality of the algorithm were analyzed, and the previous process data were analyzed and fitted. Then the controller was designed and tested in the field of thick-wall pipe heat treatment. The results show that this method can improve the accuracy of temperature control, enhance the uniformity of temperature distribution, and meet the requirements of the production process.

Comparative study of neural network based and white box model predictive control for a room temperature control application

On a global scale, buildings are a major cause for primary energy consumption. Since buildings are complex multiple input multiple output systems and characterized by slow dynamics, model predictive control is a promising approach to reduce building energy consumption. Due to the high individual modeling effort model predictive control lacks practical applicability. For that reason black box process models are gaining more and more interest in scientific literature. In this work we evaluate the performance of an ANN based controller against a white box controller with perfect knowledge. We show that the data driven controller achieves a similar control quality as the white box controller. We initially train the data driven controller in 20 days and then employ an online learning strategy to continuously improve the control quality.

Temperature Measurement and Control Application in a Laser Plastic Surgery Real Temperature Detection System

The purpose of this study was to grasp the development process of thermal image temperature measurement technology. It provides directional support for the optimization development of the thermal imagery and laser plastic surgery and laser treatment. This paper uses the infrared thermal image temperature measurement principle and performs infrared thermal image precise temperature measurement technology and its application research. The results showed that there was a correlation between 595 nm pulse dye laser, age, laser energy density, and skin temperature ( P < 0.05 ). There is a significant difference in the average ( P < 0.05 ). The infrared thermal imagery temperature monitoring system is a simple and relatively accurate temperature detection system that can be widely used in temperature measurement and control of laser plastic surgery.

Application of Temperature Control and Crack Prevention Measures of Mass Concrete in Road and Bridge Engineering

Application of Temperature Control and Crack Prevention Measures of Mass Concrete in Road and Bridge Engineering

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene Chloride) Copolymer/Poly(n-tetradecyl acrylate-co-n-hexadecyl Acrylate) Sheath/Core Nanofiber-wrapped Thermo-regulated Filaments

Thermo-regulated fibers, which contain phase change materials with a melting temperature close to human body temperature, have attracted great scientific attention. Nanofibers with poly(n-tetradecyl acrylate-co-n-hexadecyl acrylate) (poly(TDA-co-HDA)) as the core material and poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (P(AN-co-VDC) as the sheath were successfully fabricated by coaxial electrostatic spinning technology. The synthesized fibers possessed a sheath/core structure with a melting temperature of approximately 28 °C and an enthalpy of 28 J/g. Coaxial electrostatic spinning was further used to fabricate core-spun yarns using graphene-added PHDA, P(TDA-co-HDA), and P(TDA-co-HDA) as core materials and P(AN-co-VDC) as the sheath to wrap modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(n-hexadecyl acrylate) (PHDA) thermo-regulated filaments. The resultant core yarns were completely wrapped by nanofibers, and the enthalpy was about 25 J/g. The fabricated yarns significantly increased the static air adsorption capacity. Infrared photos proved that these yarns improved the thermal insulation performance and prolonged the temperature-regulating period. Therefore, fabrics made of these yarns can act as novel smart materials for temperature-control applications.