Applications In Storage Systems Research Articles

A deep learning approach for supercapacitor remaining useful life prediction using pre-classifying strategy

Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of supercapacitors (SCs) is essential for the application of energy storage systems. In the existing end-to-end RUL prediction methods, there exist large errors in life prediction in SCs, especially in the early cycle prediction. This paper proposes an augmentation of the end-to-end RUL prediction method to improve the precision named pre-classifying. First, the pre-classifying is used to divide SCs’ cycling data into different classes to ensure consistency in each class. Then the end-to-end models are built for each class to predict the RULs. In this work, a novel hybrid model that combines convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks is proposed to capture spatiotemporal features from the cycling data. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model outperforms various deep neural networks in terms of prediction accuracy. When using the same hybrid model as the backbone, we report competitive results of the pre-classifying method on the public dataset with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 147.67 cycles, a 69.5% improvement compared with the RMSE of 484.18 cycles of the classical end-to-end RUL prediction model. Furthermore, experiment results indicate that the proposed pre-classification method significantly enhances the prediction accuracy of the standard end-to-end RUL prediction method with different deep neural network architectures. These results demonstrate that the pre-classifying method can be a general and effective methodology for RUL prediction of complex SC systems.

Efficient mitigation of lithium dendrite by two-dimensional A-type molecular sieve membrane for lithium metal battery

Uneven lithium deposition poses a primary challenge for lithium-ion batteries, as it often triggers the growth of lithium dendrites, thereby significantly compromising battery performance and potentially giving rise to safety concerns. Therefore, the high level of safety must be guaranteed to achieve the large-scale application of battery energy storage systems. Here, we present a novel separator design achieved by incorporating a two-dimensional A-type molecular sieve coating onto the polypropylene separator surface, which functions as an effective lithium ion redistribution layer. The results demonstrated that even after undergoing 1000 cycles, the cell equipped with a two-dimensional A-type molecular sieve-Polypropylene (2D-A-PP) separator still maintains an impressive capacity retention rate of 70 %. In contrast, cells equipped with Polypropylene (PP) separators exhibit capacity retention rates below 50 % after only 500 cycles. Additionally, the incorporation of a two-dimensional molecular sieve enhances the mechanical properties of the PP separator, thereby bolstering battery safety. This study proposes a novel concept for the design of lithium-ion battery separator materials, offering a fresh perspective on the development of separators with exceptional thermal stability, enhanced porosity, superior electrolyte affinity, and effective inhibition of lithium dendrite formation.

Unsuspected Organometallic Fibers Used As Potential Separators for Supercapacitors Device

Since the last decade, the interest of organic frameworks for electrochemical application the been more studied.1 In general, very few works have been found in the literature. We can mainly mention the use of these derivatives in the presence of inorganic materials both to form solid electrolytes or to protect electrodes. For example, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (H4DOTA) has been used to functionalize PVA to coat the surface of the negative electrode in order to suppress its degradation.2 This resulted in the improvement of the electrochemical properties of the LMNO/graphite cell. Recently, Kim et al. reported the addition of 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to a carbonate-based electrolyte intended to stabilize the Li metal-electrolyte interface by improving the solid electrolyte interphase.3 More recently, Liu et al. reported a novel carbonyl network polymer NP4 used as a cathode material for organic lithium batteries.4 Very few examples of fully organic frameworks used as separators have been reported.Therefore, our investigation to develop new supramolecular metal-based objects via a self-assembly process of molecular bricks will be presented. The work on cyclen derivatives allows to obtain metal complexes very stable able to pack in a well oriented dimension. Cyclen derivatives, in the presence of metal salts such as copper or zinc chlorides and polar solvents such as aliphatic alcohols, have a strong affinity for metals and spontaneously assemble in some conditions.5 In terms of applications, these self-assembled "organometallic" fibers represent an original and relatively easy to access substrate for fabricating 1D organic objects. Moreover, taking advantage of the properties and potentialities of these materials, we format an adequate shape to handle it as a potential separator for application in Energy Storage Systems (ESS).After a presentation of their synthesis and their formatting as potential separators for supercapacitors, preliminary electrochemical studies will be discussed. 1. J. Mater.Chem. A 2016, 4, 16812; ACS Energy let., 2022, 7, 885.2. ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2021, 4, 128.3. ACS Appl. Matter. Interface, 2022, 14, 35645.4. J. Electoanalytical. Chem. 2023, 117251.5. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 1464. Figure 1

A comprehensive survey of the application of swarm intelligent optimization algorithm in photovoltaic energy storage systems

With the rapid development of renewable energy, photovoltaic energy storage systems (PV-ESS) play an important role in improving energy efficiency, ensuring grid stability and promoting energy transition. As an important part of the micro-grid system, the energy storage system can realize the stable operation of the micro-grid system through the design optimization and scheduling optimization of the photovoltaic energy storage system. The structure and characteristics of photovoltaic energy storage system are summarized. From the perspective of photovoltaic energy storage system, the optimization objectives and constraints are discussed, and the current main optimization algorithms for energy storage systems are compared and evaluated. The challenges and future development of energy storage systems are briefly described, and the research results of energy storage system optimization methods are summarized. This paper summarizes the application of swarm intelligence optimization algorithm in photovoltaic energy storage systems, including algorithm principles, optimization goals, practical application cases, challenges and future development directions, providing new ideas for better promotion and application of new energy photovoltaic energy storage systems and valuable reference.

Para‐Aminoazobenzole – Bipolare Redoxaktive Verbindungen

AbstractAzobenzole (AB) sind vielseitige Verbindungen mit zahlreichen Anwendungsgebieten. Eines dieser Gebiete ist die Energiespeicherung, wie zum Beispiel molekulare organischen Solarthermie (MOST) Speicher, oder Phasenwechselmaterial. Batterien sind eine weitere Applikation von AB als elektrochemische Energiespeicher, die auf der reversiblen 1e− Reduktion zu Radikalanion beruhen. Oxidationen von AB sind üblicherweise irreversibel, können jedoch durch eine 4,4‘‐Diaminosubstitution reversibel werden. Diese Reversibilität ist auf die Bildung eine stabile Chinonstruktur zurückzuführen. Hier präsentieren wir ein System, das bipolares Redoxverhalten von AB zeigt. Dadurch können AB nicht nur als Anolyte, sondern auch als Katholyte eingesetzt werden. Die erhaltenden Redoxpotentiale können durch geeignete Amin‐ oder Ringsubstitutionen angepasst werden. Des Weiteren wurde die Festkörperstruktur der oxidierten Chinonform zum ersten Mal mittels Röntgenbeugung charakterisiert.

Three-dimensional porous structured cobalt- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube electrocatalyst derived from cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoleaves for high performance zinc-air battery

The development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts to overcome the intrinsic sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in zinc-air batteries is crucial. In this study, we introduce a strategy that integrates a template-assisted synthesis with subsequent thermal treatment to fabricate an active and stable cobalt-based nitrogen-doped carbon electrocatalyst, denoted as Co-N-CNT. The strategy adjusts the disordered architecture of the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) through the synergistic effect of bimetallic species, restricted the growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoleaves (ZIF-L) using salt templates, and directed the transformation from a two-dimensional blade-like morphology to a three-dimensional multi-tiered composite structure. Notably, the Co-N-CNT-800 sample, synthesized at an optimized pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.89 V and demonstrates stability with sustained cycling over 21 h, which is comparable to the performance of commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. Moreover, when employed as the cathode in zinc-air batteries, Co-N-CNT-800 not only surpasses Pt/C in terms of power density but also exhibits long-term charge/discharge stability. This findings offer a viable pathway for the design of active and cost-effective ORR electrocatalysts, holding promise for applications in the electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.

Double emulsion templates for efficient production of phase change microcapsules

The utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) in thermal storage technology exhibits great potential for various applications in thermal management and latent heat storage systems. However, leakage of organic PCMs hinders its practical application. Encapsulation of PCMs in microcapsules with polymer shells can prevent PCM leakage while improving heat transfer and stability. In this study, shell monomers were introduced as an immiscible third phase into the traditional o/w two-phase emulsion system, and the formed three-phase complex emulsion was dynamically reconfigured to exhibit a core–shell encapsulated conformation induced by interfacial tension, resulting in the formation of a thermodynamically stable double emulsion. Microcapsules with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) shells were successfully prepared using this double emulsion as a template. The emulsion configuration is of significant advantage in promoting stable encapsulation of the phase change material in the shell material, resulting in fast and efficient encapsulation and improved utilization of the phase change material. Phase change microcapsules with different phase change temperatures were prepared and characterized using n-octadecane (C18), methyl stearate (Mes), n-eicosane (C20) and n-docosane (C22) as phase change materials, respectively. Results show that the prepared microcapsules are spherically integrated, with smooth surfaces and obvious core–shell structures, and the enthalpies of phase transition of C18, Mes, C20 and C22 microcapsules are as high as 171.86, 122.37, 165.77 and 178.69 J/g, respectively. These microcapsules exhibit excellent thermal stability and durability and the encapsulation efficiencies exceed 99.7 % at different phase change temperatures. Furthermore, the potential applications of PCM microcapsules in the field of temperature regulation were also demonstrated. This double-emulsion template method provides a straightforward, rapid and scalable approach for the mass production of microcapsules with different core–shell compositions.

Synthesis and characterisation of tamarind seed husk-derived carbon quantum dots incorporated polypyrrole nanosphere composite for energy storage applications

ABSTRACT In this study, the green synthesis of Tamarind Seed Husk-derived carbon quantum dots (TCQDs) by using a facile one-step hydrothermal technique and Tamarind Seed Husk-derived carbon quantum dots/Polypyrrole nanosphere composites (TCQDs/PPy-NS) was synthesised by using the facile in-situ chemical polymerisation method. These results suggest that the TCQDs/PPy-NS composite electrode is a promising electrode for high-energy storage applications. The TCQDs/PPy-NS composite offers an effective supercapacitor electrode material by blending the superior electrical conductivity of TCQDs with the increased pseudocapacitive capacity of polypyrrole nanospheres (PPy-NS). The TCQDs/PPy-NS composite exhibits a specific capacity (Csp) of 400 Fg−1 at a current density (CD) of 2 Ag−1, and a solid-state flexible symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) was developed using the TCQDs/PPy-NS composite to meet an excellent power density (PD) of 1008.19 Wkg−1 at an energy density (ED) of 31.02 Whkg−1 It also demonstrated excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of 84.57% and 98.06% after 4000 cycles at 2 Ag−1 respectively. This remarkable flexibility and stability make the TCQDs/PPy-NS SSC device highly suitable for applications in wearable electronics and flexible energy storage systems.

Effects of adverse sea conditions on the dynamic performance of a cruise ship integrated power system

In adverse sea conditions, changes in the propeller emergence depth can cause propulsion load fluctuations, resulting in significant variations in ship-integrated power systems (IPS). These fluctuations can severely affect the power quality of ships and the operational efficiency of electrical devices. To develop appropriate mitigation measures against the impact of wind and waves on IPS, a comprehensive model that can simulate the response characteristics of the hull and IPS for different heading angles in different sea conditions is necessary. This paper presents an integrated multi-system dynamic model capable of simulating the response characteristics of a ship's hull and its IPS under the wind and waves interference. A novel method is proposed to estimate propeller thrust and torque loss directly from the ship's pitch and roll angles. Utilizing this dynamic model, the responses characteristics of the hull and IPS in varying sea conditions have been investigated. The findings demonstrate that the model accurately captures variations in ship motions, as well as IPS voltage and frequency, under wind and waves interference. Additionally, this study explores the application of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) to enhance the IPS power quality in the context of Sea State (SS) 7. Results indicate that the HESS has good potential to compensate for propulsion load fluctuations, thereby mitigating the negative impacts on the ship's IPS.

A class of BCH codes of length [formula omitted] and their duals

BCH codes are a special subclass of cyclic codes. In many cases, BCH codes are best cyclic codes and they have wide applications in communication and storage systems. In this paper, we investigate the parameters of a class of narrow-sense BCH codes over GF(q) of length 2(q2m−1)q+1 with small and large dimensions. We study the q-cyclotomic cosets modulo 2(q2m−1)q+1, determine the dimensions of these BCH codes and give the lower bounds on their minimum distances. Furthermore, we present the lower bounds on the minimum distances of their dual codes.

Synthesis and properties of quasi-one-dimensional BiSBr crystals via the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

This investigation details the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of semiconducting bismuth sulfobromide (BiSBr) crystals, emphasizing their structural and optoelectronic properties. Using the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, we synthesized large, high-quality BiSBr crystals, which were systematically examined through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. These methods confirmed the crystals’ quasi-one-dimensional structure and their exceptional stability, demonstrating an absence of surface oxidation, which is a significant advantage for optoelectronic applications. The study establishes a correlation between the crystals’ unique structural characteristics and their enhanced optoelectronic properties, particularly regarding light absorption and thermal conductivity, thereby underscoring their potential in sustainable energy technologies. This work not only advances our understanding of BiSBr as a promising material for optoelectronic devices, but also paves the way for future research into its practical applications in energy conversion and storage systems.

LiF-Rich Alloy-Doped SEI Enabling Ultra-Stable and High-Rate Li Metal Anode.

Li metal is regarded as the "Holy Grail" in the next generation of anode materials due to its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. However, sluggish Li ions interfacial transport kinetics and uncontrollable Li dendrites growth limit practical application of the energy storage system in high-power device. Herein, separators are modified by the addition of a coating, which spontaneously grafts onto the Li anode interface for in situ lithiation. The resultant alloy possessing of strong electron-donating property promotes the decomposition of lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonimide in the electrolyte to form a LiF-rich alloy-doped solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. High ionic alloy solid solution diffusivity and electric field dispersion modulation accelerate Li ions transport and uniform stripping/plating, resulting in a high-power dendrite-free Li metal anode interface. Surprisingly, the formulated SEI layer achieves an ultra-long cycle life of over 8000 h (20,000 cycles) for symmetric cells at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. It also ensures that the NCM(811)//PP@Au//Li full cell at ultra-high currents (40 C) completes the charging/discharging process in only 68 s to provide high capacity of 151 mAh g-1. The results confirm that this scalable strategy has great development potential in realizing high power dendrite-free Li metal anode.

LiF‐Rich Alloy‐Doped SEI Enabling Ultra‐Stable and High‐Rate Li Metal Anode

AbstractLi metal is regarded as the “Holy Grail” in the next generation of anode materials due to its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. However, sluggish Li ions interfacial transport kinetics and uncontrollable Li dendrites growth limit practical application of the energy storage system in high‐power device. Herein, separators are modified by the addition of a coating, which spontaneously grafts onto the Li anode interface for in situ lithiation. The resultant alloy possessing of strong electron‐donating property promotes the decomposition of lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonimide in the electrolyte to form a LiF‐rich alloy‐doped solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. High ionic alloy solid solution diffusivity and electric field dispersion modulation accelerate Li ions transport and uniform stripping/plating, resulting in a high‐power dendrite‐free Li metal anode interface. Surprisingly, the formulated SEI layer achieves an ultra‐long cycle life of over 8000 h (20,000 cycles) for symmetric cells at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. It also ensures that the NCM(811)//PP@Au//Li full cell at ultra‐high currents (40 C) completes the charging/discharging process in only 68 s to provide high capacity of 151 mAh g−1. The results confirm that this scalable strategy has great development potential in realizing high power dendrite‐free Li metal anode.

Development and optimization of hybrid heat dissipation system for lithium-ion battery packs

This study presents the development and optimization of an advanced hybrid heat dissipation system for lithium-ion battery packs designed explicitly for drone applications. The system employs a novel battery capsule filled with a phase change material (PCM) compound enhanced with 2 % Huber nano-carbon, demonstrating superior thermal conductivity and stability. The capsules were manufactured using 3D printing technology, with paraffin wax and carbon black powders as the PCM components. Thermal simulations and experimental results indicated that the oval-shaped capsules with a major/minor axis ratio of 17.2/14.2 mm provided the most effective heat dissipation, maintaining the battery within a safe operating temperature range. Comparative studies revealed that the PCM-filled capsules outperformed the efficiency of air-filled and pure paraffin wax-filled capsules in thermal management. The system’s dual approach, combining passive PCM cooling with active air cooling, significantly extended the battery’s operational life and safety by ensuring optimal temperature regulation. This research highlights the potential for integrating nano-carbon-enhanced PCMs in high-performance, temperature-sensitive devices, paving the way for broader applications in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and advanced energy storage systems.

Research on energy storage capacity optimization of rural household photovoltaic system considering energy storage sharing.

With the promotion of the photovoltaic (PV) industry throughout the county, the scale of rural household PV continues to expand. However, due to the randomness of PV power generation, large-scale household PV grid connection has a serious impact on the safe and stable operation of the distribution network. Based on this background, this paper considers three typical scenarios, including household PV without energy storage, household PV with distributed energy storage, and household PV with centralized energy storage. Then, a calculation model for PV local consumption rate and annual net cost under different scenarios is constructed. Combined with a natural village in Shandong Province, the PV local consumption rate and annual net cost under three scenarios are compared and analyzed, and the potential of energy storage sharing in reducing storage capacity and improving PV local consumption is explored. The results show that configuring energy storage for household PV can significantly improve the power self-balancing capability. When meeting the same PV local consumption, household PV centralized energy storage can achieve smaller energy storage configuration and lower cost compared to household PV distributed energy storage. Finally, suggestions are proposed to further promote the development of household PV energy storage system. The research results can provide reference for improving the local consumption of rural household PV and accelerating the application of household PV energy storage system.

State of Power Estimation Method for Hybrid Capacitor Battery Based on PSO Algorithm

Abstract Hybrid Capacitive Battery (HCB) is an emerging electrochemical energy storage device that holds immense potential in the application of future energy storage systems (ESSs). When the ESS composed of HCBs is controlled and scheduled, it is necessary to understand its ability to release or absorb power. Therefore, accurate power prediction of batteries is crucial. This paper introduces a method for estimating the state of power (SOP) in HCB using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The method mainly consists of three parts: first, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) is employed to accurately represent the HCB, then an H-∞ filter algorithm is used to estimate its state of energy (SOE). In the third step, an optimization objective function is established based on the HCB model to describe the terminal voltage changes during its charging and discharging process, and use PSO algorithm to solve and obtain the estimated SOP results. Finally, the reference values of the SOP were obtained through constant power pulse testing experiments, proving that this method can effectively predict SOP under constant power conditions.

Accounting calendar and cyclic ageing factors in diagnostic and prognostic models of second-life EV batteries application in energy storage systems

The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle market has significantly increased the demand for lithium-ion batteries, posing challenges for manufacturers and policymakers regarding efficient use and recycling. When these batteries reach the end of their primary lifecycle, their repurposing for secondary applications such as energy storage becomes critical to addressing environmental and resource management issues. This paper focuses on applying second-life batteries in energy storage systems, emphasizing the importance of accounting for calendar and cyclic aging factors to optimize battery performance and longevity. Calendar aging refers to the degradation that occurs over time due to chemical reactions within the battery, even when it is not in use. This type of aging is influenced by temperature, state of charge (SOC), and storage conditions. Cyclic aging, on the other hand, results from repeated charging and discharging cycles, which cause mechanical and chemical changes within the battery, leading to capacity fade and increased internal resistance. The combined effects of these aging processes necessitate the development of high-precision diagnostic and prognostic models to manage the performance and longevity of second-life batteries effectively. In Ukraine, the adoption of electric vehicles is accelerating, leading to an influx of used electric vehicles. This situation necessitates the prompt development of strategies for repurposing these batteries for energy storage applications. The complexities associated with final recycling processes make secondary use an attractive interim solution. By repurposing used EV batteries, Ukraine can mitigate immediate challenges related to battery waste and resource scarcity while supporting the transition to renewable energy sources. This paper highlights the need for an integral degradation index (DI) that combines calendar and cyclic aging factors with stochastic influences to provide a comprehensive measure of battery health. Such an index is essential for optimizing battery management practices, including the scheduling of charging and discharging cycles, to extend the operational life of secondary batteries. The study also presents practical recommendations for implementing these models in various energy storage scenarios, ranging from residential solar energy systems to industrial grid support and electric vehicle charging stations. By adopting optimized battery management strategies, the potential for extending the lifespan of secondary batteries and reducing operational costs is significant. This approach supports sustainable energy practices and aligns with global efforts to promote renewable energy sources and circular economy principles. Keywords: Lithium-Ion Battery, Electric Vehicle, Energy Storage, Battery Degradation, Calendar Ageing, Cyclic Ageing, Integral Degradation Index, Remaining Useful Life, State of Health.

Developing a high-performance hybrid supercapacitor with the controlled assembly of a hierarchical 3D flower-like NiCo double hydroxide nano/microarchitecture electrode material

The design of hierarchical nano/microarchitectures containing multiple elemental compositions has attracted significant interest due to their ability to offer morphological, enhanced conductive, and exceptional electrochemical capabilities in the field of energy storage. Herein, a 3D flower-like porous nano/microarchitecture of NiCo double hydroxide (NCDH-1) was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal technique for supercapacitor electrode materials. The 3D hierarchical structure formed by the network arrangement of 2D nanosheets comprises of many open spaces between the nanosheets. These nanosheets lead to a large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and multiple channels for the transport of electrons/ions. These factors boost redox processes and facilitate the rapid transfer of electrons/ions into the electrode material. The NCDH-1 electrode material, with its hierarchical 3D nano/microarchitecture, exhibits the supreme capacitance (Csp) of 2199 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and demonstrates excellent rate capability, retaining 58.2 % at 20 A g−1. The hybrid supercapacitor configured using 3D flower-like NCDH-1 and commercial grade activated carbon (AC; MSP-20) electrodes demonstrates an impressive Csp of 232 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, a superior energy density of 72.5 Wh kg−1, and an excellent cycle lifetime. Thus, the approach outlined in this work offers a promising strategy for developing 3D nano/microarchitecture metal hydroxides with potential applications in energy storage systems.

Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities of Conducting Polymers for Energy Storage Applications

AbstractThe industrial and academic sectors have been closely observing the advantages of conventional polymers, primarily due to their easy preparation and low manufacturing costs. Recently, there has been a growing interest in conducting polymers (CPs) due to their unique characteristics. These polymers offer improved environmental durability, impressive mechanical and optical potential, ease of manufacturability, and a range of electrical properties compared to conventional inorganic materials. This review focuses on the chemical structures, properties, and synthesis of the most prevalent types of CPs. Furthermore, an analysis of conducting composites is conducted to evaluate their performance in energy storage devices. The review specifically focuses on the growth of their operations in energy storage technologies such as Lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors (SCs). It also explores the current challenges faced by CPs potential applications for advancing energy storage systems. This review aims to advance understanding of the role of CPs for energy storage applications. In summary, conductive polymers offer a wide range of applications due to their unique features and suitable production techniques for energy storage system (ESS) application. However, there is still significant work to be carried out to enhance the performance of conduction polymers for ESSs. This overview has provided an introduction to traditional conductive polymers as functional materials, including information on their polymerization processes, advantages, disadvantages and the most promising ESS applications to date, such as various batteries and supercapacitors. It is worth noting that conductive polymers hold the potential to become crucial components in future ESSs. Achieving this potential will require further advancements in synthesis techniques, integration with other materials, as well as maximization and optimization of their capabilities.

Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, crystal voids, interaction energy calculations, energy frameworks and supercapacitor applications of isatin hydrazone ligand

This study provides an in-depth structural analysis by scrutinizing the crystallographic and molecular intricacies of a previously synthesized ligand. The molecular arrangement reveals deviations of specific atoms from the ring planes, emphasizing the nearly coplanar orientations of the planar rings.A comprehensive Hirshfeld surface analysis unveils various intermolecular interactions, underscoring the significance of H-atom contacts. Notably, confirming π…π interactions provides valuable insights into the balancing forces at play.Exploring the mechanical stability of the crystal packing through void analysis, the absence of significant voids contributes to the overall robustness of the structure. Intermolecular interaction energies, predominantly electrostatic, are analyzed through energy frameworks.In conclusion, this study not only illuminates the crystal structure of the ligand but also facilitates a comprehensive understanding of intermolecular interactions. The findings contribute insights into potential applications, extending the investigation to the ligand's supercapacitor performance. The promising results in energy storage capacity, longevity, and rapid charge/discharge capabilities open new avenues for the ligand's applications in energy storage systems.