Applications In Modern Medicine Research Articles

Substantiable <i>Eruca sativa</i> biomass: from mass spectrometry to insights for biopharmacotherapy

The use of medicinal plants to treat human ailments has received more attention recently. Eruca sativa (E. sativa; jarjeer) is a very popular edible plant of the Brassicaceae family with remarkable nutritional and therapeutic properties. In this frame, bioactive metabolites derived from E. sativa biomass have captured more attention in pharmacotherapy and biomedicine. This review focuses on recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), which have made the characterization of Eruca metabolites, such as glucosinolates and their derivatives, more feasible. Moreover, bio-pharmacological impact, viz. antiulcer, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial, anti-obesity and hypoglycemic activities, cardiovascular benefits, and neuroprotective effects are discussed. This review concentrates all important research findings on these topics, and stresses upon the activities of chemistry and pharmacological areas. By stressing upon additional investigations, this paper emphasizes and appeals researchers and industrials to attempt a comprehensive knowledge of the pharmacological implications of Eruca species and improve their application in modern medicine.

Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Significance of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove): A Review

Background: Syzygium aromaticum Linn. (clove) is a dried flower bud from the Myrtaceae family, native to Indonesia's Maluku islands. Clove essential oil is recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antiseptic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Its high concentration of bioactive compounds, particularly eugenol, caryophyllene, and eugenol acetate, contributes significantly to these effects, making clove a subject of increasing scientific interest. Methods: This review compiles and analyzes updated information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of clove and its primary constituent, eugenol. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed studies that detail the extraction methods, chemical composition, and bioactivity assays of clove essential oil. Results: Clove essential oil contains approximately 16-18% of essential oils, with eugenol constituting 59-88% of its composition. The oil exhibits notable antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties. Clove has shown efficacy against various pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Helicobacter pylori. Furthermore, eugenol demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines and showed promise in managing metabolic disorders and enhancing immune responses. Conclusion: Clove and eugenol possess extensive therapeutic potential, warranting further investigation to unlock their applications in modern medicine. Despite their benefits, attention to their toxicity and safety profiles is essential for ensuring appropriate usage in therapeutic contexts. This review highlights the need for continued research to validate traditional uses and explore novel applications of clove and its bioactive components.

Shatadhauta Ghrita and Panchavalkala Prevent Wound Healing In Vivo

Background: Wounds disrupt the integrity of skin or mucosa, causing significant cellular and vascular damage. Historical and modern research aims to improve wound healing through effective management strategies and therapeutic applications, particularly within traditional systems like Ayurveda. This study evaluates the efficacy of Shatadhauta Ghrita (SDG) combined with Panchavalkala Siddha Ghrita (PSSG) for wound healing, assessing their potential as modern treatments. Methods: Thirty mature Wistar strain albino rats were divided into five groups, including a control and treatment groups receiving SDG, Go-Ghrita (GH), and PSSG. Standardized excision wounds were created, and healing was monitored through wound contraction measurements over 21 days. Results: The control group showed a wound contraction of 91.53% after 15 days, increasing to 95.23% by day 21. The GH group exhibited 93.67%, while the SDG group had 87.95%. Notably, the SDG group demonstrated a contraction of 98.67% by day 21, outperforming both control and GH groups. Conclusion: SDG’s superior wound healing efficacy suggests it may serve as an effective topical treatment, supported by traditional Ayurvedic practices. This research emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with scientific validation, advocating for further studies on SDG's biological properties and potential applications in modern medicine.

Enhancing Withanolide Production in the Withania Species: Advances in In Vitro Culture and Synthetic Biology Approaches.

Withanolides are naturally occurring steroidal lactones found in certain species of the Withania genus, especially Withania somnifera (commonly known as Ashwagandha). These compounds have gained considerable attention due to their wide range of therapeutic properties and potential applications in modern medicine. To meet the rapidly growing demand for withanolides, innovative approaches such as in vitro culture techniques and synthetic biology offer promising solutions. In recent years, synthetic biology has enabled the production of engineered withanolides using heterologous systems, such as yeast and bacteria. Additionally, in vitro methods like cell suspension culture and hairy root culture have been employed to enhance withanolide production. Nevertheless, one of the primary obstacles to increasing the production of withanolides using these techniques has been the intricacy of the biosynthetic pathways for withanolides. The present article examines new developments in withanolide production through in vitro culture. A comprehensive summary of viable traditional methods for producing withanolide is also provided. The development of withanolide production in heterologous systems is examined and emphasized. The use of machine learning as a potent tool to model and improve the bioprocesses involved in the generation of withanolide is then discussed. In addition, the control and modification of the withanolide biosynthesis pathway by metabolic engineering mediated by CRISPR are discussed.

Reviving ancient therapeutics in modern medicine: an immunological and biological narrative review of wet cupping in the management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

The interwoven immunological, biological, and genetic complexity of thyroid diseases makes suitable targeted therapies particularly challenging to develop. Stemming from ancient practices, al-hijamah, or wet cupping, has achieved notable popularity in recent years, leading to unique applications in modern medicine. By grappling with the current literature that links the effects of wet cupping with the immune system in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), this narrative review aims to compose a comprehensive assessment of this adjunctive treatment based on evidence of its integration into practice. Between upregulating critical players of the innate immune system, such as immunostimulatory cytokines, white blood cells (WBCs) and natural killer (NK) cells, and downregulating essential thyroid antibodies (anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), wet cupping practices provide promising complementary therapy for hypothyroidism. Wet cupping manipulates in vivo molecular mechanisms, as outlined in hemodynamic and microparticle clearance theories, to slow disease progression and even development in disease-free populations. Given the established utilization of wet cupping in the context of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions, the emerging utility of wet cupping continues to gain credibility. This literature review illuminates the documented improvements in immune and biological function due to cupping therapeutic practices and sheds light on its appropriate application in the clinical setting for patients with HT. Furthermore, this review proposes a clear need for implementing future clinical trials, which may effectively bridge pathophysiological causes of hypothyroidism with underrated techniques for enhanced thyroid health.

Introduction of Medicinal Plants in The South of Lorestan Province

Background and aims: The present study identified the medicinal species of southern Lorestan province and explored their traditional uses and potential applications in modern medicine. Methods: The study involved face-to-face interviews and personal observations to gather information on local names and traditional medicinal uses of plants. Use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF) were used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews. The UV index was calculated to determine the relative importance of medicinal species native to the region. Results: The plant species were identified using standard herbarium methods. A total of 106 medicinal species from 95 genera and 40 plant families were identified, which are utilized by locals for various medicinal purposes in southern Lorestan province. According to the findings, leaves (22.3%), seeds (19%), and fruits (14.5 %) were the most commonly used parts of medicinal species. Edible and infusion were identified as the primary treatment methods in traditional medicine in southern Lorestan province. Conclusion: The predominant therapeutic uses of medicinal species in traditional medicine in the area focused on treating digestive disorders.

Design and evaluation of composite films for in situ synthesis and antibacterial activity of allicin vapour

Although allicin has potent antibiotic properties, its low stability, which is responsible for its persistent biological activity, has posed a significant challenge to its practical application in modern medicine. To harness the healing benefits of this phytochemical, known by humans for thousands of years, we propose a controlled in situ synthesis of allicin vapour near the site of infection. Considering the critical need for novel approaches to prevent pandemic scenarios caused by MDR bacteria, we suggest encapsulating and physically separating allicin precursors (substrate alliin and enzyme alliinase) in alginate-based films and spray-dried chitosan microparticles. The mechanical properties of the hydrogel films of various compositions were evaluated, as well as their ability to protect the encapsulated alliinase against thermal stress and control the overall rate of allicin release upon hydration. Furthermore, the non-contact antibacterial efficacy of free alliin/alliinase reaction mixture (aqueous solution) and three compartmentalised configurations, i.e. film-solution, film-particles, and double-film, were tested against selected bacterial strains, i.e. E. coli, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. The results indicate that the formation of allicin vapour using the proposed compartmentalised systems addresses allicin’s stability issues and provides better control over the rate of allicin production. The observed antibacterial effect was comparable with directly formed allicin using higher initial amounts of both substances, which is given by diffusion limitations associated with encapsulation. These findings illustrate the potential of compartmentalised systems in developing nature-based wound dressings for infection prevention and promoting healing.

In-silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Phytochemical Profiling of Kokum (Garcinia Indica), an Overlooked Fruit of India

In various regions worldwide, especially in South Asia, the traditional use of the Kokum plant, scientifically known as Garcinia indica, has been prevalent for a long time. Kokum is recognized for its unique phytochemical composition, which includes anthocyanins, hydroxycitric acid, xanthochymol, ascorbic acid, and garcinol. Due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, Kokum is considered a valuable option for numerous medical purposes. The traditional use of kokum suggests that it has been an effective remedy for various ailments, and further research on microbiological targets and their potential applications in modern medicine or food preservation. Asthma is a substantial global health problem with increasing prevalence rates in many countries. Asthma prevalence in India had previously been estimated to be around 3% (30 million patients out of 300 million), with prevalence rates between 4% and 20% in children and 2.4% in individuals over the age of 15. It is expected to rise in the upcoming decades and is one of the main causes of illness and death in rural India. The aim of this study was to identify putative bioactive chemicals present in the kokum fruit and investigate their interactions with the Asthma proteins by molecular docking modelling. Anthocyanin had a docking score of -8.27 kcal/mol for 3rze, -8.28 kcal/mol for 7f61, and -6.31 kcal/mol for 7fy6. The consequence of Lipinski rule recommends that anthocyanin is the best curative drug for asthma. Docking results verify the application of anthocyanin as a potential and natural therapeutic agent to treat diseases. Further laboratory tests are necessary to confirm these experimental results, though.

Silkworm Cocoon: Dual Functions as a Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Raw Material of Promising Biocompatible Carriers.

The silkworm cocoon (SC), both as a traditional Chinese medicine and as the raw material for biocompatible carriers, has been extensively used in the medical and biomedical fields. This review elaborates on the multiple functions of SC, with an in-depth analysis of its chemical composition, biological activities, as well as its applications in modern medicine. The primary chemical components of SC include silk fibroin (SF), silk sericin (SS), and other flavonoid-like bioactive compounds demonstrating various biological effects. These include hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial actions, which highlight its potential therapeutic benefits. Furthermore, the review explores the applications of silk-derived materials in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and in vitro diagnostics. It also highlights the progression of SC from laboratory research to clinical trials, emphasizing the safety and efficacy of SC-based materials across multiple medical domains. Moreover, we discuss the market products developed from silk proteins, illustrating the transition from traditional uses to contemporary medical applications. This review provides support in understanding the current research status of SC and the further development and application of its derived products.

A Review on Therapeutic Potential of <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an aromatic evergreen shrub with a long history of culinary and medicinal applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of rosemary and its bioactive constituents. The plant's essential oil and extracts are rich in potent antioxidant compounds, including carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid. These phytochemicals have been extensively investigated for their diverse biological activities. Numerous studies have demonstrated the remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of rosemary extracts, attributable to their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species and inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, rosemary has shown promising anticancer effects, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the proliferation of various cancer cell lines, including breast, colon, and leukemia. Emerging evidence also highlights the potential of rosemary in managing metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Its bioactive compounds have been found to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism through the activation of AMPK and PPAR pathways, thus improving glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles. Moreover rosemary has garnered significant interest for its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. Compounds like rosmarinic acid have exhibited cholinergic and neuroprotective effects, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and mitigating oxidative stress in the brain, thereby potentially benefiting neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review discusses about the vast therapeutic potential of rosemary and its constituents, highlighting the need for further research to elucidate their mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and potential synergistic effects, paving the way for their future application in modern medicine

Effect and mechanism of natural composite hydrogel from fish scale intercellular matrix on diabetic chronic wound repair

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with prolonged low-grade inflammation and impaired cellular function, leading to poor wound healing. The treatment of diabetic wounds remains challenging due to the complex wound microenvironment. In view of the prominence of fish scales in traditional Chinese medicine and their wide application in modern medicine, we isolated the intercellular components in the scales of sea bass, obtained a natural composite hydrogel, fish scales gel (FSG), and applied it to diabetic chronic wounds. FSG was rich in collagen-like proteins, and possessed low-temperature gelation properties. In vitro, FSG was biocompatible and promoted fibroblast proliferation by approximately 40 %, endothelial cell migration by approximately 20 % and activated the M1 macrophages. In addition, FSG restored the function of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells damaged by high glucose. Importantly, FSG normalized the acute inflammatory response to impaired macrophages in a high-glucose microenvironment. Transcriptome analysis implies that this mechanism may involve enhanced cell signaling and cellular communication, improved sensitivity to cytokines, and activation of the TNF signaling pathway. Animal experiments confirmed that FSG significantly improved wound closure by approximately 15 % in diabetic rats, showing similar effects to acute wounds. In conclusion, the regulation of multiple cellular functions by FSG, especially the counterintuitive ability to induce acute inflammation, promoted diabetic wound healing and provides a novel therapeutic strategy for wound repair in diabetic patients.

Exploring Nature's Pharmacy: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Products as Potential Sources of Therapeutic Agents

Natural products have been integral to discovering numerous drugs with diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical diversity of natural products, their role in drug discovery, and their potential applications in modern medicine. Through critically evaluating recent research findings and case studies, we highlight the significance of natural products as sources of new drugs and discuss emerging trends and challenges in the field. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate interplay between natural products and drug discovery processes, elucidating their indispensable role in shaping therapeutic landscapes. We unveil the transformative potential of natural products as catalysts for novel drug development through a meticulous analysis of recent advancements and case studies. Additionally, we navigate the evolving trends and challenges confronting the integration of natural products into modern pharmacotherapy, offering insights into strategies for overcoming barriers and maximizing their therapeutic impact. In essence, this review serves as a comprehensive roadmap for understanding the multifaceted role of natural products in drug discovery and their profound implications for advancing modern medicine. Through a synthesis of empirical evidence and critical analysis, we aim to inspire further exploration and innovation in harnessing the untapped potential of natural products for addressing unmet medical needs and improving patient outcomes.

A Review on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of the Genus Lindera

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. It is represented by widely well-known medicinal and aromatic plants that produce various phytochemicals with potential pharmacological actions. This review attempts to summarize the information on the phytochemicals of Lindera species together with their biological properties. The data and information were collected via an electronic search engine which are Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciFinder. Sesquiterpenes represent the major chemical compounds that have been characterised in Lindera species, as well as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics. These compounds were shown to possess anticancer, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, cytotoxic, antiallergic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The outcome of these studies will further support the therapeutic potential of the genus Lindera and provide convincing evidence for its future clinical applications in modern medicine.

Multi-model fusion stacking ensemble learning method for the prediction of berberine by FT-NIR spectroscopy

Rhizoma Coptidis is a Chinese herbal medicine with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It has extensive applications in modern medicine. The content of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis directly determines its quality. Fourier transforms near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy is a commonly used non-destructive method for rapidly detecting berberine content. In contrast to single-supervised learning algorithms in machine learning, ensemble learning combines individual learning algorithms to create a stable and better-performing strong-supervised model. This study collected spectral data of Rhizoma Coptidis using FT-NIR spectroscopy technology and established a chemometric model using a stacking ensemble approach with multiple models. Partial Least Squares (PLS), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) regression models were chosen as alternative base models, different Stacking models were established by random combinations. To fully leverage the strengths of each model and enhance predictive capability, an adaptive inertia weight particle swarm optimization algorithm (AWPSO) was used to search for the optimal parameters. The correlation coefficient of the test (RT) and the root mean square error of the test (RMSET) systematically evaluated the model performance. Finally, AWPSO-RF, AWPSO-XGBoost, and AWPSO-AdaBoost were selected as the base models. The RMSET and RT for RF, XGBoost, and AdaBoost were 0.226, 0.250, 0.195, and 0.871, 0.830, 0.927. After optimizing with the AWPSO algorithm, the RMSET and RT for AWPSO-RF, AWPSO-XGBoost, and AWPSO-AdaBoost were 0.226, 0.245, 0.194, and 0.871, 0.843, 0.922, respectively. The RMSET and RT values for the stacking ensemble were 0.174 and 0.932. The prediction accuracy and generalization ability of multi-model fusion stacking ensemble learning are superior to the single-model regression methods. Therefore, the stacking ensemble learning method that combines AdaBoost, RF, and XGBoost regression models is effective and feasible for assisting in the detection of berberine content in Rhizoma Coptidis.

A crustacean neuropeptide spectral library for data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry applications.

Neuropeptides have tremendous potential for application in modern medicine, including utility as biomarkers and therapeutics. To overcome the inherent challenges associated with neuropeptide identification and characterization, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a fitting mass spectrometry (MS) method of choice to achieve sensitive and accurate analysis. It is advantageous for preliminary neuropeptidomic studies to occur in less complex organisms, with crustacean models serving as a popular choice due to their relatively simple nervous system. With spectral libraries serving as a means to interpret DIA-MS output spectra, and Cancer borealis as a model of choice for neuropeptide analysis, we performed the first spectral library mapping of crustacean neuropeptides. Leveraging pre-existing data-dependent acquisition (DDA) spectra, a spectral library was built using PEAKS Online. The library is comprised of 333 unique neuropeptides. The identification results obtained through the use of this spectral library were compared with those achieved through library-free analysis of crustacean brain, pericardial organs (PO), and thoracic ganglia (TG) tissues. A statistically significant increase (Student's t-test, P value<0.05) in the number of identifications achieved from the TG data was observed in the spectral library results. Furthermore, in each of the tissues, a distinctly different set of identifications was found in the library search compared to the library-free search. This work highlights the necessity for the use of spectral libraries in neuropeptide analysis, illustrating the advantage of spectral libraries for interpreting DIA spectra in a reproducible manner with greater neuropeptidomic depth.

The promise of AI in medicine: A call for greater education for Pakistani medical professionals.

Madam, AI is revolutionizing the world in all spheres and the institution of medicine worldwide is no exception. While we are most familiar with its contribution to radiology, AI has now extensive applications within dermatology, ophthalmology, pathology, medicine, ophthalmology, neurosciences and more. Through progressive efforts of both doctors and programmers, AI is now becoming more adept in the field of medicine. Some of its applications in modern medicine include staging of skin cancers by looking at dermatoscopic images (1), classifying age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema by through OCT images (2), and more. The accuracy by which AI performs these tasks is comparable to a human being. However, Pakistan being in the developing stage is still lagging behind. With inadequate resources, constant economic desolation, and limited knowledge and data in the field of IT, the country is far behind in this rapidly progressive field. According to a study that included participants throughout Pakistan 74% of doctors and 68.8% of medical students had a basic knowledge of AI but only 27.3% of doctors and 19.4% of students were aware of its medical applications (3). In another study only 56.7% of the participants were familiar with AI and its subtypes, which highlighted the unawareness about AI in more than 40% of the participants. These studies clearly show the deficit in knowledge that medical personnel have about AI, its applications and impact on health care. AI and its rapid progress in health sectors worldwide are creating discrepancies between them and us. Hence, the senior authorities in our education system should come up with a proposition that can shorten this gap. By introducing basic levels of AI in the medical curriculum with a course spanning only around 1 week, including basics of coding and computational thinking (5), our medical personnel will be able to incorporate a fundamental level of computational thinking and coding language. This will help them in adapting to the revolutionized healthcare system as well as give them enough command to grapple with it and give feedback to improvise AI even more. And since medical science is based on logical reasoning and problem-solving, much like IT, we believe that our medical students can and will be able to inculcate this into their skills. This can be our very first step towards a much more efficient and progressive healthcare system.

Endophytic Microbial Community and its Potential Applications: A Review

Endophytes are present in all plant species across the world. They assist their hosts by producing several chemicals/metabolites that provide protection and, ultimately, survival value to their host plants. In various studies, endophytes have been demonstrated to be a new and potential source of novel natural chemicals for application in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. Endophytes have developed a variety of natural chemicals that include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants. These chemicals are involved in biodegradation and biofertilizers that promote the growth of plants. Screening these endophytic metabolites is regarded as a promising technique to combat drug-resistant human and plant disease strains. In this review, the basic concept of endophytes, the variety of endophytic microbiome, as well as the application of endophytes are presented. This knowledge may be used to extract improved bioactive compounds from endophytes and may serve as a foundation for future research.

A Comprehensive Review on Cucumis Maderaspatanus Linn.

Cucumis maderaspatanus L., commonly known as Madras Thorn or Maderaspatna cucumber, is a lesser-known plant species with significant botanical, ecological, and medicinal importance. This comprehensive review explores the taxonomic classification, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological review of Cucumis maderaspatanus. The taxonomy and morphology section elucidates the botanical characteristics of C. maderaspatanus, highlighting its unique traits and distinguishing it from related species within the Cucumis genus. The geographical distribution and habitat preferences of this plant are discussed, shedding light on its ecological significance, such as its role as a food source for wildlife and its potential in habitat restoration. Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the traditional uses of Cucumis maderaspatanus in various cultures, emphasizing its value in folk medicine for treating a range of ailments. Recent scientific studies on its bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, and potential applications in modern medicine are also discussed. These findings underscore the need for further research to harness the therapeutic potential of this under studied plant.

Urology in the era of immersive technologies

Immersive technologies (IT) are undergoing significant expansion in medicine. Among them, virtual augmented or mixed reality offers an interactive or immersive virtual environments to its users, opening a wide array of applications in modern medicine. IT seem particularly interesting in urology, offering a real-time overlay of diagnostic information onto the surgical field and helping visualizing complex anatomical structures, potentially enhancing intraoperative decision-making. Training through realistic simulations with IT represent an excellent and secure tool for trainees and urologists. Finally, patient's comfort during procedures under local anesthesia could be optimized with the use of IT. Further studies are awaited to validate their effectiveness and evaluate their costs to permit their integration into routine medical practice.

Current status of research on endophytes of traditional Tibetan medicinal plant and their metabolites.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "Third Pole of the World," has a rich variety of medicinal plants that play an important role in the field of medicine due to its unique geographical environment. However, due to the limited resources of Tibetan medicinal plants and the fragility of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, more and more Tibetan medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction. As a reservoir of biologically active metabolites, endophytes of medicinal plants produce a large number of compounds with potential applications in modern medicine (including antibacterial, immunosuppressive, antiviral, and anticancer) and are expected to be substitutes for Tibetan medicinal plants. This paper reviews 12 Tibetan medicinal plants from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, highlighting the diversity of their endophytes, the diversity of their metabolites and their applications. The results show that the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants are remarkably diverse, and the efficacy of their metabolites involves various aspects, such as antioxidant, anti-disease and anti-parasitic. In addition, conservation measures for the resources of Tibetan medicinal plants are summarised to provide a reference for an in-depth understanding of the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants and to stimulate the scientific community to bioprospect for the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants, as well as to provide ideas for their rational exploitation.