Application Of Ion Chromatography Research Articles

Industrial Application of Ion Chromatography to the Quality Control of Fluorinated Inorganic Acids

Analytical chemistry offers useful tools to solve problems in industrial laboratories caused by traditional methods of analysis. A simple ion chromatographic method has been developed to determine chloride, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in hexafluorosilicic acid and tetrafluoroboric acid. These materials contain high levels of fluorinated species at pH values lower than 1.0, which represent a challenging sample. Currently, these matrixes are analyzed by chemical methods with associated interferences. Optimization of the ion chromatography method was performed using industrial samples due to the absence of reference materials. In order to obtain the best chromatographic resolution, the sample dilution, flow rate, and eluent concentration were studied in an isocratic mode. The method was suitable for the separation of the anions in less than 30 minutes, without sample treatment other than dilution. Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients between 0.9951 and 0.9998. Limits of quantification were between 0.21 and 0.39 mg/L for chloride, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in hexafluorosilicic acid and tetrafluoroboric acid, and the inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations were less than 15%.

Assessment of air pollutant sources in the deposit on monuments by multivariate analysis

A proper recognition of the pollutant sources in atmospheric deposit is a key problem for any action aiming at reducing their emission, being this an important issue with implications both on human health safeguard and on the cultural heritage conservation in urban sites. This work presents the results of a statistical approach application for the identification of pollutant sources in deposits and damage layers on monuments located in different European sites: Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence (Italy), Cologne Cathedral, Cologne (Germany), Ancient ramparts, Salè (Morocco), National Museum, Cracow (Poland) and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway). For this aim, the surface damage layers on monuments and historical buildings of the selected sites were collected and analyzed, in terms of ionic and elemental composition, through application of ion chromatography and induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The achieved results were processed by multivariate analyses such as correlation matrix and principal component analysis in order to identify the possible origin of pollutants affecting the state of conservation of the monuments. This allowed us to assume that in all case studies the traffic emission is the main pollutant source. In the case of Ancient ramparts, Salè (Morocco), and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway), the surfaces are also under influence of marine aerosols. Moreover, concerning the Cologne Cathedral, the strong impact of the pollutants emitted by railway station was also revealed.

Manganese leads to an increase in markers of oxidative stress as well as to a shift in the ratio of Fe(ii)/(iii) in rat brain tissue

Occupationally or environmentally caused chronic exposure to Manganese (Mn) can lead to a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons inducing a Parkinson-like complaint called manganism. Deciphering the ongoing neurodegenerative mechanisms in the affected brain is still a major task for understanding the complex modes of action. Therefore, we applied a non-toxic, oral feeding in rats simulating a chronic exposure to Mn. Analysis of brain extracts by electrospray ionization Fourier transform resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) revealed an increase in markers of oxidative stress like glutathione disulfide (GSSG), prostaglandins, and 15(S)-HETE, a marker of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and glutamate concentrations were elevated in brain samples of Mn-supplemented rats, suggesting oxidative stress in the brain tissue. Application of ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (IC-ICP-OES) further showed a shift of Fe(III) towards Fe(II) in the brain samples enabling for example the action of the Fenton reaction. This is the first time that changes in the Fe-species distribution could be related to Mn-induced neuroinflammation and is therefore enlarging the knowledge of this complex neurodegenerative condition. The combination of our findings provides substantial evidence that Mn-induced neuroinflammation leads to oxidative stress triggered by multifactorial pathophysiological processes.

Simultaneous determination of peroxydisulfate and conventional inorganic anions by ion chromatography with the column-switching technique

The application of ion chromatography with the column-switching technique for the simultaneous analysis of peroxydisulfate and conventional inorganic anions in a single run is described. With this method, conventional inorganic anions were separated by consecutive elution through both the guard column and separation column, but peroxydisulfate that only passed through the guard column had a good peak shape and short retention time. A series of standard solutions consisting of target anions of various concentrations from 0.01 to 75 mg/L were analyzed, with a correlation coefficient (r) ≥ 0.9990. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.49-9.84 μg/L based on the S/N of 3 and a 25 μL injection volume. RSDs for retention time, peak area, and peak height were all <1.77%. A spiking study was performed with satisfactory recoveries between 97.6 and 103.4% for all anions. The quantitative determination of peroxydisulfate and conventional inorganic anions in surface waters was accomplished within 18 min by this column-switching technique.

Analysis of insecticide thiacloprid by ion chromatography combined with online photochemical derivatisation and fluorescence detection in water samples

Abstract This study describes a novel application of ion chromatography coupled with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatisation in alkaline medium and fluorescence detection (IC- hv -FD) for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticide, thiacloprid. In an aqueous medium, this compound showed fluorescence with an excitation maximum at 236 nm and an emission maximum at 353 nm. The 10 mmol/L NaOH with 10% (v/v) acetonitrile solution pumped at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used for the chromatographic elution to isocratically separate thiacloprid on an Ion Pac ® AS 11 (250 mm × 4 mm i.d; 13 μm particle size, Dionex) anion-exchange column. The linear concentration range of application was 0.04–10.0 mg/L, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 7) of 1.7% (for a level of 2.0 mg/L) and detection limit (LOD, S / N = 3) of 9.9 μg/L. The procedure was applied with satisfactory results to the analysis of thiacloprid in ground and lake water samples. Pesticide average spiked recoveries ranged between 95.5% and 114.0%.

Application of Ion Chromatography for the Determination of Nitrate in Process Streams of Thermal Denitration Plant

A simple, accurate, and rapid analytical methodology for the determination of nitrate content in process streams of thermal denitration plant has been developed. The nitrate content in these process streams varies over a wide range of concentration (0.1–150 g L−1). Quantitative determination of nitrate was accomplished by anion exchange chromatography with conductometric detection in suppressed mode. The method requires a simple sample dilution step. A Metrosep A supp 3 analytical column connected in series with a Metrosep RP guard column was used for nitrate separation. A solution containing a mixture of 1.8 mM Na2CO3 and 1.7 mM NaHCO3 was used as eluent. The limit of detection for the determination of nitrate is 0.02 µg mL−1 and the relative standard deviation was 5% for the overall method. No interference was observed from either the chloride or closely eluting “system peak” in the determination of nitrate. The method was validated using an ion selective electrode based determination. The method has a high throughput and 6 samples were analyzed per hour to provide the data on the process parameters. No interference was observed from the other anionic impurities, namely chloride and sulphate. In the case of process streams from thermal denitration of Zr raffinate the method requires a sample pretreatment for the removal of large excess of zirconium from the sample matrix. Onguard-H cartridges were found most suitable for this purpose. The concentration of different anions could be measured simultaneously.

Application of ion chromatography for the assessment of cadmium adsorption in simulated wastewater by activated carbon

A separation for Cd2+ and its interferences of common cations (Na+, NH+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) was performed. Cation-exchange ion chromatography for Cd2+ and common cations separation on a weakly acidic H+ forming cation-exchange resin was investigated and applied to test the efficacy of activated carbon in the removal of Cd2+ from simulated wastewater. The difference of retention volumes between Ca2+ and Cd2+ was 0.45 mL for oxalic acid with a concentration of 1.75 mM, and the retention volume drastically decreased when the oxalic acid concentration increased in the eluent. Considering the prevailing conditions for TOSOH TSK gel Super IC A/C at 40°C with a least pH limit of 2.0, 1.75mM of oxalic acid was selected for rapid analysis with pH of 2.3. Applying 50μl sample injection, the calibration curve was linear for tested standard samples ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 mg/L, the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.066 mg/L (0.583 μM), and the analysis was applicable with coexisting Ca2+ up to 10.0 mg/L (250 μM) while other cations did not interfere. It was possible to analyze three samples within an hour. The application of this method on Cd2+ adsorption indicated the effectiveness of the method for heavy metals’ analysis.

Recent Development and Applications of Ion Chromatography

Recent Development and Applications of Ion Chromatography

Covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with quaternary ammonium groups and its application in ion chromatography

An approach for fabrication of core–shell composite beads was described, with polystyrene–divinylbenzene (PS–DVB) as the core and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the shell through electrostatic attraction-induced self-assembly. MWCNTs were easily quaternized with a defined number of bonded layers and desirable positive charge by a multi-step synthesis, using methylamine and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether as monomers to build a branching polymer that has quaternary ammonium groups. PS–DVB beads were sulfonated by sulfuric acid to provide opposite charge, which had electrostatic interaction with quaternized MWCNTs. Functionalization of MWCNTs was characterized by techniques that include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The dispersion of MWCNTs in deionized water was enhanced after the grafting of cationic polyelectrolytes on them, which was in agreement with the positive charge at any pH value. With the PS–DVB/MWCNT composite beads as anion exchange phase and potassium hydroxide solutions as eluent, the common inorganic anions were well separated with high stability.

Applications of Ion Chromatography in the Analysis of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. Edited by Lokesh Bhattacharyya and Jeffrey S. Rohrer

<b>Applications of Ion Chromatography in the Analysis of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products</b>. Edited by Lokesh Bhattacharyya and Jeffrey S. Rohrer

Lokesh Bhattacharyya and Jeffrey S. Rohrer (Eds): Applications of Ion Chromatography for Pharmaceutical and Biological Products

Ion chromatography revolutionized the analysis of small inorganic ions by replacing tedious individual gravimetric and titration methods with a single automated process, capable of analysing a number of ions simultaneously. Today the range of potential applications has grown to include a wider range of ionic and ionizable materials such as biopolymers. This book focuses on a segment of those applications arising from the use of ion chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry, and does so very well. The book is a little gem, and those readers attracted to the book by its title will find that it delivers exactly what it promises. The book contains 24 chapters under four general section headings with an appendix containing acid dissociation constants for compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Part I describes instrumentation, retention mechanisms, and operating principles in five chapters. These are quite general and useful to novice and more experienced chromatographers alike. There is a good discussion of ion exchange and ion exclusion mechanisms, modelling and method development, and instrumentation (focused on the design of ion suppressors and the pulsed electrochemical detector). The pulsed electrochemical detector is discussed further in later chapters, particularly its applications in biotechnology, where it has played a major role in the expansion of ion chromatography from its origins. Later chapters also discuss the use of the charged aerosol detector and mass spectrometry for the detection and identification of compounds difficult to determine by conductivity and electrochemical methods. These are novel detection methods at present, but have the potential to play a significant role in the development of ion chromatography for the analysis of unconventional samples. The coupling of ion chromatography to mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization of the desalted eluent) tackles the problem of how to identify compounds for which standards are not available, particularly impurities in high molecular weight biopolymers or the totally unexpected compound in a chromatogram. Part II covers pharmaceutical applications in 11 chapters. As well as the expected identification of small anions and cations used in drug formulations, the analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics and cholinergic compounds is described. About half of all drugs are formulated as salts so the assay of active ingredients and excipients, determination of impurity profiles, identification of contaminants, and forensic source identity of raw materials can be performed by ion chromatography. This section also contains chapters on sample preparation, validation and pharmacopeial methods. The chapters are copiously illustrated with chromatograms, appreciated by this old chromatographer. There is also a focus on regulatory issues of interest to those who work according to the dictates of good laboratory practice. Part III covers biotechnology applications in five chapters. Topics covered include glycan, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, amino acid, and carbohydrate C. F. Poole (&) Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA e-mail: cfp@chem.wayne.edu

Decay of material properties of degraded MEA caused by repeated cold starts under subzero conditions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

AbstractThis study investigated the characteristics of cell performance degradation, decline of component performance, and changes in the properties of membrane electrode assembly materials caused by repeated cold starts under a subzero condition of −30 °C. It was made clear that functional decay appeared mainly at the cathode due to increased proton conductive impedance and reduction of reactivity of the electrode catalyst. Among the cathode components, an increase in proton conductive impedance in the cathode electrolyte was dominant. Furthermore, the application of ion chromatography and a newly developed proton‐induced gamma‐ray emission method to measure fluorine in the off‐gas drain revealed that decomposition of the electrolyte was dominant in the cathode catalyst layer. A decrease in fluorine in the cathode electrolyte measured by fluorine‐19 nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed this decomposition. A hypothesis is also presented concerning the cause of the performance degradation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20394

Effect of Methanol in the Wash-Solvent Bottle and the OnGuard Cartridges on the Determination of Different Anions Using Ion Chromatography

The effect of using methanol in the flush-solvent bottle of the auto-sampler of Ion Chromatograph on the determination of sulfate ions was studied using AS11-HC 2 mm analytical column. The use of 50% methanol in the flush solvent bottle results in overestimation of sulfate concentration by 18%. However, the use of 10% methanol instead of 50% did not show such error in the determination of sulfate using the same column. Furthermore, the effect of using OnGuard-RP and OnGuard-P cartridges for sample pretreatment on the determination of different anions was also studies using AS14-HC 2 mm analytical column. The results indicate that using OnGuard-RP cartridge caused the concentration of fluoride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate ions to be underestimated, whereas the concentration of chloride ions to be overestimated. The error in the determination of fluoride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate sulfate, and chloride was found to be 40.0%, 26.0%, 22.8%, 26.8%, 18.0%, and 25.0% of the certified standard concentration, respectively. It was also found that the use of OnGuard-P cartridge resulted in underestimation of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate by 60.0%, 40.0%, 82.0%, 87.2%, 45.2%, and 39.0% of the certified standard concentration, respectively. These findings point out to careful corrections that should be considered in any application of ion chromatography utilizing such sample pretreatment.

Preparation of Polyaniline Modified Electrode in Novel Ionic Liquid and its Application in Ion Chromatography

In this work, a promising electrochemical detector has been fabricated by immersing a glass carbon electrode (GCE) in aniline containing novel ionic liquid and scanning between -1.0 and 1.0 V for 40 cycles, and was used in ion chromatography (IC) system. The morphology of the modified electrode surface was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The polyaniline (PANI) film showed excellent electrocatalytic activity than bare GCE and provided enhanced selectivity and stability for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA). Separated by IC with phosphate buffer solution (pH = 5.2) as eluent, AA could be determined by the PANI/GCE successfully at the working potential of 0.3 V. The retention time of AA was approximately 5.75 min, and the peak shape of AA was satisfactory. The calibration curve of AA was linear (r > 0.99), in the range between 0.05 mg/L and 1000 mg/L and the detection limit was 23.41 μg/L (S/N = 3). The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of AA in four beverage samples. The recoveries of AA in these samples were from 92.32% to 110.57%.

Application of Ion Chromatography in Pharmaceutical and Drug Analysis

Ion chromatography (IC) has developed and matured into an important analytical methodology in a number of diverse applications and industries, including pharmaceuticals. This manuscript provides a review of IC applications for the determinations of active and inactive ingredients, excipients, degradation products, and impurities relevant to pharmaceutical analyses and thus serves as a resource for investigators looking for insights into the use of the IC methodology in this field of application.

Monolithic Phases for Ion Chromatography

Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.

Application of Ion Chromatography with ICP-MS or MS Detection to the Determination of Selected Halides and Metal/Metalloids Species

Speciation analytics as determination of various forms of elements is becoming more and more popular and valuable in areas such as environmental protection, biochemistry, geology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and food product quality control. Its growing importance is related to the fact that what often decides the toxicological properties of a given element or compound is not its total content but the presence of its various forms, especially ionic. Determination of low concentrations of analytes requires complex and sophisticated analytical methods and techniques. The latest trends in this area concern the so-called “hyphenated techniques,” in which the separation and various detection methods are combined. This article is a review of possible uses of ion chromatography in combination with ICP-MS and MS detectors for the speciation analytics of selected halides as well as metals and metalloids species.

The Challenging Role of Chromatography in Environmental Problems

This review details the contribution of ion chromatography (IC) to environmental analysis. With reference to the problems usually encountered in environmental analysis (low concentrations to be detected and matrix interference), applications of IC in the analysis of inorganic cations in water and in the analysis of the platinum group elements (PGEs) in air particulate matter, and the advantages of this technique over more traditionally accepted analytical techniques will be discussed. Other current environmental topics, for example the occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water, will be covered, highlighting the importance of IC as an emerging powerful tool for monitoring HAAs, recognized also by the EPA that recently adopted it in a regulated method (Method 557).

Decay of Material Properties of Degraded MEA Caused by Repeated Cold Starts under Subzero Conditions in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

This study investigated the characteristics of cell performance degradation, decline of component performance and changes in the properties of MEA materials caused by repeated cold starts under subzero conditions of -30 deg. C. It was made clear that decay of function appeared mainly in the cathode by increase in proton conductive impedance and reduction of reactivity of electrode catalyst. Among the cathode components, an increase in proton conductive impedance in the cathode electrolyte was dominant. Furthermore by the application of Ion Chromatography and newly applied Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Method in fluorine measurement in the off-gas drain a decomposition of electrolyte was dominant in cathode catalyst layer. A decrease in fluorine in the cathode electrolyte measured by 19F-NMR confirmed the decomposition.

Application of Ion Chromatography for the Determination of Inorganic Ions, Especially Thiocyanates, in Human Semen Samples as Biomarkers of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Tobacco smoking constitutes a significant source of indoor air pollution. Various chemical compounds that are emitted during tobacco smoking can have a direct cytotoxic effect on spermatozoa by damaging DNA. There is some evidence that tobacco smoking in men could affect male fertility. The goals of this study were to find relationships between thiocyanates (as biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure) and other inorganic ions in human semen samples and present the effectiveness of the proposed sample preparation procedure combined with ion chromatography technique for the determination of inorganic ions, especially thiocyanates, in human semen samples collected from heavy, moderate, and passive smokers, as well as nonsmoking individuals.