Internet Of Things Applications Research Articles

A Review of Joint Applications of IoT and Deep Learning

In recent years, graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have been widely used in image classification tasks. The combination of GCNs and the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the development of some branches of the latter. This paper explores cases where convolutional neural networks and GCNs are combined with IoT to achieve better results. This paper also focuses on discussing the semi-supervised classification task of GCNs. The innovative approach explored for innovative GCNs dealing with semi-supervised classification tasks lies in optimizing the GCN topology and using graph convolutional operations in the topological space for better training of the model.

EPIoT: Enhanced privacy preservation based blockchain mechanism for internet-of-things

With the increasing popularity of the Internet of things (IoT) and giving the end users the opportunity of collecting and analyzing the data by these IoT devices give rise to ultimate privacy concern and is attracting significant attention nowadays. These IoT devices may contain highly sensitive data and data sharing processes which may lead to security and privacy concerns. To surmount these issues, the interaction of IoT with blockchain for a secure transaction is accepted as a candidate solution. However, the innate behavior of blockchain containing complex mathematical proofs and consensus protocol requires high computational power making it less favorable for IoT devices to be connected with. Motivated by a private by-design framework and emphasizing greater control and setting of privacy preferences by the data owner, this paper complements our previous work on privacy preservation in IoT networks. In this paper, we design and propound a complete blockchain-based privacy-preserving framework by deploying service-oriented layers concepts and low computation cryptography, and a less complex consensus protocol to address the privacy concern. Moreover, this paper will unravel the complete end-to-end architecture of IoT-based blockchain purposely build for secure transactions in IoT networks. Security analysis is conducted using AVISPA tool to show that the proposed algorithms attain the desired security goals. This is followed by extensive simulation experiments and ultimate output results cultivating it much favorably for the deployment of IoT applications in real life.

GOLPMA: GROUP ORIENTED LIGHTWEIGHT PAYLOAD-BASED MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION FOR SECURED IoT COMMUNICATION

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the emphasis on protecting device communication. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) extensively utilizes Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) to provide end-to-end security; however, DTLS has a high connection overhead. This work presents a new Group Oriented Lightweight Payload-based Mutual Authentication (GOLPMA) mechanism that authenticates clients and servers before permitting communication using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). GOLPMA combines and improves essential parts of the CoAP architecture, resulting in a low-overhead, dependable, and computationally efficient alternative to DTLS. The payload-based mutual authentication technique only requires two round-trip message exchanges and restricts the payload of each message to 256 bits. GOLPMA surpasses typical DTLS/CoAP techniques based on throughput, latency, packet delivery ratio, average response time, mean jitter, authentication time and energy consumption in two separate network topologies with 15 and 30 nodes when examined using the Cooja simulator on Contiki OS. The results suggest that GOLPMA could be a safe, low-power replacement for DTLS in IoT applications

Hierarchical Controlled Hybrid Quantum Communication Based on Six-Qubit Entangled States in IoT.

The rapid development and extensive application of the Internet of Things (IoT) have brought new challenges and opportunities to the field of communication. By integrating quantum secure communication with the IoT, we can provide a higher level of security and privacy protection to counteract security threats in the IoT. In this paper, a hybrid quantum communication scheme using six-qubit entangled states as a channel is proposed for specific IoT application scenarios. This scheme achieves hierarchical control of communication protocols on a single quantum channel. In the proposed scheme, device A transmits data to device B through quantum teleportation, while device B issues control commands to device A through remote quantum state preparation technology. These two tasks are controlled by control nodes C and D, respectively. The transmission of information from device A to device B is a relatively less important task, which can be solely controlled by control node C. On the other hand, issuing control commands from device B to device A is a more crucial task requiring joint control from control nodes C and D. This paper describes the proposed scheme and conducts simulation experiments using IBM's Qiskit Aer quantum computing simulator. The results demonstrate that the fidelity of the quantum teleportation protocol (QTP) and the remote state preparation protocol (RSP) reach an impressive value of 0.999, fully validating the scheme's feasibility. Furthermore, the factors affecting the fidelity of the hybrid communication protocol in an IoT environment with specific quantum noise are analyzed. By combining the security of quantum communication with the application scenarios of the IoT, this paper presents a new possibility for IoT communication.

A review of on-device machine learning for IoT: An energy perspective

Recently, there has been a substantial interest in on-device Machine Learning (ML) models to provide intelligence for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as image classification, human activity recognition, and anomaly detection. Traditionally, ML models are deployed in the cloud or centralized servers to take advantage of their abundant computational resources. However, sharing data with the cloud and third parties degrades privacy and may cause propagation delay in the network due to a large amount of transmitted data impacting the performance of real-time applications. To this end, deploying ML models on-device (i.e., on IoT devices), in which data does not need to be transmitted, becomes imperative. However, deploying and running ML models on already resource-constrained IoT devices is challenging and requires intense energy consumption. Numerous works have been proposed in the literature to address this issue. Although there are considerable works that discuss energy-aware ML approaches for on-device implementation, there remains a gap in the literature on a comprehensive review of this subject. In this paper, we provide a review of existing studies focusing on-device ML models for IoT applications in terms of energy consumption. One of the key contributions of this study is to introduce a taxonomy to define approaches for employing energy-aware on-device ML models on IoT devices in the literature. Based on our review in this paper, our key findings are provided and the open issues that can be investigated further by other researchers are discussed. We believe that this study will be a reference for practitioners and researchers who want to employ energy-aware on-device ML models for IoT applications.

A Bibliometrics Analysis of Medical Internet of Things for Modern Healthcare

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare has been a popular topic in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive review of the medical IoT for healthcare, emphasizing the state of the art, the enabling technologies to adopt virtuality and reality interaction, and human-centered communication for healthcare (the Metaverse, Extended Reality (XR), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics). In particular, we assess the number of scientific articles and patents within the period 2015–2022. We then use the two-stage process following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and screening techniques. From that, the relations among the published papers can be visualized. This study examines the insights by evaluating the weights and connections of the nodes in the bibliometric networks. The reviewed papers showcase the rapid growth of IoT-related studies and intellectual property developments, reflecting the burgeoning interest and investment in this domain. As this paper delves into the network of interconnections between these works, it fosters a deeper understanding of the current state of IoT applications in healthcare and uncovers potential research gaps and areas for future exploration. This paper also provides a brief view of the role of IoT in healthcare research and application in combination with emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, the IoT-enabled Metaverse, robotics, and cloud computing. The article can serve as a guideline and inspiration for both researchers and practitioners in the smart health service sector.

Orchestration Tools For Efficient Deployment of IoT Applications In Fog Computing: A Systematic Review

Internet of Things (IoT) is the developing technology that enables devices to communicate without human interaction. IoT utilizes cloud computing services to collect and process data for IoT devices and to manage the device remotely. Cloud computing is not efficient enough to handle the fast stream of data produced by the IoT, therefore scaling up IoT applications to meet demands of high peak becomes easier and highly automated in fog computing. Containers are mostly used as virtualization solutions for IoT in fog computing. It enables the execution of small microservices to large applications. However, the rise of many lightweight containers has resulted in new application architectures and fundamentally changing how applications are deployed and visualized. Due to this change, container orchestration tools were proposed. These tools allow users to coordinate and manage containers. However, container orchestration tools need to meet the requirements of IoT applications and constraints imposed on the nodes in fog. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the selection of orchestration tools for the efficient deployment of IoT applications in fog computing. Moreover, the performance of IoT applications must be considered by applying different metrics. This paper aims to propose potential research directions to address identified gaps in the selection of orchestration tools.

A Framework for Selecting Optimal Network Protocols for IoT Technologies in Image and Vision-based Applications

The growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies and the rapid advances in image- and video-based applications make it necessary to select the most appropriate network protocols that ensure reliable, efficient and robust system performance. This study presents a framework to help select appropriate network protocols for Narrowband IoT applications. This framework evaluates and compares the most popular wireless and wired IoT technologies, especially Narrowband IoT (NB -IoT) and 5G, based on their characteristics, strengths and limitations. The research considers factors such as latency, bandwidth, scalability, energy efficiency and reliability to determine the suitability of these protocols for each application area. This study investigated the performance of these technologies in different environments, including underwater, airborne and land environments. By providing a structured approach to selecting the optimal network protocol for specific applications, this study aims to streamline and improve the deployment and performance of IoT technologies in various industries. While this study offers comprehensive insights into the optimal selection of network protocols for various IoT applications, it primarily focuses on popular technologies and does not account for emerging technologies.

A probably secure biometric‐based authentication and key agreement scheme for Internet of Drones

AbstractThe Internet of Drones (IoD) is one of the world's most recent and innovative technology. Drones are most prominent IoT (Internet of Things) gadgets and their applications span from commercial to domestic. The sensitive data stored in drones has increased the demand for the security of communication in the IoD. As a result, numerous authentication and key agreement techniques have been developed to proffers secure communication among the entities of the IoD network. However, after scrutinizing the security of these protocols, many IoD protocols were observed to be susceptible to different cryptographic attacks. This has enhanced the necessity for an improved and efficient authentication scheme in IoD. In this article, we first investigate Zhang et al.'s approach and demonstrate that although it offers security verification, it has certain design problems. It is, furthermore, shown to be vulnerable to privileged insider, offline password guessing, and stolen smart device attacks. Second, we propose a novel biometric‐based scheme that includes countermeasures to protect against these flaws. The security of the mechanism is examined under real or random oracle model, informal security analysis and scyther simulation for numerous cryptographic assaults. Also, the performance analysis substantiates the competency of the proposed scheme corresponding to computation and communication cost with existing schemes.

An interpolation-based reversible data hiding scheme for internet of things applications

The exponential growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increased demand for secure and efficient data transmission methods. However, there is a tradeoff in the image quality and hiding capacity in the data hiding methods. Therefore, the maximum amount of data that could be stored in the image media is a difficult challenge while maintaining the image quality. Thus, to make the balance between the quality of the images and the embedding capacity, a novel interpolation-based revisable data hiding (RDH) approach is developed for IoT applications. The proposed interpolation technique takes the average of the root value for the product of two neighboring original pixel values and the third original pixel value. And for the central pixel, it takes an average of two interpolated pixels. By doing so, most of the original pixels are considered and the calculated interpolated pixel is much enhanced as its average value. Furthermore, the data hiding is performed in two stages. In the first stage, RSA is performed on the secret message, and then embedding is done based on which intensity range group. The experimental results indicate that the proposed technique enhanced the embedding capacity by 17.58% and produced 7.80% higher PSNR values for the test images as compared to the baseline methods.

Governance of a Blockchain-Enabled IoT Ecosystem: A Variable Geometry Approach.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is rapidly expanding, generating increased interest in the incorporation of blockchain technology within the IoT ecosystem. IoT applications enhance the efficiency of our daily lives, and when blockchain is integrated into the IoT ecosystem (commonly referred to as a blockchain-IoT system), it introduces crucial elements, like security, transparency, trust, and privacy, into IoT applications. Notably, potential domains where blockchain can empower IoT applications include smart logistics, smart health, and smart cities. However, a significant obstacle hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain-IoT systems in mainstream applications is the absence of a dedicated governance framework. In the absence of proper regulations and due to the inherently cryptic nature of blockchain technology, it can be exploited for nefarious purposes, such as ransomware, money laundering, fraud, and more. Furthermore, both blockchain and the IoT are relatively new technologies, and the absence of well-defined governance structures can erode confidence in their use. Consequently, to fully harness the potential of integrating blockchain-IoT systems and ensure responsible utilization, governance plays a pivotal role. The implementation of appropriate regulations and standardization is imperative to leverage the innovative features of blockchain-IoT systems and prevent misuse for malicious activities. This research focuses on elucidating the significance of blockchain within governance mechanisms, explores governance tailored to blockchain, and proposes a robust governance framework for the blockchain-enabled IoT ecosystem. Additionally, the practical application of our governance framework is showcased through a case study in the realm of smart logistics. We anticipate that our proposed governance framework will not only facilitate but also promote the integration of blockchain and the IoT in various application domains, fostering a more secure and trustworthy IoT landscape.

Underpinning Quality Assurance: Identifying Core Testing Strategies for Multiple Layers of Internet-of-Things-Based Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a digitally integrated network of intelligent devices equipped with sensors, software, and communication capabilities, facilitating data exchange among a multitude of digital systems via the Internet. Despite its pivotal role in the software development life-cycle (SDLC) for ensuring software quality in terms of both functional and non-functional aspects, testing within this intricate software–hardware ecosystem has been somewhat overlooked. To address this, various testing techniques are applied for real-time minimization of failure rates in IoT applications. However, the execution of a comprehensive test suite for specific IoT software remains a complex undertaking. This paper proposes a holistic framework aimed at aiding quality assurance engineers in delineating essential testing methods across different testing levels within the IoT. This delineation is crucial for effective quality assurance, ultimately reducing failure rates in real-time scenarios. Furthermore, the paper offers a mapping of these identified tests to each layer within the layered framework of the IoT. This comprehensive approach seeks to enhance the reliability and performance of IoT-based applications.

Development of smart academic library services with Internet of Things technology: a qualitative study in Hong Kong

PurposeThis study examines academic librarians' perceptions and attitudes toward Internet of Things (IoT) applications in Hong Kong academic libraries and the problems and possible improvements in using IoT technologies to strengthen library services.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative research used video conferencing software for semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. Participants were given introductory material about the IoT and asked to complete an interview. The data were analyzed using inductive theme clustering for this study.FindingsThe analysis identified three themes: perception about applying IoT technology to the library, problems and improvements in using IoT. Participants were generally optimistic about the potential benefits of IoT for improving library operations and providing personalized services. However, they also expressed concerns about privacy and security, errors and extra efforts for information literacy training. They suggested improvements such as incorporating facial recognition technology, advanced RFID technology and collections identification technology to enhance user experience.Originality/valueMost studies examined users' views rather than librarians' on IoT applications, which few studies cover, especially in East Asia.

IoT Applications, Platforms, Systems, And Framework based on Blockchain

The Internet of Things (IoT) has lately evolved as a new technology capable of providing real-time and cutting-edge sensing capabilities to numerous industries such as healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, smart homes, and supply chain. Because of this technology's inherent promise, it has already seen exponential growth in a wide range of use-cases across numerous application domains. As academics around the world continue to examine its capabilities, there is widespread consensus that in order to get the most out of this technology and fully realise its potential, IoT must be built on a flexible network architecture with strong support for security, privacy, and trust. Blockchain (BC) technology, on the other hand, has lately emerged as a breakthrough technology with the promise to give several beneficial qualities such as robustness, support for integrity, anonymity, decentralisation, and autonomous control. Several BC systems are offered, which may be appropriate for various use-cases, including IoT applications. As a result, the integration of IoT with BC technology is seen as a potential solution to some critical concerns. To do this, a good grasp of the requirements of various IoT applications and the viability of a BC platform for a specific application satisfying its underlying requirements is required. This project explains many ways such as the gateway process and sensor device. By addressing the present blockchain concerns, IoT may enable a variety of security services, all of which are described in detail. Various authors present some common facts on the use of blockchain in IoT, which aids in a thorough understanding of the concept. Blockchain improves security and privacy in IoT platforms. In this project, an extra immutable ledger is created using all of the resources and information mentioned in the existing procedure. [1].

Review on Lightweight Cryptography Techniques and Steganography Techniques for IOT Environment

In the modern world, technology has connected to our day-to-day life in different forms. The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an innovative criterion for mass implementations and a part of daily life. However, this rapid growth leads the huge traffic and security problems. There are several challenges arise while deploying IoT. The most common challenges are privacy and security during data transmission. To address these issues, various lightweight cryptography and steganography techniques were introduced. These techniques are helpful in securing the data over the IoT. The hybrid of cryptography and steganography mechanisms provides enhanced security to confidential messages. Any messages can be secured by cryptography or by embedding the messages into any media files, including text, audio, image, and video, using steganography. Hence, this article has provided a detailed review of efficient, lightweight security solutions based on cryptography and steganography and their function over IoT applications. The objective of the paper is to study and analyze various Light weight cryptography techniques and Steganography techniques for IoT. A few works of literature were reviewed in addition to their merits and limitations. Furthermore, the common problems in the reviewed techniques are explained in the discussion section with their parametric comparison. Finally, the future scope to improve IoT security solutions based on lightweight cryptography and steganography is mentioned in the conclusion part.

Collaborative Applications of Internet of Things in various spheres of life: Past, Present and Future

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects and establishes communication between physical objects from creatures to machinery over the Internet without human involvement that is embedded with sensors, actuators, software, and various other technologies linked together through wired or wireless networks. In the foreseeable future, the application fields of the Internet of Things will increase continuously and dramatically. This paper considers the current progress of the Internet of Things in the real world and presents various tangible applications of IoT in field of agriculture, industries, smart retails, automated systems, smart buildings, automotive IoT, wearable items, transportation, covid -19, e-health, security and intrusion detection. The paper also provides overview of the collaborative applications of the Internet of Things with Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Data Management, Cryptography and Blockchain to disseminate its applications for a better understanding of the research community to apply IoT in further innovative fields.

A Learning based Secure Routing Approach using Deep Reinforcement Learning in IoT Integrated Wireless Sensor Network

The usage of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is ubiquitous in nature. With the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and its unprecedented use cases, the role of sensor networks as part of IoT application became crucial. WSN became backbone of IoT to realize integration between physical and digital worlds and connectivity to Internet. However, IoT devices are resource constrained with limited computational capabilities. The entire network is distributed in nature and has increased complexity. Routing in such WSN integrated IoT network plays an important role in achieving meaningful communication among objects. In this context, it is indispensable to have more energy efficient routing method. Since the IoT integrated sensor network is highly complicated, it is very dynamic in nature. Thus routing decisions are also dynamic leading to much importance to routing in such use cases. With the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it became possible to solve complex real world problems through learning based approach which acquires desired intelligence prior to making decisions. In this paper we proposed a deep reinforcement learning based routing mechanism for energy efficient routing in WSN-IoT integrated application. We proposed novel algorithms for network setup, formation of clusters and routing. Our method adapts to network changes due to energy levels, mobility and makes learning based routing decisions. We enhanced the method further with security to ensure its Qualityof Service (QoS) in presence of attacks. Our simulation study using MATLAB has revealed that the proposed secure routing approach outperforms existing protocols.

A hybrid approach: Uncertain configurable QoT-IoT composition based on fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm

The combination of Quality of Thing (QoT) with Internet of Things (IoT) systems can be challenging because of the vast number of connected devices, diverse types of applications and services, and varying network conditions. During the process of composing these Things, heterogeneity arises as an uncertainty. Hence, uncertainty and imprecision emerge as a consequence of the plethora of things as well as the variety of the composition paths. One way to address these challenges is through the use of fuzzy logic to mimic uncertainty and imprecision modeling and genetic algorithm to find the optimal path. As a result, we propose a model for the Thing behaviour based on QoT non-functional properties. As well as we propose a hybrid approach for modeling the uncertainty of the configurable composition based on fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm. Our approach helps to ensure that IoT applications and services receive the resources they need to function effectively, even in the presence of varying network conditions and changing demands.

A systematic and comprehensive review and investigation of intelligent IoT-based healthcare systems in rural societies and governments

Healthcare needs in rural areas differ significantly from those in urban areas. Addressing the healthcare challenges in rural communities is of paramount importance, as these regions often lack access to adequate healthcare facilities. Moreover, technological advancements, particularly in the realm of the Internet of Things (IoT), have brought about significant changes in the healthcare industry. IoT involves connecting real-world objects to digital devices, opening up various possibilities for improving healthcare delivery. One promising application of IoT is its use in monitoring the spread of diseases in remote villages through interconnected sensors and devices. Surprisingly, there has been a noticeable absence of comprehensive research on this topic. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to conduct a thorough and systematic review of intelligent IoT-based healthcare systems in rural communities and their governance. The analysis covers research papers published until December 2022 to provide valuable insights for future researchers. The selected articles have been categorized into three main groups: monitoring, intelligent services, and body sensor networks. The findings indicate that IoT research has garnered significant attention within the healthcare community. Furthermore, the results illustrate the potential benefits of IoT for governments, especially in rural areas, in improving public health and strengthening economic ties. It is worth noting that establishing a robust security infrastructure is essential for implementing IoT effectively, given its innovative operational principles. In summary, this review enhances scholars' understanding of the current state of IoT research in rural healthcare settings while highlighting areas that warrant further investigation. Additionally, it keeps healthcare professionals informed about the latest advancements and applications of IoT in rural healthcare.

IOTA TANGLE 2.0: AN OVERVIEW

The IOTA Tangle cryptocurrency represents the next evolution in distributed ledger technology, designed to facilitate transactions in the Internet of Things applications. Compared to traditional blockchain architectures, the IOTA presents attractive characteristics, including high scalability, zero-fee transactions, higher achievable transactions per second, and lower energy consumption. The consensus mechanism in IOTA 1.0 and 1.5 relied on a centralized coordinator solution for transaction validation. IOTA 2.0, designed in 2020, is the first fully decentralized network that supports smart contracts. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the IOTA Tangle 2.0.