Glucose Biosensor Applications Research Articles

Preparation of nickel nanoparticle/graphene composites for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor applications

A novel non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor device was fabricated for glucose detection based on nickel nanoparticles/graphene nanosheets (NiNPs/GNs) composites, which were synthesized through in situ chemical reduction procedure. The NiNPs/GNs composites modified electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity and good response toward the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution, attributing to the synergistic effect of GNs and NiNPs. At detection potential of +0.5V, the biosensor exhibited high sensitivity of 865μAmM−1cm−2 for glucose with a wide linear range from 5μM to 550μM as well as a low detection limit of 1.85μM (at a signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) of 3). The good analytical performance, low cost and simple fabrication procedure make this novel electrode material promising for the development of effective non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Simultaneously improving stability and specificity of cell surface displayed glucose dehydrogenase mutants to construct whole-cell biocatalyst for glucose biosensor application

The improved stability and substrate specificity of cell surface displayed glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) mutants by replacing four amino acids from Bacillus subtilis by using site-directed mutagenesis was systematically investigated. A series of mutated GDHs including E170R/Q252L, V149K/E170R/Q252L, E170R/Q252L/G259A and V149K/E170R/Q252L/G259A, were fused to the ice nucleation protein for displaying on cell surface of Eschericia coli. Q252L/E170R/V149K, Q252L/E170R/G259A and Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A variants were found stable at a wide pH range and shown excellent thermostability. Especially, the Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A mutant showed half-life of ~3.8days at 70 °C. Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A variant exhibited the narrowest substrate specificity for d-glucose. The whole cell displayed GDH mutant could be cultured in a large scale with excellent enzyme activity and productivity. In addition, a sensitive and stable electrochemical glucose biosensor can be prepared using the GDH-mutant bacteria modified electrode. Thus, the whole cell biocatalysts are promising candidates for exploitation in a wide range of industrial applications.

Electrochemical synthesis of a novel poly(2,5-dimethoxy aniline) nanorod for ultrasensitive glucose biosensor application

We report for the first time a rapid electrochemical synthesis of one-dimensional poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) nanorods (PDMA-NR) in the presence of surfactant. FE-SEM and TEM images confirm the PDMA-NR formation and the average diameter of single rod sizes in the range of ∼200–300nm. An enzymatic glucose biosensor was fabricated through immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) into PDMA-NR matrix. The amperometric current response of PDMA-NR/GOx to glucose is linear in the concentration range between 1 and 10μM with a detection limit of 0.5μM (S/N=3). The PDMA-NR/GOx electrode possesses high sensitivity (5.03μA/μM), selectivity, stability, and reproducibility toward glucose.

The Electrochemical Properties of 1-Pyrenebutyric acid/Graphene Composites and Their Application in Glucose Biosensors

The Electrochemical Properties of 1-Pyrenebutyric acid/Graphene Composites and Their Application in Glucose Biosensors

Electrochemical polymerization of 2‐thiophen‐3‐yl‐malonic acid for biosensor application

AbstractPoly(2‐thiophene‐3‐yl‐malonic acid) (P3TMA) was synthesized electrochemically using tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAClO4) as electrolyte into acetonitrile (ACN) for glucose biosensor application. The properties of P3TMA were investigated using FTIR, SEM, and electrochemical measurements. The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOD) was chemically immobilized onto P3TMA modified electrode using glutaraldehyde as crosslinking. It was observed that response current of P3TMA/GOD enzyme electrode increased linearly with loading glucose concentration. Michaelis Menten constant (Km) of P3TMA/GOD enzyme electrode was calculated as 0.03517 mM. FTIR and SEM analyses were used to confirm immobilization of GOD onto surface of P3TMA‐modified electrode. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Titanium dioxide–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite and its glucose biosensor application

Abstract This paper investigates the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO2)–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite and its possibility for a conductometric glucose biosensor. TiO2 nanoparticles were blended with cellulose solution prepared by dissolving cotton pulp with lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide solvent to fabricate TiO2–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite. The enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized into this hybrid nanocomposite by physical adsorption method. The successful immobilization of glucose oxidase into TiO2–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite via covalent bonding between TiO2 and GOx was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron analysis. The linear response of the glucose biosensor is obtained in the range of 1–10 mM. This study demonstrates that TiO2–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite can be a potential candidate for an inexpensive, flexible and disposable glucose biosensor.

Synthesis of CuO/graphene nanocomposites for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor applications

Glucose detection is of great importance in the fields of biological, environmental, and clinical analyses. In this study, CuO/graphene nanocomposites have been synthesized for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors to avoid the disadvantages of enzymatic sensors. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the spherical and size-selected CuO nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surface of graphene. For the amperometric glucose detection, the low detection limit of 1μmolL−1 with wide linear range from 1μmolL−1 to 8mmolL−1 can be obtained using the CuO/graphene (CuOG)-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a low loading. Under the applied potential of +0.60V vs. Ag/AgCl, the optimal CuOG-modified GC electrode exhibits a sensitivity of 1065μAmmol−1Lcm−2. With such good analytical performance from simple process, it is believed that CuO/graphene nanocomposites are promising for the development of cost-effective nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors.

In situ spontaneous reduction synthesis of spherical Pd@Cys-C60nanoparticles and its application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors

Novel spherical Pd@Cys-C(60) nanoparticles were synthesized using an in situ spontaneous reduction process without any other reducing agent. A nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of glucose based on the spherical nanoparticles film.

In situ synthesis of highly loaded and ultrafine Pd nanoparticles-decorated graphene oxide for glucose biosensor application

Highly loaded and ultrafine Pd nanoparticles were supported on graphene oxide (PdNPs-GO) via an in situ, simple and clean strategy on the basis of the direct redox reaction between Pd(OAc)2 and GO. A highly sensitive biosensor was developed for the detection of glucose based on the electrode modified with PdNPs-electrochemically reduced GO (PdNPs-ERGO). The glucose biosensor shows a wide linear range, low detection limit, good reproducibility and acceptable stability, providing a biocompatible platform for biosensing and biocatalysis.

Fabrication and application of amperometric glucose biosensor based on a novel PtPd bimetallic nanoparticle decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube catalyst

A sensitive, selective and stable amperometric glucose biosensor employing novel PtPd bimetallic nanoparticles decorated on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PtPd-MWCNTs) was investigated. PtPd-MWCNTs were prepared by a modified Watanabe method, and characterized by XRD and TEM. The biosensor was constructed by immobilizing the PtPd-MWCNTs catalysts in a Nafion film on a glassy carbon electrode. An inner Nafion film coating was used to eliminate common interferents such as uric acid, ascorbic acid and fructose. Finally, a highly porous surface with an orderly three-dimensional network enzyme layer (CS-GA-GOx) was fabricated by electrodeposition. The resulting biosensor exhibited a good response to glucose with a wide linear range (0.062–14.07mM) and a low detection limit 0.031mM. The biosensor also showed a short response time (within 5s), and a high sensitivity (112μAmM−1cm−2). The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) was determined as 3.3mM. In addition, the biosensor exhibited high reproducibility, good storage stability and satisfactory anti-interference ability. The applicability of the biosensor to actual serum sample analysis was also evaluated.

Seed-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors

In this paper, for the first time, Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared by seed-mediated growth method with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) playing the role of seeds. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and AuNPs were first dropped on the surface of glassy carbon (GC) electrode, and then the electrode was immersed into growth solution that contained CuSO 4 and hydrazine. CuNPs were successfully grown on the surface of the CNTs. The modified electrode showed a very high electrochemical activity for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium, which was utilized as the basis of the fabrication of a nonenzymatic biosensor for electrochemical detection of glucose. The biosensor can be applied to the quantification of glucose with a linear range covering from 1.0 × 10 −7 to 5 × 10 −3 M and a low detection limit of 3 × 10 −8 M. Furthermore, the experiment results also showed that the biosensor exhibited good reproducibility and long-term stability, as well as high selectivity with no interference from other oxidable species.

Synthesis of Graphene/Pt Nanocomposites for Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Applications

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In situ synthesis of palladium nanoparticle–graphene nanohybrids and their application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors

A nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of glucose based on an electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)-functioned graphene (nafion–graphene). The palladium nanoparticle–graphene nanohybrids were synthesized using an in situ reduction process. Nafion–graphene was first assembled onto an electrode to chemically adsorb Pd 2+. And Pd 2+ was subsequently reduced by hydrazine hydrate to form PdNPs in situ. Such a PdNPs–graphene nanohybrids-based electrode shows a very high electrochemical activity for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium. The proposed biosensor can be applied to the quantification of glucose with a wide linear range covering from 10 μM to 5 mM ( R = 0.998) with a low detection limit of 1 μM. The experiment results also showed that the sensor exhibits good reproducibility and long-term stability, as well as high selectivity with no interference from other potential competing species.

Preparation of perovskite-type composite oxide LaNi 0.5Ti 0.5O 3–NiFe 2O 4 and its application in glucose biosensor

A novel nanostructured perovskite-type composite oxide LaNi 0.5Ti 0.5O 3–NiFe 2O 4 (LNT–NFO) was synthesized by sol–gel method and characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Amperometric glucose biosensors based on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) were constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) with LNT–NFO and the experimental conditions such as the amount of GOD, pH value, and applied potential were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the electrochemical performances of the LNT–NFO with different ratios of LNT-NFO (10:1, 20:1, 30:1) modified CPE have been researched on the oxidation of glucose. The results show that LNT–NFO (20:1) can immobilize GOD more effectively. The biosensor based on LNT–NFO/CS/GOD modified CPE exhibits good reproducibility, stability and selectivity in glucose determination with linear signal-to-glucose concentration range of 0.5–10 mM and a detection limit ( S/ N = 3) of 0.04 mM.

Electrochemically deposited nanocomposite film of CS-Fc/Au NPs/GOx for glucose biosensor application

A simple and controllable electrodeposition method is described to fabricate a homogeneous chitosan-ferrocene/Au nanoparticles/glucose oxidase (CS-Fc/Au NPs/GOx) nanocomposite film. The morphologies and electrochemistry of the nanocomposite film were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. The ferrocene group (Fc) covalently bounded chitosan hybrid (CS-Fc) can effectively avoid the leakage of Fc and retain its electrochemical activity. Further immobilization of Au NPs into the CS-Fc matrix enhances both the charge-transport properties of the composite and bioaffinity to enzyme. Biosensor based on this CS-Fc/Au NPs/GOx film has advantages of fast response, excellent reproducibility and high stability. This biosensor shows a linear response to glucose in the concentration range from 0.02 to 8.66 mM with a detection limit of 5.6 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The present method offers a facile way to fabricate biosensors and bioelectronic devices.

One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes/chitosan film and its application in glucose biosensor

One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes/chitosan film (Ag/CNT/Ch) was firstly proposed as a novel immobilization matrix for the enzymes to fabricate sensitive glucose biosensor. The biosensor was prepared by embedding horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and glucose oxidase (GOD) in Ag/CNT/Ch hybrid films based on layer by layer technique. The electron mediator, o-phenylenediamine (OPD), was also co-immobilized with HRP in the inner layer on the surface of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Hydrogen peroxide produced by the GOD catalytic oxidation of glucose was then detected by OPD in the presence of HRP. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the resulting biosensor could detect glucose in a linear range from 0.5 to 50 μM with a detection limit of 0.1 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The sensitivity was calculated as 135.9 μA mM −1. The proposed biosensor offered sensitive amperometric responses to glucose based on the Ag/CNT/Ch films.

Preparation of GOD/Sol‐Gel Silica Film on Prussian Blue Modified Electrode for Glucose Biosensor Application

AbstractA novel amperometric glucose biosensor was fabricated by in situ incorporating glucose oxidase (GOD) within the sol‐gel silica film on a Prussian blue (PB) modified electrode. The method is simple and controllable, which combined the merits of in situ immobilizing biomolecules in sol‐gel silica film by electrochemical method and the synergic catalysis effects of PB and GOD molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the GOD/sol‐gel silica film was homogeneous with a large number of three‐dimensional nanopores, which not only enhanced mass transport, but also maintained the active configuration of the enzyme molecule and prevented the leakage of enzyme, therefore improved the stability and sensitivity of the biosensor. The fabricated biosensor showed fast response time (10 s), high sensitivity (26.6 mA cm−2 M−1), long‐term stability, good suppression of interference, and linear range of 0.01 mM–5.8 mM with a low detection limit of 0.94 μM for the detection of glucose. In addition, the biosensor was successfully applied to determine glucose in human serum samples.

Layer-by-layer assemblies of chitosan/multi-wall carbon nanotubes and glucose oxidase for amperometric glucose biosensor applications

A novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on multilayer films containing chitosan, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and glucose oxidase (GOD) was developed. MWCNTs were solubilized in chitosan (Chit-MWCNTs) used to interact with GOD. Poly (allylamine) (PAA) and polyvinylsulfuric acid potassium salt (PVS) were alternately deposited on the cleaned Pt electrode surface ((PVS/PAA) 3/Pt). The (PVS/PAA) 3/Pt electrode was alternately immersed in Chit-MWCNTs and GOD to assemble different layers of multilayer films. PBS washing was applied at the end of each assembly deposition for dissociating the weak adsorption. Micrographs of MWCNTs were obtained by scanning electron microscope, and properties of the resulting biosensors were measured by electrochemical measurements. Among the resulting biosensors, the biosensor based on eight layers of multilayer films was best. The resulting biosensor was able to efficiently monitor glucose, with the response time within 8 s, a detection limit of 21 μM estimated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, a linear range of 1–10 mM, the sensitivity of 0.45 μA/mM, and well stability. The study can provide a feasible simple approach on developing a new immobilization matrix for biosensors and surface functionalization.

Nanofiber Mats from DNA, SWNTs, and Poly(ethylene oxide) and Their Application in Glucose Biosensors

Ultrafine fibers with diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm were prepared from DNA/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)/poly(ethylene oxide) blended dispersion. Well-defined electrospun fibers were obtained by good control of key dispersion properties related to electrospinning, such as ionic conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of SWNT in the resulting fibers, indicating good interaction between DNA and SWNT. The resulting fibers also exhibited electroactive behavior and could be used as an immobilization matrix for a glucose oxidase enzyme biosensor. The sensor response was linear up to 20 mM glucose with a sensitivity of .

The application of glucose biosensor in studying the effects of insulin and anti-hypertensive drugs towards glucose level in brain striatum

The mechanisms involving insulin and anti-hypertensive drugs regulation for in vivo cerebral glucose metabolism are not well-understood. This might be due to lack of direct means of measuring cerebral glucose. It is known that the continuous delivery of glucose to the brain is critical for its normal metabolic function. In this study, we report the effect of insulin and anti-hypertensive drugs on glucose level in the striatum of rats. The rats were divided into two groups, i.e. hyperglycemia (14.8 ± 0.3 mM plasma glucose) and diabetic (10.8 ± 0.2 mM plasma glucose). A custom-built glucose microsensor was implanted at coordinates A/P 1.0 from bregma, M/L +2.5 and D/V −5.0 (from dura) in the striatum. The amperometric response obtained at +0.23 V vs. Ag|AgCl corresponded to the glucose level in striatum. By varying the concentrations of protaminc zinc insulin infused into the rats, striatum glucose level was found to remain constant throughout, i.e. 9.8 ± 0.1 and 4.7 ± 0.1 mM for hyperglycemic rats and for diabetic rats, respectively. However, infusion of valsartan and felodipine has lowered the striatum glucose level significantly. These findings agreed with the hypothesis that suggested striatum glucose uptake do not depend on insulin but is clearly dependant on anti-hypertensive drugs administration.