Application Of Additive Technologies Research Articles

Using of additive manufacturing (AM) in construction economics – shortcomings, advantages, prospects

The article considers the topic which is currently relevant for the construction industry – competitiveness growth of construction companies in the market by application of additive technologies. 3D technologies open up new ground for the construction industry as their application allows them to construct buildings of almost any shape, therefore, designers and architects will get more freedom to implement their creative plans and ideas. Upgrading of construction technologies will reduce quantity of waste and provide higher safety level on construction sites. Innovativeness of Additive Manufacturing (additive technologies) is based on application of special equipment - a 3D printer. Intensive development of Additive Manufacturing significantly changes ratio of economic factors in construction. The author believes that profitability of companies in a new competitive context will depend not on scale of production but on quality and originality of ideas. Philosophy of the economy after the third industrial revolution will base on development of original projects and not on products manufacturing.

Parameters Evaluation in 3D Spare Parts Printing

Future trends in maritime technology include the application of additive technology in spare parts management. Nowadays, 3D printing has become an integral technology in many fields. Maritime industry is one of the fields where 3D printing has become a focus of research. To prepare Electro-technical Officers (ETOs) for the future, it is necessary to investigate parameters which help with deciding whether to use additive technology or to order a spare part. This paper aims to research parameters influencing spare parts printing as a job carried out by ETOs aboard ships. Conclusions about the filament density and quality of the printed parts are derived and presented. Suggestions for future work and possible applications are given.

Использование лазерного сканирования для неразрушающего контроля качества деталей, изготовленных по технологии 3D печати

The article identifies promising areas of application of additive technologies in the production of parts and elements of aviation equipment (AT), the main tasks that need to be solved when implementing them (during the implementation process). The features of the application of laser scanning for non-destructive quality control of aircraft parts manufactured using modern additive technologies are considered. The possibility of controlling deviations in the shape and size of parts of aircraft manufactured using 3D printing technology from their 3D models by stationary and portable scanners (for example, an adapter for the air conditioning and ventilation system of an aircraft) is shown.(is represented) The article presents the main operations of the technological process of laser scanning using modern technical and software tools, the process of laser scanning of the AT part using the FARO Arm mobile CMM is implemented.

Advanced aluminum alloys for aircraft brazed structures

Review of domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature in the fi eld of application of aluminum alloys for brazed structures of aircraft heat exchangers manufactured by high-temperature vacuum brazing is provided. Prospective developments of domestic aluminum alloys for application as base material for clad sheets for brazed structures of heat exchangers are presented. The possibilities for increasing of the corrosion resistance of heat transfer surfaces are considered. The possibilities for application of additive technologies for the manufacture of aluminum heat exchangers alloys are considered.

Application of Additive Technologies in Improving Instrumental Equipment of Space Simulators.

The paper considers: additive technologies and their practical application in solving problems of operation, testing and modernization of space simu-lators in the framework of digital transformation policy of the Russian space industry; software and hardware and the experimental setups; prac-tical recommendations and suggestions for using the advantages of 3D modeling and FDM 3D printing technologies for prototyping products ap-plied in simulator construction and operation of technical means for train-ing cosmonauts.

Application of additive technologies for manufacturing a wear-resistant steel pipe outlet

The paper analyzes the problems of exploitation of pipe outlets for the oil and gas industry and describes the special design of the outlet’s vane, which allows to extend its service life. However, this special shape of the vane requires new manufacturing technologies. The paper lists the technical requirements for the finished model of the outlet and the method of its manufacture. Based on them, an analysis was carried out, and has been proposed the application of additive technologies for the manufacture of a steel pipe outlet with the vane, namely, the method of Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The advantages and particularities of the method’s application are described, as well as the stages of the manufacturing process for manufacturing an outlet with a special shape of the vane.

Cooperation of the Research Centers of the European Union and Ukraine in the implementation of additive technologies for biomedicine products

Abstract. The need to save material resources and reduce the cost of production requires that manufacturers and processors of raw materials improve existing technologies for shaping products and introduce new highly effective solutions. Recently, in such hightech industries as mechanical engineering, the aerospace industry, there has been a significant intensification of research on the development of new technological approaches for obtaining expensive parts using additive technologies (3D printing technologies). This approach is based on layer-by-layer formation of objects, when at the initial stage each new layer of the future part is a powder fraction consisting of identical or different particles of a structural material in shape and size. Additive technologies (AT) are significantly ahead and evolve faster than other technological processes of product manufacturing. Today, a significant proportion of industries use traditional technologies, so in the near future they can become potential consumers of AT. Examples of application of additive technologies are considered, allowing to solve difficult tasks on creation of products of biomedical purpose of domestic production thanks to experience of European countries, and the will to adjust the own production. The rapid growth of 3D printing confirms the high potential of this technology. The unification of scientific groups in creating an effective competitive environment for the development of JSC will allow a technological breakthrough for Ukraine in the future.

СТРУКТУРА И СВОЙСТВА ДЕТАЛЕЙ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ СЕЛЕКТИВНЫМ ЛАЗЕРНЫМ СПЛАВЛЕНИЕМ ПОСЛЕ ИСПЫТАНИЯ НА МАЛОЦИКЛОВУЮ УСТАЛОСТЬ

Results of low cycle fatigue (LCF) testing, investigation of microstructure, and fractures of specimens, which was, obtain by selective laser melting process (SLM) of the powders from Inconel 718 alloy have been carried out in the present article. Chemical composition of the considered specimens, microstructure before and after testing, results at room and elevated temperatures, which were built in XY direction (horizontal), were carrying-out. The specimens in the as-build state were exposed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with subsequent inherent Inconel 718 heat treatment. It was established that in specimens in as-built state observe accurately expressed zones of layer-by-layer smelting with 100 μm height. After HIP with subsequent heat treatment strengthening of the considered alloy provides by intermetallic γ'' – Ni3Nb phase, γ'-phase and carbides, also was identified lamellar δ-phase in the microstructure. LCF-testing was conducted in a so-called «soft» cycle of loading with a predetermined interval of the strain for providing of fatigue life in 103, 5х103, 104 cycles. The obtained data was built logarithmic curve in coordinates «Strain σ – Number of cycles N», that allows, with sufficient reliability, determine a rational strain level at LCF-testing for providing a predetermined number of cycles. The following ratios of σ – N were established (Rσ=0, υ=1 Hz): for providing N=103, σ≤1020 МPа, N=5х103, σ=931…961 МPа, N= 104, σ≤941 МPа. Results of the fractures investigation after LCF-testing at 20°С and 550°С shows that during the cyclic elastoplastic deformation at room temperature multicentricity of crack initiations zones observes. Mainly fixed a viscous pattern of fracture with a fatigue grooves presence, which size increases in the process of crack advance to the zone of fracture area. At elevated temperature in the zones of fatigue crack initiation and spreading quasi-brittle character of destruction observes, and turns in viscous in the zone of fracture area. Authors should be pointed out that the application of additive technologies in the manufacture of aerospace parts requires extensive R&D works, and testing efforts to confirm the repeatability of alloy characteristics.

Usage of additive technologies in the Arctic region

The article considers the use of additive technologies in the Arctic region as a tool that contributes to the sustainable development of the Arctic territories. The Arctic region is rich in deposits of minerals, hydrocarbons and other strategically important resources for the Russian Federation. In the article described the current use of additive technologies and a classification of additive technologies according to the following criteria: method of layer formation, method of the powder conversion and on the materials being processed. The types of additive technologies for each classification criterion are considered. A conceptual approach of analyzing the capabilities of additive technologies in the Arctic is proposed, it is based on the classification of the Russian Arctic area into subspaces and consideration of the capabilities of additive technologies for each subspace. Due to the fact that human activity in the Arctic is heterogeneous, the entire region can be divided into subspaces for functional purposes. The article presents the results of the analysis of the possibility of using additive technologies in the following Arctic subspaces: base cities, mobile rotational camps, mineral resource extraction territories, recreational territories, fishing territories, the Northern sea route, and infrastructure for the protection of safe existence. The article describes the application of additive technologies taking into account the functional features of each subspace of the region, describes advantages and limitations of using this technology of its use.

Application of polymeric materials for obtaining gears with involute and sinusoidal profile

In the article research related to the increasing in the scope of application of additive technologies in the construction of machines for the production of gears with involute and sinusoidal profile from polymeric materials was presented. The designed original research stand and with its use carried out a series of preliminary fatigue tests of the obtained polymer gears with an involute and sinusoidal profile was show. The tested gears were obtained in the technology of rapid prototyping by the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) method from polymer composites obtained in the form of an ABS (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) – based filament. Based on the results obtained, it was noticed that the temperature in the meshing zone of the gears with involute profiles is higher than for sinusoidal profiles, regardless of the type of composite from which the gears were made. It should also be noted that in the range of nominal load, the sound intensity level of the meshing zone is also lower for gears with a sinusoidal profile than for gears with an involute profile. Based on the tests carried out, an increase in sound intensity was noticed in the case of gears obtained from selected composites (Table 2) compared to the gear obtained from unfilled ABS. However, in the case of gears obtained from the tested composite materials, we observe a decrease in the gear operating temperature (Table 2). The most favorable results of these tests were obtained for gears with a sinusoidal profile obtained from ABS + P2 composite, which show the lowest operating temperature of the gear. It should also be mentioned that slightly worse results were obtained for involute gears.

Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Moulds for Small-Batch Injection Moulding

In case of small-batch production, applications of classic technologies and tools, for e.g. injection moulding and classic moulds are not competitive. Application of additive technologies (AT) for direct production of finally parts can partially reduce deficiencies of classic approach, but there are for e.g. limited number of available materials. Potential solution is application of AT in production of so called bridge moulds for small-batch production from originally requested material for final part. This paper presents PolyJet process of AT and its possible application for production of bridge polymer moulds for injection moulding of small quantity of the moulded parts together with design rules for PolyJet bridge moulds.

Obtaining and Research of Additive Products from Electro-Erosive Cobalt-Chrome Powders

The main requirement for powders for additive machines is the spherical shape of the particles. Such particles most compactly fit into a certain volume and provide the “fluidity” of the powder composition in the material supply systems with minimal resistance. Based on the peculiarities of the methods of obtaining spherical powders in order to obtain spherical granules of a regulated grain size, the technology of electroerosive dispersion, which is distinguished by relatively low energy costs and ecological cleanliness of the process, is proposed. The main advantage of the proposed technology is the use of waste as raw materials, which is much cheaper than the pure components used in traditional technologies. In addition, this technology is powder, which allows to obtain powder-alloys. The widespread use of the method of EED for the processing of metal waste into powders for the purpose of their reuse and application in additive technologies is hampered by the lack of complete information in the scientific and technical literature on the influence of the original composition, modes and media on the properties of powders and technologies of practical application. Therefore, the development of technologies for the reuse of EED powders and the evaluation of the effectiveness of their use requires the conduct of comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies. The purpose of this work was to obtain and study additive products from electroerosive cobalt-chromium powders of a specific particle size distribution and to study their microstructure. The granulometry of the obtained powders was determined on a laser analyzer of particle sizes “Analysette 22 NanoTec”. The microstructure of additive samples from cobalt-chromium powders (by transverse polishing) was investigated by optical microscopy on an inverted optical microscope OLYMPUS GX51. On the basis of completed studies, aimed at obtaining and studying additive products from electroerosive cobalt-chrome powders of a specific particle size distribution, and studying their microstructure, it was found that additive samples, obtained from a cobalt-chrome powder with an average particle size of 35,68 microns, have practically no pores.

Application of Additive Technology in Precision Casting

In this paper the surface of the prepared test specimens had been examined with light microscopy and surface roughness measurements. In order to improve the surface smoothness of PLA specimens, application of ethyl acetate was required. After this surface treatment, microscopic images were taken again. The melting and decomposition temperatures of the materials had been determined using derivatography. The chosen method was precision casting with gypsum molding. Also, the plaster molds had been burnt out according to the predefined melting and firing diagram. The measurement series shows that the samples produced by 3D printing can also be used in the field of precision casting. They provide greater freedom of design, more sophisticated pieces, and prototypes can be finished in a shorter amount of time.

Application of Additive Technology in Precision Casting

In this paper the surface of the prepared test specimens had been examined with light microscopy and surface roughness measurements. In order to improve the surface smoothness of PLA specimens, application of ethyl acetate was required. After this surface treatment, microscopic images were taken again. The melting and decomposition temperatures of the materials had been determined using derivatography. The chosen method was precision casting with gypsum molding. Also, the plaster molds had been burnt out according to the predefined melting and firing diagram. The measurement series shows that the samples produced by 3D printing can also be used in the field of precision casting. They provide greater freedom of design, more sophisticated pieces, and prototypes can be finished in a shorter amount of time.

Application of additive technologies for manufacturing turbine stator parts in aircraft engines

Continuous development of additive technologies and fast prototyping methods makes it possible to use them in manufacturing of complex shape models to a high precision. The traditional technological manufacture process of critical hot gas path parts by investment casting is expensive and time consuming in view of its technological complexity. It is related to the wax casting process which provides complex profiles with high geometrical accuracy. The acceleration of the investment casting process should increase the productivity of the manufacturing process of such hot gas path parts as the turbine stator, however, it is not allowed to decrease the geometric accuracy of the finished product. The aim of this work is to compare technological processes for manufacturing turbine stator parts at various temperatures using the fast prototyping method (wax casting in silicone molds). The dimensional analysis of the stator castings showed that casting in silicone molds provides the required geometric accuracy. Thus, silicone molds can be viewed as a good cost-effective solution for small-scale or pilot production of high-precision complex parts in gas turbine engines. This article describes the procedure for the integrated application of additive technologies and thermographic analysis to accelerate the investment casting process by determining the optimal temperature conditions and cooling period. Ultimately, it reduces the duration of the production cycle and the cost of the finished product while retaining the quality characteristics.

Obtaining and Research of Additive Products from Electroerosive Cobalt-Chrome Powders

Based on the particularity of the methods of obtaining spherical shape powders in order to obtain spherical granules of a regulated grain size, the technology of electroerosive dispersion, which is distinguished by relatively low energy costs and ecological cleanliness of the process, is described. The widespread use of the method of EED for the processing of metal waste into powders for the purpose of their reuse and application in additive technologies is constrained by the lack of complete information in the scientific and technical literature about the influence of the original composition, modes and media on the properties of powders and technologies of practical application. Therefore, the development of technologies for the reuse of EED powders and the evaluation of the effectiveness of their use requires the conduct of comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies. The purpose of this work was to obtain and study additive products from electroerosive cobalt-chromium powders of a specific particle size distribution and to study their microstructure. The granulometry of the obtained powders was determined on a laser analyzer of particle sizes “Analysette 22 NanoTec”. The microstructure of additive samples from cobalt-chromium powders was investigated by optical microscopy on an inverted optical microscope OLYMPUS GX51. On the basis of completed studies, aimed at obtaining and studying additive products from electroerosive cobalt-chrome powders of a specific particle size distribution, and studying their microstructure, it was found that additive samples, obtained from a cobalt-chrome powder with an average particle size of 35.68 μm, have practically no pores.

The wear resistance additive products derived from EED cobalt powder

The main claim for powders for additive 3D technologies is a spherical shape of particles. Such particles are the most compact, packed in a certain volume and provide "fluidity" of the powder composition in the material supply systems with the least resistance. The wide use of the method of metal waste recycling into powders for their reuse and application in additive technologies is constrained by the lack of scientific and technical literature complete information on the impact of the original composition, modes and environment on the powder properties and practical application technologies. Therefore, comprehensive theoretical and practical researches are required to develop technologies for the reuse of electro-erosion powders and to estimate the effectiveness of their use. The aim of the work was to study the wear resistance of additive product samples, obtained from cobalt-chromium electro-erosion powder. The wear resistance of the samples was studied on a high-temperature tribometer manufactured by CCM tools. The friction coefficient (initial, maximum and average) is determined on the basis of the wear resistance assessment. The wear coefficient value of the statistical partner and the wear coefficient of the electric spark coating were also identified. The visual image of the wear trace and the wear groove profile of the electro-spark coating are shown.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АДДИТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ И ПРИ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИИ КЕРАМИЧЕСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

Additive technologies that allow creating volume objects of different complexity are becoming popular in different industries. There is an increase in the scale of introduction of 3D printing technologies in the construction industry, including in the production of ceramic products. With the help of modern additive technologies, different models, products and designs are created. They can be complex and can be made from different materials. Experts are wondering what the future holds for additive technologies in construction, as well as in ceramic production, as these technologies can save resources, reduce the time of the technological process and form complex shapes.
 The article presents an analytical review of the global application of additive technologies in construction, as well as in the manufacture of ceramic products. The advantages and disadvantages, the possibilities of 3D printing are considered. The creation of ceramic three-dimensional products is still a rare area of additive technologies that requires research. The production of ceramic products, superior to other materials in terms of high temperature strength, hardness, chemical and thermal resistance, has a high potential for the use of additive technologies. The types of construction 3D printers and raw materials for them are analyzed. The results of a study of the properties of clay raw materials of the Sannikovsky, Namtsyrsky and Kangalassky deposits of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented.

The Phase Composition of Products from Electro-Erosive Cobalto-Chrome Powders, Obtained by Additive Technologies

The main requirement for powders for additive 3d technologies is the spherical shape of the particles. Such particles are most compactly packed into a certain volume and ensure the "fluidity" of the powder composition in the supply systems of the material with minimal resistance. The wide use of the EED method for processing metal waste into powders for the purpose of their reuse and application in additive technologies is hampered by the lack in the scientific and technical literature of full-fledged information on the effect of the initial composition, regimes and media on the properties of powders and technologies of practical application. Therefore, in order to develop technologies for the reuse of electroerosive powders and to evaluate the effectiveness of their use, complex theoretical and experimental studies are required. The aim of the work was to conduct a phase analysis of additive products from electroerosive cobalt-chrome powders. The phase composition of the samples was studied by X-ray diffraction on a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer in Cu-Kα radiation (wavelength λ = 0.154178 nm) using Soller slits. Based on the results of the X-ray diffraction analysis of additive articles from electroerosion cobalt-chrome powders, it has been experimentally established that the main phases in the sintered samples are Co, Cr and Co3C.

Synthesis of Ultra-Dispersed Spherical Composite Materials

This paper describes a method of laser synthesis of titanium microspheres, titanium carbide and silicon oxide. The formation of microspheres is carried out under the action of femtosecond laser radiation on the surface of the sample. The analysis was carried out on a scanning electron microscope. The obtained titanium and titanium carbide microspheres have an average size of the main fraction of 1-3 μm and can be used in applications of additive technologies and powder metallurgy as the main raw material or as an alloying additive. The main fraction of silicon oxide granules lies in the range of 50-300 nm. To improve the efficiency of the particle output, a combined method of laser action and electric current is proposed.