Industrial Applications Research Articles

Machine learning approach for prediction of hole oversize using acoustic emission signal features in ultrasonic machining of inconel 718

ABSTRACT The material removal in the ultrasonic machining process is due to the fracture of the workpiece material. The fracture is owing to the energy transfer by vibrating abrasive particles. The vibrating particles impact the workpiece surface and machining takes place, leading to the size of the machining hole, which is of interest to understand to guarantee efficient machining with accuracy and precision. In the current investigation, the hole oversize (HOS) during the ultrasonic machining of Inconel 718 super alloy is attempted. An acoustic emission sensor is integrated with the machining setup, and signal information is extracted in the time and time-frequency domain. The features and process parameters are input to a support vector regression model to estimate HOS. The model developed for HOS prediction yields an accuracy of 97.87%. The developed model can be beneficial for the real-time monitoring of HOS during the ultrasonic machining process for industrial and remote applications.

A Systematic Study of the Structural Properties of Technical Lignins

Technical lignins are globally available and a sustainable feedstock. The unique properties of technical lignins suggest that these materials should have several industrial applications. The main proposal of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the structure and properties of two technical lignins. Morphological, chemical, physical, and thermal properties of sodium lignosulfonate (LGNa) and magnesium lignosulfonate (LGMg) were investigated. The results showed that a higher formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds may occur in lignins with a higher content of phenolic hydroxyl groups, such as LGMg. As a result, an increase in the energy of hydrogen bonds in the lignosulfonate structure was observed, without significant change in the hydrogen bond distances. In addition, higher content of phenolic hydroxyl groups might also reduce lignosulfonates thermal stability. The combustion index value was three times higher for LGMg than for LGNa. The characterization study also revealed that phenolic hydroxyl groups influence the main properties of technical lignins and can be a determining factor when these lignosulfonates are used in industrial applications.

Elemental Germanium Activation and Catalysis Enabled by Mechanical Force

In the realm of materials science and chemical industry, germanium emerges as a strategic resource with distinctive properties that extend its applicability beyond traditional electronics and optics into the promising field of chemical catalysis. Despite its significant role in advanced technological applications, the potential of elemental germanium as a catalyst remains unexplored. Leveraging recent developments in mechanochemistry, this study introduces a groundbreaking approach to activate elemental germanium via mechanical force, facilitating the Reformatsky reaction without the reliance on external reducing agents. Meanwhile, we have also demonstrated, for the first time, the catalytic activity of elemental germanium, successfully achieving this through the bromoalkylation of alkenes. These achievements mark a significant advancement in the field of catalysis and open up a new promising avenue for both academic research and industrial applications.

The Role of Ionic Liquids in Textile Processes: A Comprehensive Review

Thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have moved from niche academic interest to critical components in various industrial applications. The textile industry, facing significant environmental and economic pressures, has begun to explore ILs as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents and chemicals. This review summarizes research on the use of ILs in various textile processes, including dyeing, finishing, and fiber recycling, where their high thermal stability, tunable solubility, and low volatility are exploited to reduce resource consumption and environmental impact. The discussion also extends to the integration of ILs in textile waste recycling, highlighting innovative approaches to fiber dissolution and regeneration aimed at circular economy goals. Despite these advances, challenges such as high production costs and scalability remain barriers to the widespread adoption of ILs in the textile sector. Addressing these barriers through continued research and development is essential to fully realize the potential of ILs for sustainable transformation in textiles.

Elemental Germanium Activation and Catalysis Enabled by Mechanical Force

In the realm of materials science and chemical industry, germanium emerges as a strategic resource with distinctive properties that extend its applicability beyond traditional electronics and optics into the promising field of chemical catalysis. Despite its significant role in advanced technological applications, the potential of elemental germanium as a catalyst remains unexplored. Leveraging recent developments in mechanochemistry, this study introduces a groundbreaking approach to activate elemental germanium via mechanical force, facilitating the Reformatsky reaction without the reliance on external reducing agents. Meanwhile, we have also demonstrated, for the first time, the catalytic activity of elemental germanium, successfully achieving this through the bromoalkylation of alkenes. These achievements mark a significant advancement in the field of catalysis and open up a new promising avenue for both academic research and industrial applications.

Determination of Vibration Properties and Reliable Frequency Estimation for Synchronous Vibrations Through Improved Blade Tip Timing Techniques Without a Once-per-Revolution Sensor

Synchronous vibrations, which are caused by periodic excitations, can have a severe impact on the service life of impellers. Blade Tip Timing (BTT) is a promising technique for monitoring synchronous vibrations due to its non-intrusive nature and ability to monitor all blades at once. BTT generally employs a Once-per-Revolution (OPR) sensor that is mounted on the shaft for blade identification and deflection calculation. Nevertheless, OPR sensors can be unreliable, as they may be affected by shaft vibrations, and their implementation can be restricted by space constraints. Moreover, the low number of BTT sensors typically leads to under-sampled deflection signals, which consequently hinders the estimation of the vibration frequencies due to aliasing problems. For this reason, BTT is commonly accompanied by strain gauge (SG) measurements on some blades. In this paper, improved BTT techniques are presented, which enable the determination of vibration properties of synchronous vibrations without the need for an OPR sensor and ensure a reliable frequency assessment. Specifically, the blades are identified by unique characteristics resulting from manufacturing tolerances, while the blade deflections are calculated through a novel method, which relies on the impeller’s circumferential position. The proposed method enables accurate OPR-free calculation of blade deflections, by accounting for speed variations within a revolution and considering the actual blade positions on the impeller. By completely eliminating the need for an OPR sensor, the accuracy of BTT is enhanced, as the blade deflections are no longer affected by shaft vibrations, while speed variations within a revolution can be accounted for. Moreover, the implementation possibilities of BTT are improved, allowing its application in systems, where an OPR sensor cannot be instrumented due to space constraints. Subsequently, the vibration frequencies are accurately estimated, by employing an improved Multi-Sampling method based on Non-Uniform Fast Fourier Transform. This approach enables the blind analysis of BTT measurements and can identify multiple vibration frequencies. The proposed method expands the capabilities of BTT through a reliable assessment of vibration frequencies from under-sampled BTT signals. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to accompany BTT measurements with SG measurements for frequency identification. Finally, the vibration properties are determined using regression models. The proposed BTT techniques are validated through comparison with SG measurements as well as a commercial BTT system, using experimental data from a test bench of a turbocharger used for marine applications. The vibrations were recorded under real operating conditions, thus demonstrating the industrial applicability of the proposed BTT evaluation procedure.

Biomimetic Silicone Surfaces for Antibacterial Applications

Biomimetic patterning emerges as a promising antibiotic-free approach to protect medical devices from bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. The main advantage of this approach lies in its simplicity and scalability for industrial applications. In this study, we employ it to produce antibacterial coatings based on silicone materials, widely used in the healthcare industry. In doing so, we patterned silicone substrates with a topography of various flower petals (rose, chamomile, pansy, and magnolia) and studied the relationship between the antibacterial properties of the obtained biomimetic substrates and their surface topography. To study the surface topography of biomimetic surfaces, we used the fractal analysis of their SEM images. In particular, as a measure of surface complexity and heterogeneity, we used the values of the developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) and lacunarity coefficient (β). In the result, we found that the bacterial area coverage of biomimetic substrates decreased exponentially with the increase in their surface complexity and heterogeneity, and prominent antibacterial properties were observed at β > 1.6 and Sdr > 50. The results of this study can be used to identify biomimetic materials with superior antibacterial properties and produce efficient antibacterial silicone coatings for biomedical and healthcare applications.

Control of water for high-yield and low-cost sustainable electrochemical synthesis of uniform monolayer graphene oxide

Abstract With the rapid development of graphene industry, low-cost sustainable synthesis of monolayer graphene oxide (GO) has become more and more important for many applications such as water desalination, thermal management, energy storage and functional composites. Compared to the conventional chemical oxidation methods, water electrolytic oxidation of graphite-intercalation-compound (GIC) shows significant advantages in environmental-friendliness, safety and efficiency, but suffers from non-uniform oxidation, typically ~50 wt.% yield with ~50% monolayers. Here, we show that water-induced deintercalation of GIC is responsible for the non-uniform oxidation of the water electrolytic oxidation method. Using in-situ experiments, the control principles of water diffusion governing electrochemical oxidation and deintercalation of GIC are revealed. Based on these principles, a liquid membrane electrolysis method was developed to precisely control the water diffusion to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between oxidation and deintercalation, enabling industrial sustainable synthesis of uniform monolayer GO with a high yield (~180 wt.%) and a very low cost (~1/7 of Hummers’ methods). Moreover, this method allows precise control on the structure of GO and the synthesis of GO by using pure water. This work provides new insights into the role of water in electrochemical reaction of graphite and paves the way for the industrial applications of GO.

Investigation into high-speed impact response of composite sandwich structures

Sandwich structures composed of top and bottom face sheets and an inner core are commonly used for energy-absorbing applications, mainly because of their superior stiffness-to-weight ratio and crashworthiness. Despite extensive studies on the ballistic behavior of monolithic and composite materials, limited research has focused on hybrid sandwich structures combining lightweight and ductile materials like thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with high-strength aluminum. This study aimed to numerically establish the ballistic limit velocities and the penetrating and perforation resistances of composite sandwich structures to address this gap. The sandwich panels were manufactured from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and aluminum (Al) 2024-T351 as core and face sheets/skins, respectively. The panels were subjected to an impact to investigate the effects of various thicknesses of their face skins and core on high-speed impact resistance. From the results obtained, it was evident that the numerical models simulated experiments with high accuracy. The impact and damage resistances of the composite sandwich structures increased with the thicknesses of their core and face sheets. The resistance of the structure increased by 19% by increasing the thickness of face sheets from 1.2 to 2.0 mm. Similarly, the resistance of the composites can be increased by 44% by increasing the core thickness from 20 to 50 mm. Therefore, it can be established that the impact resistance of the composite sandwich structures depended on the thicknesses of their core and skins. The investigated performances of the different composite sandwich structures should guide their choice for various industrial applications.

In Silico Structural Insights into a Glucanase from Clostridium perfringens and Prediction of Structural Stability Improvement Through Hydrophobic Interaction Network and Aromatic Interaction.

Glucanases are widely applied in industrial applications such as brewing, biomass conversion, food, and animal feed. Glucanases catalyze the hydrolysis of glucan to produce the sugar hemiacetal through hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds. Current study aimed to investigate structural insights of a glucanase from Clostridium perfringens through blind molecular docking, site-specific molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and binding energy calculation. Furthermore, we aimed to enhance structural stabilization through formation of hydrophobic interaction network. The molecular docking results illustrated that residues Glu222 and Asp187 may act as nucleophile acid/base catalyst. Moreover, the MM/PBSA results illustrated a high binding affinity of 108.71 ± 8.5kJ/mol between glucanase and barely glucan during 100 ns simulation. The RMSF analysis illustrated a high flexible surface loop with the highest mobility at position D130. Therefore, the structural engineering was carried out through introducing a double-mutant S125Y/D130P, and the structural stability was improved by forming the hydrophobic interaction network and one π-π aromatic interaction. The spatial distance between the mutation sites and the catalytic pocket attenuates their direct impact on binding interactions within the catalytic pocket.

A Novel IGBT-Based Silicone Carbide Rectifier Design for Improved Energy Efficiency in Telco Data Centers

This study presents a novel topology designed to enhance the energy efficiency and quality of IGBT-based high-frequency rectifiers, which are commonly used to supply the high DC power required in industrial applications. In the proposed design, traditional silicon semiconductors are replaced with advanced SiC semiconductors, resulting in reduced switching losses and improved energy quality due to higher frequency switching. The new topology also offers solutions to challenges such as inrush current, reverse energy flow, and high DC output voltage issues typically encountered in IGBT-based rectifiers. The goal is for this topology to maximize efficiency and applicability. The proposed design is simulated in the Simulink environment, with the results presented in the findings section. To highlight the advantages of the new topology, the electrical parameters of the widely used three-phase full-bridge IGBT rectifier topology are employed for comparison.

Enhancing corrosion resistance in HCl environments: Comparative efficacy of a conjugated 3ph-Schiff base versus benzotriazole

This research addresses the need for effective corrosion inhibitors in industrial applications, evaluating the performance of 4-nitro-2-(((1E,2E)-3-phenylallylidene)amino)aniline (noted as 3ph-Schiff base) as a corrosion inhibitor in comparison to benzotriazole (BTA) in a high-concentration 3 M HCl environment. Unlike studies conducted in lower concentrations (e.g. 0.1 and 1 M), this study aims to assess inhibitor performance under more aggressive conditions. Rigorous methods, including Tafel polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and mass loss measurements, revealed variations in inhibition efficiency (IE). Polarisation data indicated that 3ph-Schiff base at 0.3% (approximately 8.96 mM) achieved a maximum IE of 99.5%, surpassing BTA at the same concentration (approximately 25.2 mM), which recorded an IE of 96.9%. Meanwhile, EIS analysis yielded slightly lower IE values, with 3ph-Schiff base reaching 90.21% and BTA 67.39%, reflecting the complementary nature of these methods. The corrosion inhibition mechanism of 3ph-Schiff base is attributed to strong adsorption on the metal surface, where amino (NH2) and nitro (NO2) groups promote stable complex formation with metal ions, enhancing electron donation and forming a protective layer that blocks corrosive agents. Scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping confirm uniform nitrogen and carbon surface coverage, integral to the protective layer. This layer acts as both a physical barrier and an electrochemical passivator, effectively reducing anodic and cathodic reactions. The combined effects of adsorption, physical blocking and passivation underscore the 3ph-Schiff base's superior performance as a corrosion inhibitor in acidic environments.

Optimizing Growth Conditions and Biochemical Properties of Chondracanthus acicularis (Rhodophyta) in Laboratory Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the laboratory cultivation of Chondracanthus acicularis, focusing on key environmental parameters such as nutrient levels and light exposure. The results provide insights into the optimal growth conditions and biochemical composition of C. acicularis, which are crucial for its sustainable exploitation in industrial applications. Significant differences in the relative growth rate (RGR) and productivity (Y) were found between the different treatments. Seaweed grown on Provasoli (PES) Medium with white LED light and red LED light showed the best growth rates. Negative growth was observed in treatments with Nutribloom plus®, and blue LED light. The proximate composition analysis revealed a high moisture content across all treatments, with significant differences in ash and organic matter content between the treatments. The use of LED light played a crucial role in optimizing growth by influencing photosynthetic efficiency and pigment production. The proximate composition varied significantly between treatments, especially ash and organic matter. Light and nutrient conditions also influenced pigmentation and colour characteristics, with significant changes in phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll concentration. PES treatments consistently showed the highest colour variation. These findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on seaweed growth, productivity, pigmentation, and proximate composition, and provide valuable insights for optimized cultivation strategies.

Molecular Characterization and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Paenibacillus Dendritiformis Endophyte Isolated from Tecomella Undulata (Roheda)

In this study, we have isolated a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus dendritiformis strain RAE13 (Accession number: OR259131) from the leaves of Tecomella undulata (Roheda) plant. The identification of bacterial species was carried out using 16s-rDNA ribotyping. Subsequently, the isolated bacterial strain was gauged for its potential to endorse plant growth through various mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, IAA production, HCN synthesis, siderophore generation, and ammonia production. Furthermore, the evaluation focused on the endophyte's capacity for producing extracellular enzymes, including cellulase, chitinase, protease, amylase, and catalase. The endophyte exhibited to synthesize an average of 18±0.375 μg/ml of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) after being subjected to a concentration of 5 mg/ml of tryptophan over a 14-day incubation period. The endophytic isolate RAE 13 produced an average of 42.4±0.004 μg/ml of Gibberellin, solubilized phosphate in the range of 70.2 μg/ml to 135.5 μg/ml, and produced an average of 45.5 μg/ml of ammonia. The phylogenetic analysis unveiled that the isolated strain RAE13 had a common ancestor and had a maximum nucleotide sequence similarity of 98.30% with Paenibacillus sp isolates of Uttar Pradesh, India. To diminish the consumption of chemicals in conventional farming, the results indicated that the isolated endophyte had great potential as a plant growth-stimulating inoculant. Henceforward, utilization of these extracellular enzymes for medical and industrial applications will be highly beneficial. Additionally, it could enhance plant tolerance to challenging environmental circumstances including drought and high temperatures.

Terahertz programmable metasurface based on solid-state plasma

Terahertz modulation technology based on programmable metasurfaces can respond in real time to external signals or environmental changes, enabling flexible and adaptive control of terahertz waves. This technology demonstrates significant potential and importance across various fields, including communication, imaging, scientific research, security monitoring, and industrial applications. This paper proposes a terahertz programmable metasurface based on solid-state plasma, utilizing solid-state plasma devices to achieve dynamic control of properties such as the amplitude and phase of terahertz waves. Compared to traditional silicon-based devices, GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures enhance both the forward current and solid-state plasma concentration of the metasurface devices by two orders of magnitude, with carrier concentrations exceeding 1019 cm−3. Additionally, we designed a solid-state plasma metasurface containing 12×12 supercells, achieving dynamic modulation of terahertz waves in the elevation direction through different coding schemes. Furthermore, this paper explores the stealth control mechanism of solid-state plasma metasurfaces, achieving effective cloaking of detection targets through specific phase compensation.

Targeted Adherence and Enhanced Degradation of Feather Keratins by a Novel Prepeptidase C-Terminal Domain-Fused Keratinase.

Keratinases are valuable enzymes for converting feather keratin waste into bioactive products but often suffer from poor substrate specificity and low catalytic efficiency. This study reported the creating of a novel keratinase with targeted adherence and specific degradation on feather keratins by fusing prepeptidase C-Terminal (PPC) domain. A PPC domain of metalloprotease E423 specifically adsorbed feather keratins by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Stepwise N-/C-terminal truncations disclosed the essential core sequence composed of 21 amino acid residues determining the keratin-targeted adherence. Fusion of the core fragment with a flexible linker (GGGGS)1 achieved the optimal secretion, and improved the catalytic efficiency of a representative keratinase 4-3Ker-MAV by 0.97-fold. Moreover, the feather degradation rate increased from 65 to 82%, representing the highest reported performance for a keratinase. This PPC-fusion strategy opens new horizons in enzyme engineering, promising not only to revolutionize keratin waste valorization but also to inspire the design of substrate-specific biocatalysts across diverse industrial applications.

Utilization of orange peel waste for activated carbon production and its application in particleboard for formaldehyde emission reduction

AbstractActivated carbon (AC) is valued for its large surface area, porosity, and chemical adsorption properties, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. Its most common sources are coconut shells, wood, and coal – all of which are costly or harmful to the environment. It is thus important to finding sustainable feedstock, such as agricultural waste. Inexpensive materials like waste orange peel have been used in the production of AC. This study explores the synthesis of AC from orange peel waste through phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation for potential applications in reducing volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde emissions in particleboard production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to examine AC. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of AC was 497 m2·g⁻¹. The addition of AC to urea‐formaldehyde (UF) adhesive enhanced cross‐linking and condensation reactions, improving the mechanical and physical properties of particleboards without compromising integrity. The effects of AC on formaldehyde emissions were assessed at 0 and 3 months. Compared to the control group, particleboards with AC showed a 28.98% reduction in free formaldehyde emissions at 0 months and a 45.25% reduction at 3 months. Activated carbon derived from orange peels can thus improve particleboard properties while reducing formaldehyde emissions in an environmentally sustainable way.

Integrating spatial cognition and SLAM for improved performance of autonomous material handling robots in dynamic stockyard environments

Purpose The purpose of this study is to detail the design and development of a robust and practical perception system for autonomous material handling robots (AMHRs) operating within industrial stockyards. This system aims to support simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) while generating large-scale spatial cognition, ensuring accurate, low-latency, and scalable operations in demanding industrial environments. Design/methodology/approach The proposed perception system integrates multimodal perception sensors, efficient algorithms and commercial hardware devices to o provide SLAM-based large-scale spatial cognition for distributed AMHRs. The system’s design emphasizes practicality, efficiency and readiness for real-world deployment, ensuring it meets the stringent requirements of accuracy, latency and scalability. Findings Experiments conducted in a real industrial stockyard environment demonstrate the practicality and robustness of the perception system. The system exhibits high performance in state estimation, stockpile modeling accuracy and motion spatial cognition, confirming its effectiveness for AMHR operations. Practical implications The developed system was practically used at Tianjin Port, demonstrating the potential for widespread industrial application, offering a scalable and efficient solution for AMHR operations. Its integration into diverse industrial settings can lead to significant improvements in material handling processes, contributing to enhanced productivity and operational efficiency. Originality/value This work presents an innovative perception system that combines advanced SLAM-based spatial cognition akin to that of the brain with practical deployment considerations. The system’s design and implementation address the specific challenges of AMHRs in industrial environments, providing a novel solution for enhancing the operational efficiency and adaptability of autonomous robots in stockyards and similar settings.

ZIF-8 metal-organic frameworks and their hybrid materials: emerging photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.

In the face of escalating environmental challenges such as fossil fuel dependence and water pollution, innovative solutions are essential for sustainable development. In this regard, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), specifically ZIF-8, act as promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation and renewable energy applications. ZIF-8, a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), is renowned for its large specific surface area, high porosity, rapid electron transfer ability, abundant functionalities, ease of designing, controllable properties, and remarkable chemical and thermal stability. However, its application as a standalone photocatalyst is limited by issues such as particle aggregation, poor water stability, and insufficient visible light absorption. By integrating ZIF-8 with various photoactive materials to form composite catalysts, these drawbacks can be mitigated, leading to enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. The review discusses the synthesis, properties, and applications of ZIF-8-based photocatalysts in light-driven H2 evolution, H2O2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and dye and drug degradation. It also highlights the challenges and future research directions in developing cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly ZIF-8 composites for industrial applications. The potential of ZIF-8 composites to contribute to sustainable global energy solutions and environmental cleanup is significant, yet further exploration is required to harness their capabilities thoroughly.

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Germplasm

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a promising oilseed crop with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. Understanding the oil content and fatty acid composition of safflower germplasm is crucial for breeding programs aimed at enhancing its agronomic and nutritional traits. This study assessed the oil content and fatty acid composition in 87 safflower accessions. Significant variations were observed, with the oil content ranging from 36.88% to 18.44%. Genotype Egypt 1 exhibited the highest oil content. Among fatty acids, China 1 had the highest myristic acid (0.170%) content, while Remzibey had the lowest (0.100%). Palmitic acid ranged from 6.13% to 8.20%, with Egypt 3 and Bangladesh 3 at the extremes. For palmitoleic acid, Jordan 5 had the highest content (0.53%) and Bangladesh 2/Portugal 2 the lowest (0.03%). Linoleic acid varied from 37.7% (China 7) to 77.73% (Iran 1). A correlation analysis indicated strong positive correlations between protein and oil content, as well as between palmitic and myristic acids, and between palmitic and linoleic acids. Conversely, protein exhibited highly negative correlations with myristic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acids. The protein percentage showed a high heritability but a low genetic advance, while palmitic acid, oil percentage, stearic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid showed a high heritability and a moderate genetic advance as a percentage of the mean. These findings can aid in developing cultivars with enhanced fatty acids, oil quality, and nutritional value, facilitating sustainable production for a wide range of industrial applications.