Apple Pulp Research Articles

Impact of Beetroot Pulp on Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Apple-Based Spread

Spread is a nutritious and flavourful alternative to the jams and butters. The current study's goal was to create a functional spread based on apples by adding beetroot pulp and evaluating its physico-chemical, microbial and sensory properties under ambient storage conditions. The control spread was made exclusively of apple pulp. The remaining five functional spread samples comprised of apple pulp and beetroot pulp in the proportions of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50, respectively. The spread samples were stored in glass jar and evaluated at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months of storage. The spread's moisture content (24.97-19.79%) was reduced while TSS (60.00-63.44ºBrix), titratable acidity (0.500-0.648%), reducing sugars (24.30-28.15%) and total sugars (55.76-58.78%) were increased with the increase in storage duration. The microbial count remained below the permissible limit for the entire six months of storage. Colour, texture, taste and mouthfeel ratings showed that the spread with 60% apple pulp and 40% beetroot pulp performed better than the other blends of apple-beetroot spread.

The regulatory module MdCPCL-MdILR3L mediates the synthesis of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin in apple.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most economically valuable fruit crops globally and a key dietary source for various nutrients. However, the levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) and anthocyanin, essential micronutrients for human health, are extremely low in the pulp of commonly cultivated apple varieties. In the present study, the second-generation hybrid strain of Xinjiang red-fleshed apple ('Zihong No. 1' × 'Gala') was used as the test material. The results revealed that AsA content was significantly higher in red-fleshed apple pulp than in non-red-fleshed varieties, and the expression of MdGLDH, a key gene in the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway, correlated strongly with AsA levels. Using the promoter of MdGLDH as bait, an R3-type MYB transcription factor (TF), MdCPC-like, was identified through yeast one-hybrid screening. Further analysis revealed that the overexpression of MdCPCL increased the AsA and anthocyanin levels in both callus and fruits, whereas MdCPCL knockdown led to a reduction in their levels. Moreover, the interaction between MdCPCL and the bHLH TF MdILR3-like was confirmed, forming the MdCPCL-MdILR3L complex. This complex significantly enhanced the transcription of downstream target genes MdGLDH and MdANS, promoting the synthesis of AsA and anthocyanins. This study contributes to further enrich the anabolic pathways of AsA and anthocyanin in apples and provides a theoretical foundation for the quality breeding of red-fleshed apple varieties.

Development of Wood Apple Jujube Jellies: Physicochemical, Sensorial and Stability Properties

Jujube looks like jelly and is prepared by addition of fruit,sugar ,Gelatin and water. In India production of fruit is second highest and wood apple is seasonal and underutilised fruit so to popularise this underutilised fruit and supply throughout the year, value added product jujube was developed. underutilised fruit so to popularise this underutilised fruit and supply throughout the year, value added product jujube was developed Limonia acidissima is widely recognized for its medicinal properties renowned for its therapeutic benefits and boosts numerous documented medicinal applications. The aim of this study is to develop value added wood apple jujube soft candy product and to evaluate physico-chemical, nutrient, sensory and storage studies of the developed product. The control group (which was made with the addition of 10g of citric acid) achieved the highest over all sensory score of 8.59 followed by wood apple jujube -1(which was made with the addition of 45g of wood apple pulp), recording scores of 7.55. Jujubes exhibited a protein content of 18.25g/100g, a notable moisture level of 47.55g/100g, followed by 32.20g/100g carbohydrates, with the lowest attributed to fat at 0.2g/100g. The amount of crude fiber was measured at 1g/100 g, alongside its calorific value. The jujubes, Wood apple jujube-1 (which comprises 45 g of wood apple and 30 g of sugar), were packed in High density poly ethylene and kept under normal and Refrigerated conditions. A decline in mean scores was observed for appearance (4.65), texture (5.4), color (5.5), aroma (5.75), flavor (5.2), and overall acceptability (4.6) when stored at ambient temperature over a nine-day span compared to the starting values.

Bacterial cellulose production through the valorization of waste apple pulp and stale bread

AbstractIn this work, stale bread and waste apple pulp were used as feedstocks for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC). A glucose-rich solution was prepared from stale bread by dilute acid hydrolysis, while an extract comprising fructose and glucose was obtained from the waste apple pulp, which was used for cultivating Komagataeibacter xylinus DSM 2004, either as sole feedstocks or supplemented with Hestrin-Schramm medium. Supplementation significantly improved BC production: 3.38 ± 0.09 g/L for waste apple pulp extract and 2.07 ± 0.22 g/L for stale bread hydrolysate. There was no significant impact on BC chemical structure or fiber diameter, but the biopolymer produced from waste apple pulp extract had slightly higher crystallinity (CI = 59–69%) and lower thermal degradation temperature (Tdeg = 341–350 ℃) than that of the stale bread hydrolysate (CI = 55%; Tdeg = 316–320 ℃). Moreover, supplementation of the waste apple pulp extract led to the preparation of thicker membranes, with higher Young’s modulus, tension, and deformation at break but lower water uptake capacity and lower permeability to O2 and CO2. These results show that waste apple pulp and stale bread are suitable feedstocks for BC production and the cultivation conditions can be adjusted for tailoring the biopolymer’s mechanical and barrier properties to suit different applications.

Preparation of Value Added Cow Milk Lassi Blended with Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Pulp

Lassi was prepared from different proportions of cow milk and custard apple pulp, i.e., 100:0 (T1), 90:10 (T2), 85:15 (T3), and 80:20 (T4). The mean score for the flavour was 8.17, 8.21, 8.32, and 8.27 for lassi prepared under treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The highest score was obtained by treatment T3, while the lowest score was recorded by treatment T1. The result indicated that the lassi prepared with 15 per cent custard apple pulp was superior over 0, 10, and 20, per cent levels. The colour and appearance score of lassi was significantly affected due to the addition of different levels of custard apple pulp. The mean scores for colour and appearance of lassi were T1 (8.43), T2 (8.45), T3 (8.48), and T4 (8.46). The highest score (8.48 out of 9) was obtained from lassi prepared with 15 per cent custard apple pulp as compared to other treatments. The highest score was obtained by treatment T3, while the lowest score was obtained by treatment T1. The body and texture score of lassi was significantly affected due to the addition of different levels of pulp. The significantly highest score (8.40 out of 9) was obtained by lassi prepared with 15 per cent (T3) custard apple pulp, while the lowest score (8.35) was obtained by plain lassi (T1). The sensory scores for overall acceptability of custard apple lassi treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 8.33, 8.35, 8.39, and 8.36, respectively. It was observed that the custard apple lassi prepared from 85 parts cow milk and 15 parts custard apple pulp was most acceptable and ranked between like very much to like extremely. The addition of a higher proportion of pulp in the lassi was scored towards the lower side by a panel of judges.

Assessment of Some Heavy Elements in Selected Fruits from the Markets of Anbar Governorate: Implications for Human Health

Eating fruit can be a useful way to enhance health and reduce the risk of many diseases. At the same time, if this fruit exceeds the permissible limit, it can be a source of diseases dangerous to human health. Therefore, this issue presents a complex and multifaceted challenge. The current study aims to assess the concentration of certain heavy metals (chromium, iron, nickel, copper, manganese) in the pulp and peels of selected fruits from the markets of Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Ten types of fruits were selected (quince, fig, orange, apple, banana, mango, watermelon, carrot, pomegranate, kiwi) and compared with internationally permissible limits. The concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicated the concentration of some metals exceeding limits of the international standard. For instance, it was noted that the concentration of Ni in the peels very high and the samples that exceeded the international limit were; A2 – B2 – C2 – K2 – M2 – P2 – S2 where samples had 6.548, 3, 3.645, 3.323, 17.516, 4.290 and 5.258 mg/L of Ni. In the pulp, nickel was found at high concentrations exceeding the international limits in samples (A1 - B1 - C1 - K1 - M1 - O1 - P1 - S1), with concentrations of (23.645 - 3.968 - 6.226 - 13.645 - 2.355 - 8.806 - 19.129) mg/L. The highest Ni was found in apple pulp at 23 mg/L while the lowest concentration of Ni was found in orange peel and fig pulp at 0.097 mg/L.

The role of processing on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of apple derivatives

Fruit derivatives are commonly obtained by applying processing operations deemed responsible for the loss of phenol compounds, but very little information is available on the fate of phenols upon digestion of these products. The present study evaluated the effect of thermal and mechanical treatments, commonly applied to turn apple pulp into puree and homogenate, on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity.Despite a 20 % decrease in polyphenols due to processing, their bioaccessibility was higher in apple derivatives (>20 %) compared to pulp (∼2 %). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), inactivated by thermal treatments in apple derivatives but not in the pulp, was hypothesized to be responsible for this difference. Results acquired on an unprocessed PPO-free apple model, only featuring quercetin-3-glucoside and pectin, actually exhibited similar bioaccessibility as processed derivatives.The radical scavenging capacity was unaffected by the structural integrity of apples, indicating independence from the plant tissue's hierarchical arrangement. After digestion, radical scavenging capacity decreased in the real apple matrices, correlating with phenolic content, while it was retained in the apple model, further suggesting the pivotal food matrix role in modulating polyphenols bioaccessibility and subsequent biological activity.Translating these results to an industrial scale, processing conditions can be optimized not only to guarantee that the quality requirements are met, but also to achieve desired nutritional benefits.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФЕРМЕНТНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ РАЗЛИЧНОЙ СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЯБЛОЧНОГО СОКА

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of enzymatic treatment of fruit and berry raw materials in the production of alcoholized juices, fruit drinks, wine materials on apple juice indicators. Objectives: to study the effect of pectolytic preparations on apple pulp; screening of effective enzymatic systems that hydrolyze polymers of plant raw materials. The data reflecting the efficiency of using enzymes of different specificity of action on the yield of apple juice and its viscosity are presented. β-glucanases, pectinases and proteases were used as enzymes, which contributed to higher juice yield. It was found that an increase in the consumption of β-glucanase beyond the rational one contributed to an increase in the depth of hemicellulose hydrolysis, but reduced the efficiency of juice yield. The effect of the pectolytic complex enzymes was more effective than that of the proteolytic, hemicellulase and cellulolytic enzymes. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolyzing the structural polysaccharides of the plant cell, contribute to an increase in the juice yield of the raw material, without having a significant effect on reducing the viscosity of the juice, and even in some cases lead to its increase. The given graphical curves of the effect of enzymatic complexes of different specificity of action on the yield of apple juice show that all the tested indicators had an effect on increasing the juice yield and its extractivity. At the same time, xylanase and cellulase were less effective: the amount of juice formed after draining without pressing, the so-called "gravity juice", increased only by 23 and 35 %, respectively.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Genoprotective Effects of Callus Cultures Obtained from the Pulp of Malus pumila cv Miller (Annurca Campana Apple).

Apples are rich in phytochemicals useful for human health. However, environmental factors can greatly affect the accumulation of these compounds. To face this problem, the callus culture technique was used to obtain large quantities of phytochemicals. Specifically, two callus cultures were obtained from ripe Annurca apple pulp (Malus pumila cv Miller) and cultivated under different light conditions: darkness and an 18-h photoperiod. The hydro-alcoholic extracts from the calli underwent analysis using GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic and triterpenic acids. The study revealed the predominant presence of triterpenic compounds in both calli. Furthermore, we investigated their radical scavenging and antioxidant activities through DPPH, ABTS, ORAC assays, and lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Genoprotection was evaluated via nicking assay, and the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated via Griess assay on LPS-injured murine macrophages. All the analyses performed were compared with peel and pulp hydroalcoholic extracts. The results showed that both calli primarily show anti-inflammatory activity and moderate antioxidant effect and can protect DNA against oxidative stimuli. This data encouraged further research aimed at utilizing callus as a bioreactor to produce secondary metabolites for use in preventive and therapeutic applications to combat acute or chronic age-associated diseases.

Comparative Study of Vermicomposting: Apple Pomace Alone and in Combination with Wheat Straw and Manure

Considering the sporadic number of scientific studies on vermicomposting apple pomace waste, this research conducts a comparative analysis of vermicomposting processes using Eisenia fetida, focusing on apple pomace both independently and in combination with wheat straw and/or manure (experiment 1: 60% apple pomace and 40% cattle manure; experiment 2: 60% wheat straw and 40% cattle manure; experiment 3: 80% apple pomace, 10% wheat straw, and 10% cattle manure; and experiment 4: 100% apple pomace). After a 240-day substrate transformation period, all four variations of vermicompost produced demonstrated favorable sensory properties, along with high microbiological and physicochemical quality. Throughout the vermicomposting process, the pH of all vermicomposting mixtures changed, converging towards approximately neutral values by the process’s conclusion. There was an increase in dry matter content, as well as total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, along with organic matter. Notably, the levels of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) in both the vermicomposting materials and resulting vermicomposts remained significantly below the maximum permissible levels stipulated by Republic of Serbia and European Union legislation, which is directly linked to the ecological origin of the raw materials used. The microbiological quality of the final vermicomposts was deemed satisfactory. Over time, there was a decrease in the counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli. The counts of sulfite-reducing clostridia in all substrates remained below 102 CFU/g, while Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in either the composting materials or the resulting composts. The vermiculture of apple pulp exhibited advantageous characteristics, notably a shortened vermicomposting period (150 days) compared to other agricultural waste. This reduction in processing time contributes an additional layer of advantage to the overall quality and efficiency of the resulting vermicompost.

Optimization of the Co-Production between the Rice Husk and the Pulp of the Cashew Apple Produced in the Natural Region of Casamance

Anaerobic digestion or anaerobic digestion is a biological process of degradation of organic matter in an anaerobic environment. It involves the degradation and stabilization of complex organic matter by a consortium of micro-organisms leading to methane-rich biogas that can be used as an alternative energy to fossil fuels. In addition, the use of biogas allows for the preservation of the environment and the sustainable development of rural areas and landlocked regions, as well as the diversification of energy resources, but also contributes to the development of agriculture through the production of organic fertilizer. In 2018, Senegal was ranked as the 15th world exporter of cashew nuts with a production of around 18,000 tons per year according to a study by PADEC (Support Program for the Development of Casamance). Four regions mainly invest in it: Kolda, Ziguinchor, Sédhiou, and Fatick. However, in the natural region of Casamance ( Kolda, Ziguinchor, and Sédhiou), each year, after the cashew nut campaign, more than 342,000 tons of cashew apples, pressed or not, are rejected without any recovery, thus degrading in the environment. In addition, rice is traditionally grown in Casamance and in some Diola circles, it had become one of the criteria of wealth, which explains why it occupied most of the cultivated areas and each year thousands of tons of rice husk are burned for elimination/reduction without any recovery. These immense annual productions of waste, without any recovery, in a context dominated by a deficit in cooking and lighting energy constitutes a form of energy resilience and motivates us to study the co-digestion of the rice husk (with a report of C/N equal to 101.317) on cashew apple pulp (having a C/N ratio of 23.201 ). The study of the co-digestion of rice husk and apple pulp at the laboratory scale with the inoculum reveals, that the co-digestion with pH correction contains 39.40% methane and 51.50% carbon dioxide after 49 days of production and 64.04% methane (CH4) and 25.86% carbon dioxide (CO2) on the 96th day. For co-digestion without adjustment, production stopped on the 49th day with a production of 23.68% methane and 45.65% carbon dioxide.

Characterization of holocellulose extracted from agricultural and food processing byproducts via ecofriendly delignification pulping process

AbstractThis study investigated an ecofriendly peracetic acid delignification process to extract holocellulose from various fiber rich plant‐based byproducts (coconut palm spathe/leaf, apple pulp, wine grape pomace, hazelnut shell, and hemp fiber/hurd), and evaluated their physicochemical, morphological, and thermophysical properties in comparison with commercial cellulose nanofibers produced from wood. Holocellulose from coconut palm spathe has long fiber (~846.7 μm), whereas that from wine grape pomace and hazelnut shell exhibits a cylinder shape of particles with short fiber length (~123.8 and ~ 71.1 μm, respectively). Biofilms cast from apple pulp and hemp fiber holocellulose have higher degradation temperature (361 and 358°C, respectively) than biofilms from other materials, thus more thermally stable. All biofilms demonstrate high UV absorbance, and the biofilm cast from apple pulp holocellulose is transparent with smooth surface. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of cellulose and hemicellulose as the main components in the biofilms, along with traces of residual lignin that remained after the extraction process. This study demonstrates that holocellulose with varied cellulose morphology and polymeric characteristics could be extracted depending on the type of byproducts and be employed to produce sustainable packaging materials.

Impact of mineral and organic fertilisation practices on elemental authenticity signature on apple Royal Gala from protected geographical indication (PGI) “Maçã de Alcobaça”

Market demand, climate change and soil degradation force producers to maintain the productivity and quality of high-market-value products, such as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) fruits. “Maçã de Alcobaça” apples produced in the central-western part of Portugal, namely the variety Royal Gala, one of the PGI varieties with higher demand, are among those with higher requirements in terms of fertilization to maintain the high productivity demanded by the market. In the present work, three different soil NPK fertilization schemes were applied to experimental orchards within the PGI area (1 x mineral NPK proposed for integrated production, an intermediate strategy that included organic granular amendment and 2 x mineral NPK), and the elemental profiles of the apple pulps were analysed and compared. Some mineral elements improved their concentration in the apple pulps with fertilization due to interactions of these elements with the fertilizer components (namely, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) or to potential changes in the bioavailability of the elements in the soil due to fertilization application. From a nutritional perspective, enhancing the mineral profile of apple pulps can be achieved by applying 1 x NPK fertilization. Consuming an average of 2 fruits daily (160 g each) would then help meet a higher percentage of the daily requirements for most essential elements crucial for human nutrition. Also, noteworthy to mention, that none of the tested fertilization practices led to a reduction in the nutritional quality of the fruits analysed when compared to the 1 x NPK condition. The present work also had the objective of evaluating if these fertilization practices and the mineral changes induced would have implications for the PGI authenticity elemental signatures previously developed. Using Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) models calibrated with PGI and non-PGI (from North Portugal and Italy) samples and feeding these models with elemental profile data of fruits collected from fertilized orchards as blind samples, it was possible to observe that all samples from the fertilization trials were correctly classified as PGI samples. This reinforces the edaphic characteristics of the cultivation area's prevalent role over the effect of fertilization practices or physiological trait changes, in shaping the elemental signature of the fruits. This was found to be mostly due to the high influence of geologically linked elements (such as Rb, Pb and Y) in the discrimination of the sample provenance. This allows us to confirm the suitability of the elemental traceability models for “Maçã de Alcobaça” PGI authenticity validation, ensuring its provenance and nutritional characteristics to the consumers and maintaining its market value even if fertilization practices are applied to fight less favourable cultivation conditions.

Development of Biomass Derived Adsorbents using Wood Apple Pulp for the Removal of Contaminants

This study involves the development of biomass derived adsorbents from wood apple pulp for water and wastewater treatment. This biomass was modified by the addition of commercially available activated charcoal and copper nanoparticles. Adsorbent characterization was performed for understanding the surface morphology and surface area. These new adsorbents were further evaluated for their potentiality in removing dyes and API pollutants (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient). All the adsorbents were highly effective in the removal of these contaminants, 96% of Malachite Green and 72% of Congo Red was removed with a high adsorption capacity of 45 mg/g. API pollutant (Ciprofloxacin) removal showed 52% removal, which is greater when compared to several modified adsorbents. Adsorption equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetic models (pseudo first order and pseudo second order) were evaluated for fit of the experimental data. In general, the isotherm studies indicated multilayer adsorption.

Optimizing the GHG emissions and energy consumption of power plants in the industry of vacuum drying using a controlled atmosphere method (case study: apple pulp)

Optimizing the GHG emissions and energy consumption of power plants in the industry of vacuum drying using a controlled atmosphere method (case study: apple pulp)

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Features of Obtaining Pectins from Apple Pomace and Prospects for Use in Medicine and Pharmacy

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need to increase the level of providing patients with medicines. The development of new drugs using natural biomaterials remains relevant. The chemical and pharmaceutical features of obtaining apple pectin have been studied. The influence of technological factors during the extraction of apple pulp from different varieties of apples on the yield of pectin substances was studied. A chemical analysis of pectin content and output was carried out. The fractional composition of pectin substances was analyzed. Prospects for the use of pectins in medicine and pharmacy are outlined. The effect of the technological conditions of extraction of pectin extract from apple pomace on the content and yield of pectin in apple pulp from different varieties of apples was investigated. The technology for obtaining pectins from apple pulp in the presence of various acidic agents is presented, and it is established that the conditions for obtaining apple pectins are optimal for obtaining the highest yield of pectin compounds when choosing the technological parameters of the first stage of hydrolysis for summer and autumn varieties of apples using citric acid with a concentration of 0.10-0.15%, at a temperature of 80-85°C, lasting 2 hours for autumn varieties of apples, and 2.5 hours for summer varieties of apples. Under the conditions of the proposed technology, highly esterified apple pectin (degree of esterification on average 75%) was obtained from apple pulp of autumn and summer varieties of apples, which can be used in medicine and pharmacy.

Edible honeysuckle as a source of fruits promising for new functional food products development

The possibilities of introducing honeysuckle berries into the plant-based functional product being developed as a component that enriches its composition are discussed basing on initial results of an experimental evaluation of the introduction of original lozenges based into the diet of laboratory animals (rats). The lozenges were prepared using apple pulp with the addition of mixed berries of five honeysuckle varieties (Berel, Sinichka, Moskovskaya M103 (L. caеrulea varieties), Kamchadalka and Chelyabinka (L. kamtschatica varieties). the most variable for used berries was the sugar content in the juice (from 8 to 11%), somewhat less the content of the ash component and the amount of phenolic compounds differed, but dry matter content (about 12% for all varieties) was similar. The highest polyphenols accumulation was detected for Sinichka variety (8.3 mg/g fresh fruit weight). The two-month consumption of functional lozenges with honeysuckle in a volume of 50% of the daily diet led to a decrease in systolic pressure in the experimental group of rats by 19% compared to the control. Also this diet resulted in less weight gain in experimental animals, their body weight was 30% less than that of control rats after a two-month exposure.

Impact of storage on chemical properties of custard apple (Annona squamosa L) pulp

Impact of storage on chemical properties of custard apple (Annona squamosa L) pulp

Effect of different concentrations of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) pulp on physico-chemical properties and sensory qualities of kulfi during storage

Effect of different concentrations of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) pulp on physico-chemical properties and sensory qualities of kulfi during storage

Effects of feeding dried cashew apple pulp on zootechnical and economic performances of local pigs on station in the south of Senegal

Effects of feeding dried cashew apple pulp on zootechnical and economic performances of local pigs on station in the south of Senegal