Apple Leafminer Research Articles

Right stereoisomers for sex pheromone components of the apple leafminer, Lyonetia prunifoliella, in Korea.

The sex pheromone of the American population of Lyonetia prunifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) was reported to be composed of three components, 10,14-dimethyloctadec-1-ene (10me14me-1-ene-18Hy), 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (5me9me-18Hy), and 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (5me9me-17Hy). Studies with a Korean population showed that the 10S, 14S isomer of the major compound was the major electrophysiologically by active stereoisomer. The 5S,9S isomers of the minar constituents also elicited electrophysiological responses. In field trappings, among the three components, the racemic mixture of 10me14me-1-ene-18Hy attracted L. prunifoliella males strongly, and the binary or tertiary combinations with racemic mixtures of the other two components did not increase trap catches. Among the four stereoisomers of 10me14me-1-ene-18Hy, only the 10S,14S isomer attracted L. prunifoliella males, as suggested by the EAG test, and attraction to the other three isomers was not observed. All stereoisomers of each minor component, as well as their racemic components, did not seem to have any additional effect on male attraction in Korea.

Insect Pheromones and Their Analogs. LXI. Synthesis of 4E,10Z-Tetradecadien-1-ylacetate, a Component of the Lithocolettis ringoniella Sex Pheromone

A new scheme for synthesizing 4E,10Z-tetradecadien-1-ylacetate, the principal component of the apple leaf miner(Lithocolettis ringoniella)sex pheromone, is developed using a highly stereoselective Claisen rearrangement

Synthesis of the Enantiomers ofanti-2,6-Dimethylheptane-1,7-diol Monotetrahydropyranyl Ether and Their Conversion into the Enantiomers of the Sex Pheromone Components of the Apple Leafminer,Lyonetia prunifoliella

Both (2R,6R)- and (2S,6S)-isomers of 2,6-dimethylheptane-1,7-diol monotetrahydropyranyl ether (4) were synthesized, and converted into the enantiomers of anti-10,14-dimethyl-1-octadecene (1), anti-5,9-dimethyloctadecane (2) and anti-5,9-dimethylheptadecane (3), the sex pheromone components of the apple leafminer (Lyonetia prunifoliella).

Plant-Derived Semiochemicals as Contact Host Location Stimuli for a Parasitoid of Leafminers

We elucidated the source of chemical cues in a system where the host is concealed and the parasitoid has no direct contact with the host larvae or its frass. Behavioral bioassays with Pholetesor bicolor, a larval parasitoid of the apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter pomonella, showed that the herbivore-damaged leaf epidermis (mine) elicited ovipositional probing of parasitoid females. Probing on larvae or frass was seldom observed. Hexane extracts of mines elicited the same ovipositional probing behavior while no response was observed with hexane extracts of larvae or frass or with methanol and diethyl ether extracts. In addition, gas chromatographic analyses showed qualitatively and quantitatively different profiles of these three components of the host-plant complex. By far the highest quantities and also the highest number of compounds was recovered from mine extracts. Identified compounds in the mine included six alkanes (n-C27 to n-C33) and squalene (C30H50). A synthetic blend of the seven compounds was slightly less active in biotests than the equivalent natural blend, as shown by a time delay in female response. We conclude that this leafminer parasitoid does not rely on host-derived kairomones but instead uses plant-derived semiochemicals for host location and ovipositional probing behavior.

Synthesis of All the Stereoisomers of 10,14‐Dimethyloctadec‐1‐ene, 5,9‐Dimethyloctadecane and 5,9‐Dimethylheptadecane, the Sex Pheromone Components of the Apple Leafminer, Lyonetia prunifoliella

All of the stereoisomers of 10,14-dimethyloctadec-1-ene (1), 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (2) and 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (3), the sex pheromone components of the apple leafminer (Lyonetiaprunifoliella), were synthesized by starting from the enantiomers of citronellol (4) and methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate (11).

Variation in Sex Pheromone Composition of a Few Selected Lepidopteran Species

Composition of insect sex pheromone is not always constant for any particular species. It may be different depending on the geographical area in the distribution of a species, as can be seen in the case of the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis (Pyralidae). During the course of examining sex pheromone compositions of several lepidopteran species damaging agricultural and horticultural crops in South Korea, some subtle or apparent differences were noticed in sex pheromone compositions of Korean population belonging to those same species distributed in her neighboring countries. The oriental tobacco budworm moth, Helicoverpa assulta (Noctuidae), in Korea prefers the blend of 100 : 5 between ( Z)-9-hexadecenal and ( Z)-11-hexadecenal, while Thailand population responds best to 100 : 13 and Chinese population to wider blends from 100 : 2 to 100 : 20. Among lepidopteran insect pests on apples and apple tree leaves, the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Tortricidae), showed almost no difference from one region to another. Korean population responded best to the blend of 100 : 5, with other populations to 100 : 6∼100 : 9 between ( Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate and ( E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate. On the other hand, the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (C. niponensis) (Carposinidae), males were attracted best to a single component, ( Z)-7-eicosen-11-one in the case of Korean population, in contrast to Japanese population which was shown to be preferentially attracted to the mixture of the ( Z)-7-eicosen-11-one and ( Z)-7-nonadecen-11-one at the ratio of 100 : 5. The yellow peach moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Pyralidae), seems to consist of two different populations in the northeastern Asia region, with one group responding to the blend of 100 : 8∼100 : 11 between ( E)-10-hexadecenal and ( Z)-10-hexadecenal and the other to that of 100 : 43. The first group was found in Japan and China and the second in Korea and also China. Korean population of the apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Gracillariidae), was best attracted to the blend of 100 : 150 between ( Z)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and ( E, Z)-4,10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, while Japanese and Chinese populations to the blends of 100 : 10∼30 and 100 : 43∼67, respectively. Furthermore, Korean Adoxophyes (Tortricidae) seemed to be a totally different species from Japanese Adoxophyes sp., or Adoxophyes orana fasciata, when viewed in terms of their pheromone composition.

Hymenopterous parasitoids of the peach leafminer, Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera : Lyonetiidae)

A total of 19 parasitoid species belonging to the families Eulophidae (17 species), Pteromalidae (1), and Braconidae (1) were reared from larvae of the peach leafminer Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) in Tsukuba in 1993-1995. Chrysocharis nitetis (Walker) was the most frequent parasitoid. Species composition of parasitoids associated with L. clerkella in Kagoshima Prefecture was also investigated in 1995. All 13 species reared were common to those in Tsukuba, but the relative abundance of each species was markedly different.

Field Tests of Synthetic Sex Pheromone of the Apple Leafminer Moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella

The apple leafminer moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella, is becoming a more serious insect pest on apple trees with four to five generations a year in Korea. In order to devise a forecasting method for more accurate estimation of their numbers and development timing, the sex attractant was studied. Various ratios, from 10:0 to 0:10, of the two components, (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10–14:Ac) and (E,Z)-4,10-tetradecadienyl acetate (E4,Z10–14:Ac), identified from the sex pheromone gland (Jung and Boo, 1997), were tested for attractivity in terms of behavioral response (taxis, approach, and landing) against P. ringoniella males in a wind tunnel. The lure with Z10–14:Ac/E4,Z10–14:Ac in a ratio of 4:6 elicited the highest response in two (taxis and approach) measurement categories. For eliciting landing behavior, the two blends of 5:5 and 4:6 were best. The single component, Z10–14:Ac, elicited taxis behavior, but a combination of two chemicals was needed for eliciting all three behaviors. In the field, male attraction to various lure mixtures in Pherocon IC traps was usually greater than attraction to virgin females. The best field activity was in the lure baited with a 4:6 ratio of Z10–14:Ac and E4,Z10–14:Ac. Similar results were obtained from tests conducted in a net house. This optimum ratio for attracting P. ringoniella males in Korea is different from those reported in Japan (10:3) or China (7:3 to 6:4). The isomer E10–14:Ac neither improved nor depressed the number of catches when added at up to 10% of the total mixture to lures of the two components in the 4:6 ratio. The attractivity of the lures increased with higher amounts of the pheromones, up to 10 μg in the wind-tunnel experiment and 5 mg in the apple orchard. The number of males captured was not significantly different among traps installed at 0.3, 1.5, or 2 m above the ground, or among wing, delta, or water traps. A rubber septum dispenser impregnated with 1 mg of the 4:6 mixture maintained its field attractivity for up to eight weeks.

性フェロモン剤を利用したモモハモグリガの防除

性フェロモン剤を利用したモモハモグリガの防除

A Probabilistic Model for the Functional Response of a Parasitoid at the Behavioural Time-Scale

1. The aim of this paper is to build a probabilistic model of the functional response of a parasitoid at the behavioural time-scale. The organism used is the eulophid Sympiesis sericeicornis Nees (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a polyphagous ectoparasitoid attacking the apple leaf-miner Phyllonorycter cydoniella (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). We deal exclusively with the functional response at the level of a mined leaf and restrict our attention to the cases without superparasitism. 2. We use detailed observations of the behaviour and location of the parasitoid on a leaf to define four behavioural states: searching, hunting on a mine with an unparasitized host, ovipositing, and leaving the leaf. We describe the sequence of behavioural states visited by an embedded markov chain, which is fully determined by the one-step transition probability matrix and the initial probability distribution. 3. The key element of our model is the process of leaving the leaf. We postulate that this can occur only from the searching state, and happens either by necessity, because either available hosts or useable eggs are exhausted, or by choice. We find that the probability of leaving by choice is a monotone increasing function of the number of hosts parasitized. 4. We consider a cohort of females with initial eggload distributed according to a negative binomial distribution whose parameters we obtain from independent data. An exact multinomial test of our model on the data set from which the one-step transition probabilities are obtained gives excellent results. The domain of applicability of the model is extended by relaxing two important assumptions. We also apply the exact multinomial test to an independent data set and again obtain very good results. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the model is sensitive to changes in the value of only one parameter.

Parasitoids of the leafminer, Phyllonorycter nr. elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on apple in California: Abundance, impact on leafminer, and insecticide-induced mortality

Abstract Parasitoids of an undescribed species of apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter nr. elmaella , were studied to determine their relative and seasonal abundance. Thirty-six percent of all parasitoids were Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, 48% were Pnigalio flavipes (Ashmead), 7% were Zagrammosoma mirum Girault, >1% were Pholetesor ornigis (Weed), and the remaining 10% were other eulophids. Percentage parasitism varied greatly between leafminer generations and between locations during the apple growing season. Cannibalism caused 45% of the mortality during the first generation and 10 and 14% during the third and fourth leafminer generations, respectively. Pesticide residues targeted for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), caused 90–100% mortality of the two most abundant parasitoids 24 h after application. S. marylandensis was more susceptible than P. flavipes to azinphosmethyl residues.

Control Effect of Mating Disruption with Synthetic Pheromones on the Apple Leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura

Control Effect of Mating Disruption with Synthetic Pheromones on the Apple Leaf miner, <I>Phyllonorycter ringoniella</I> Matsumura

鹿児島県におけるモモハモグリガの発生消長

鹿児島県におけるモモハモグリガの発生消長

Synthesis of dodec-10E-en-1-yl acetate ? The sex pheromone of Lithocolletis blancardella

Dodec-10E-en-1-yl acetate — the sex pheromone of the apple leaf miner moth — has been obtained by a four-stage synthesis from monomethyl azelate and crotyl acetate. Its IR, PMR, and mass spectra are given.

Analysis of searching movements of a leafminer parasitoid in a structured environment

ABSTRACT. Pnigalio soemius (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) is a polyphagous ectoparasitoid of the apple leafminer Phyllonorycter cydo‐niella (Lepidoptera, Gracillaridae). The tracks of females searching on the unmined leaf lamina and on the mine were segmented into 2 mm steps and analysed for angle distributions and correlations between successive steps. The movements on the mine are characterized by a higher mean and higher variance of turn angles compared to the turn angles on the leaf (kinesis‐reaction family). Both klinokinesis and schemakinesis, for which a more precise definition is proposed, are present. Varying the step length has a great influence on the result and can be used to identify different orientation reactions within one track. The insect turns sharply once the mine border has been reached, a behaviour shown to be a crude taxis. An ecologically related species, Sympiesis sericeicornis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), moves in the same way. For this species a taxis towards the host could also be observed. A complex mixture of these orientation behaviours allows the parasitoid to remain on the mine and to localise the host.

Insecticidal Efficacy of Juvenile Hormone Mimic S-71639, Japan, 1987

Abstract Thirty-year-old apple trees in Nagano prefecture were sprayed with motorized sprayers to evaluate insecticidal efficacy against apple leafminer on 30 Jun. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Spray volume was 60 liter/tree. Effectiveness of each treatment was determined by counting mines caused by third- to fifth-instar larvae on 14 Sep.

Stereoisomers and analogs of 14-methyl-1-octadecene, sex pheromone of peach leafminer moth,Lyonetia clerkella, L.

The synthesis of the enantiomeric 14-methyl-1-octadecenes in >99% EE is described. Enantiomeric 2-methyl-1-hexanols were intermediates in the synthesis. The 1-alkene had been previously identified as the sex pheromone of the peach leafminer moth. Several closely related structures that have δ12 unsaturation are also described.

ChemInform Abstract: Pheromone Syntheses. Part 77. New Synthesis of the Enantiomers of l4‐Methyl‐1‐octadecene, the Pheromone of Lyonetia clerkella L.

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 17, Issue 4 Natural Products ChemInform Abstract: Pheromone Syntheses. Part 77. New Synthesis of the Enantiomers of l4-Methyl-1-octadecene, the Pheromone of Lyonetia clerkella L. K. MORI, K. MORISearch for more papers by this authorM. KATO, M. KATOSearch for more papers by this author K. MORI, K. MORISearch for more papers by this authorM. KATO, M. KATOSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 28, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198604335Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume17, Issue4January 28, 1986 RelatedInformation

Biological Activity of (R)- and (S)-14-Methyl-1-Octadecene, as the Chiral Component of the Sex Pheromone of the Peach Leafminer Moth, Lyonetia clerkella LINNE(Lepidoptera : Lyonetiidae)

The two enantiomers of 14-methyl-1-octadecene, the sex pheromone of the peach leafminer moth, Lyonetia clerkella LINNE, were synthesized. Fields tests showed that the sex pheromone has the (S)-configuration. (R)-, (S)-14-methyloctadecanes, (R)-, (S)-14-methyl-l, E12-octadecadienes and (R)-, (S)-14-methyl-l, Z12-octadecadienes were synthesized as analogues of the pheromone of this species and tested under field conditions. Only saturated (S)-14-methyloctadecane showed slight activity.

Parasites of the Apple Leaf Miner, Phllonrycter ringoniella (MATSUMURA), Collected from Several Orchards of the Southern Part of Akita Prefecture

Parasites of the Apple Leaf Miner, <I>Phllonrycter ringoniella</I> (MATSUMURA), Collected from Several Orchards of the Southern Part of Akita Prefecture