Apple Growth Research Articles

Analysis of Growth Trends, Regional Variations and Productivity Metrics of Apple Cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, India

India has seen a spatial escalation on apple growth and it fostered the country’s economy and employment opportunities of the apple growing states. States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Arunachal Pradesh are primarily known for apple production. Therefore, we worked on the secondary data on apple growth trends, its production from the different sources and analyzed it through growth rate, decomposition analysis and instability index techniques to quantify the production metrics and trend shift. Our findings reported that between1973–1974 to 2021–2022, there was an increase found in the global area, productivity and production of apples in Asia and India. The output of apples worldwide has found to be escalated at a compound annual growth rate of 2.51%, whereas, India has experienced a notable rise of 3.40 percent annually. The majority of the apple's area, output and productivity came from the Asian region, with growth rates of 3.38, 5.97, and 2.59 %, respectively. Furthermore, Worldwide scenario on apple cultivation reported that Poland had the highest relative instability in apple productivity (21.44%), followed by India (15.96%), China (12.53%), Turkey (11.18%) and USA (8.61%). Area yield effect was used to explain the rise in apple output in Asia, however, area expansion was found as the primary cause of increase in area under apple production. In Himachal Pradesh, Zone III has the greatest average yearly productivity (4.78%), followed by Zone II (3.35 %) and Zone IV (0.57%). In zones III and IV, the expansion of area (96.93%) and yields (85.13%) was the reason for the increase in apple production, however, in zone II, the yield effect (102.05%) was the only cause found for the increase in apple’s production.

Expression analysis of the apple HSP70 gene family in abiotic stress and phytohormones and expression validation of candidate MdHSP70 genes

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is one kind of molecular chaperones which are widely found in organisms, and its members are highly conserved among each other, with important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, 56 HSP70 genes were identified from the apple genome database. Analysis of gene duplication events showed that tandem and segmental duplication events play an important role in promoting the amplification of the MdHSP70 gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that HSP70 family members of apple were more closely related to HSP70 family members of Arabidopsis, tomato and soybean. The promoter region of the apple HSP70 genes contains a large number of cis-acting elements in response to hormones and stress. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that some of the genes were associated with various stages of the apple growth process. Codon preference analysis showed small differences between codon bases 1 and 3 in the apple HSP70 genome, and the codon base composition had a small effect on codon usage preference. The multiple expression patterns of the MdHSP70 gene suggested that MdHSP70 gene members play important roles in growth and development and in response to hormonal and abiotic stresses. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) demonstrated that MdHSP70-53 interacts with MdDVH24_032563. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that most MdHSP70 members’ hormonal and abiotic stresses (MdHSP70-6, MdHSP70-26 and MdHSP70-45) appeared to be highly expressed. To further elucidate the function of MdHSP70 (6, 26, 45), we introduced them into tobacco to confirm subcellular locations and noted that these genes are located in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. This study serves as a theoretical basis for further studies of the MdHSP70 gene and helps to further investigate the functional characterization of MdHSP70 gene.

Apple varieties and growth prediction with time series classification based on deep learning to impact the harvesting decisions

Apples are among the most popular fruits globally due to their health and nutritional benefits for humans. Artificial intelligence in agriculture has advanced, but vision, which improves machine efficiency, speed, and production, still needs to be improved. Managing apple development from planting to harvest affects productivity, quality, and economics. In this study, by establishing a vision system platform with a range of camera types that conforms with orchard standard specifications for data gathering, this work provides two new apple collections: Orchard Fuji Growth Stages (OFGS) and Orchard Apple Varieties (OAV), with preliminary benchmark assessments. Secondly, this research proposes the orchard apple vision transformer method (POA-VT), incorporating novel regularization techniques (CRT) that assist us in boosting efficiency and optimizing the loss functions. The highest accuracy scores are 91.56 % for OFGS and 94.20 % for OAV. Thirdly, an ablation study will be conducted to demonstrate the importance of CRT to the proposed method. Fourthly, the CRT outperforms the baselines by comparing it with the standard regularization functions. Finally, time series analyses predict the ‘Fuji’ growth stage, with the outstanding training and validation RMSE being 19.29 and 19.26, respectively. The proposed method offers high efficiency via multiple tasks and improves the automation of apple systems. It is highly flexible in handling various tasks related to apple fruits. Furthermore, it can integrate with real-time systems, such as UAVs and sorting systems. This research benefits the growth of apple’s robotic vision, development policies, time-sensitive harvesting schedules, and decision-making.

Nitrogen management through different organic manures on growth and fruit yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Nitrogen management through different organic manures on growth and fruit yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Estimating Leaf Area Index in Apple Orchard by UAV Multispectral Images with Spectral and Texture Information

The Leaf Area Index (LAI) strongly influences vegetation evapotranspiration and photosynthesis rates. Timely and accurately estimating the LAI is crucial for monitoring vegetation growth. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral digital camera platform has been proven to be an effective tool for this purpose. Currently, most remote sensing estimations of LAIs focus on cereal crops, with limited research on economic crops such as apples. In this study, a method for estimating the LAI of an apple orchard by extracting spectral and texture information from UAV multispectral images was proposed. Specifically, field measurements were conducted to collect LAI data for 108 sample points during the final flowering (FF), fruit setting (FS), and fruit expansion (FE) stages of apple growth in 2023. Concurrently, UAV multispectral images were obtained to extract spectral and texture information (Gabor transform). The Support Vector Regression Recursive Feature Elimination (SVR-REF) was employed to select optimal features as inputs for constructing models to estimate the LAI. Finally, the optimal model was used for LAI mapping. The results indicate that integrating spectral and texture information effectively enhances the accuracy of LAI estimation, with the relative prediction deviation (RPD) for all models being greater than 2. The Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) model established for FF exhibits the highest accuracy, with a validation set R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and RPD of 0.867, 0.203, and 2.482, respectively. UAV multispectral imagery proves to be valuable in estimating apple orchard LAIs, offering real-time monitoring of apple growth and providing a scientific basis for orchard management.

The influence of soil depth and tree age on soil enzyme activities and stoichiometry in apple orchards

The indispensable role of soil microorganisms in apple orchards, impacting soil quality, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity, cannot be overstated. Nonetheless, as apple trees mature, the potential for soil nutrient imbalances arises, affecting apple growth and yield. Research on how deep soil properties evolve with tree age is limited. Soil samples were gathered from apple orchards of various ages, utilizing the microplate fluorescence method to examine soil enzyme activity, microbial stoichiometry, and their correlation with soil nutrients. Results reveal that soil properties, microbial biomass, and enzymes are influenced by both tree age and depth. Microbial biomass decreases with depth, peaking in young orchards with the highest MBN:MBP ratio. Initially declining, microbial entropy nitrogen rises with tree age. Redundancy analysis identifies OP as pivotal in explaining extracellular enzyme activity. The enzyme C:N ratio exhibits a negative correlation with the MBN:MBP ratio. Additionally, ratios of ln(NAG) to ln(BG), ln(AKP) to ln(BG), and ln(AKP) to ln(NAG) demonstrate positive correlations. Enzyme activity ratios for C, N, and P transformation deviate from the global ecosystem ratio, indicating nuanced nutrient dynamics. Soil vector angles are influenced by tree age, suggesting limitations on microbial metabolism by carbon and phosphorus. Structural equation modeling unveils that soil depth negatively impacts pH, AKP, and Enzyme N:P, while tree age adversely affects Enzyme N:P. Furthermore, MBN:MBP is directly influenced by AKP and soil depth, indirectly by tree age and pH. This study underscores the significance of microbial stoichiometry in evaluating soil resource ecology relations, offering insights into soil microbe-orchard ecosystem dynamics.

Influence of physicochemical characteristics on the growth and guaiacol production of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in fruit juices

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a bacterium known for causing spoilage in the taste and odour of fruit juices due to its thermoacidophilic nature. Its spoilage is attributed to the formation of guaiacol, which requires the presence of suitable precursors in the juices that A. acidoterrestris can metabolize. Therefore, A. acidoterrestris could exhibit different behaviour depending on the physicochemical characteristics the juice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the behaviour of five A. acidoterrestris strains in seven different fruit juices by monitoring total cell and spore populations and quantifying guaiacol production. Also, physicochemical and phenolic profile, focusing on antimicrobials and guaiacol precursors, were analysed to better understand differences. Results showed growth in orange, apple, and plum juices for all the tested strains, with total cell populations reaching approximately 7 log cfu/mL, except for plum juice. In persimmon juice, growth was only observed in 3 out of 5 strains, for both total cells and spores. In contrast, all strains were inhibited in peach, black grape, and strawberry juices, maintaining a consistent population around 4 log cfu/mL. A strong negative correlation was observed between bacterial population and compounds such as kaempferol (for strains R3, R111, and P1), cyanidin chloride (for strains R111 and P1), and p-coumaric acid (for strain 7094 T). Regarding guaiacol production, orange and persimmon juices exhibited the highest guaiacol levels, with strain P1 (362.3 ± 12.6 ng/mL) and strain EC1 (325.1 ± 1.4 ng/mL) as the top producers, respectively. Plum, black grape, and strawberry juices showed similar guaiacol concentrations (16.9 ± 2.8 to 105.0 ± 33.7 ng/mL). Vanillin was showed positive correlations with guaiacol production in almost all strains (7094 T, R3, R111, and P1), with correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.99, 0.82, and 0.87, respectively. We have reported different behaviour of A. acidoterrestris strains depending on juice type. Despite growth inhibition observed in some juices, enough guaiacol quantities to spoil the juice can be produced. This highlights the necessity of exploring strategies to prevent guaiacol production, even under growth restriction.

Optimizing leaf nutrient status, growth, and yield parameters in high-density apple orchards (cv. Super chief) via integrated drip irrigation and fertigation techniques

Nutrients and water are important ecophysiological components for apples' development and productivity. The combination of high-density plantation, drip irrigation, and weekly fertigation not only conserves irrigation water, but also reduces cultivation costs compared to conventional methods. Leaf nutrient analysis provides insight into nutrient levels and assists in determining irrigation and fertigation schedules. We conducted the current research over two years (2021–22 and 2022–23) to evaluate different drip-fertigation effects on leaf nutrient status, vegetative growth, and yield of high-density apples. The experimental study employed a factorial randomised block design, replicating 16 different treatment combinations three times each. Each replication consisted of three plants, and the treatments included four irrigation levels (100 %, 80 %, 60 %, and control) and four fertigation levels (absolute control, 100 %, 75 %, and 50 % of the recommended NPK dosage). Analysis of the leaves indicated that IR1 (Drip irrigation at 100 % ETc) showed notably higher levels of nitrogen at (3.06 %), phosphorus at (0.48 %) and potassium at (2.07 %) compared to other treatments. Regarding fertigation levels, FN1 [100 % (AD) NPK] showed the highest nitrogen (3.12 %), phosphorus (0.50 %), and potassium (2.09 %) content. Parameters related to vegetative growth, including tree height, plant spread in both east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions, trunk girth, annual extension growth, and leaf area showed significant increases with higher irrigation and fertigation levels, surpassing conventional irrigation (IR4) by 6.17 percent, 7.78 percent (EW), 8.62 percent (NS), 10.49 percent, 4.53 percent and 1.96 percent, respectively. Among fertigation, FN1- 100 % AD (NPK) registered a maximum increase in growth parameters. Our analysis demonstrated that combining irrigation and fertigation improved leaf nutrient status and vegetative growth characteristics, which are critical determinants of fruit yield.

Studies on integrated nutrient management for growth and yield of custard apple

Studies on integrated nutrient management for growth and yield of custard apple

Nitrogen reduces calcium availability by promoting oxalate biosynthesis in apple leaves.

N and Ca are essential nutrients for apple growth and development. Studies have found that Ca content was not low under high N conditions but was poorly available. However, the underlying physiological mechanism through which N regulates Ca availability remains unclear. In this study, apple plants were supplied with N and Ca to analyse the content, in situ distribution, and forms of Ca using noninvasive micro-test technique, electron probe microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transcriptome analysis. A potential interaction was observed between N and Ca in apple leaves. The application of high N and Ca concentration led to a CaOx content of 12.51g/kg, representing 93.54% of the total Ca in the apple leaves. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that Ca deposited in the phloem primarily existed as CaOx rhombus-shaped crystals. Additionally, high N positively regulated oxalate accumulation in the leaves, increasing it by 40.79 times compared with low N concentration. Specifically, N induced oxalate synthesis in apple leaves by upregulating the MdICL, MdOXAC, and MdMDH genes, while simultaneously inhibiting degradation through downregulation of the MdAAE3 gene. Transcriptome and correlation analyses further confirmed oxaloacetate as the precursor for the synthesis of CaOx crystals in the apple leaves, which were produced via the 'photosynthesis/glycolysis -oxaloacetate -oxalate -CaOx' pathway. WGCNA identified potential regulators of the CaOx biosynthesis pathway triggered by N. Overall, the results provide insights into the regulation of Ca availability by N in apple leaves and support the development of Ca efficient cultivation technique.

The transcription factor MdERF023 negatively regulates salt tolerance by modulating ABA signaling and Na+/H+ transport in apple.

MdERF023 is a transcription factor that can reduce salt tolerance by inhibiting ABA signaling and Na+/H+ homeostasis. Salt stress is one of the principal environmental stresses limiting the growth and productivity of apple (Malus × domestica). The APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family plays key roles in plant growth and various stress responses; however, the regulatory mechanism involved has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF), MdERF023, which plays a negative role in apple salt tolerance. Stable overexpression of MdERF023 in apple plants and calli significantly decreased salt tolerance. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that MdERF023 directly binds to the promoter of MdMYB44-like, a positive modulator of ABA signaling-mediated salt tolerance, and suppresses its transcription. In addition, MdERF023 downregulated the transcription of MdSOS2 and MdAKT1, thereby reducing the Na+ expulsion, K+ absorption, and salt tolerance of apple plants. Taken together, these results suggest that MdERF023 reduces apple salt tolerance by inhibiting ABA signaling and ion transport, and that it could be used as a potential target for breeding new varieties of salt-tolerant apple plants via genetic engineering.

Combined effect of timing, position and management on Halyomorpha halys feeding injury assessment on apple cultivars

AbstractHalyomorpha halys is an invasive stink bug, native to east Asia, responsible for extensive economic loss in numerous crops. Since several factors can influence the severity of the recorded injury level, we performed field and semi‐field experiments in commercial apple orchards to monitor their interaction. To establish how position (both in the orchard and on the canopy), management and cultivar interact in determining pre‐harvest injury levels, more than 100,000 apples, distributed over 106 orchard blocks, were examined in the field. Apples located higher in the canopy, on edge rows and in orchards with organic management had a higher number of external injuries and such factors were more relevant when occurring in combination, and on mid and late‐season cultivars. Exclusion cages were used to assess if the injury severity changed with the apple growth stage and with the life stage of H. halys, exposing Red delicious apples to adults and nymphs for 48 hours, from May to July. Early‐season injuries did not evolve in distinct depressions nor in wide areas with necrotic tissue. Later in season, the injury severity was higher and similar for adults and older nymphs (fourth and fifth instars), with the development of depressions externally and necrotic tissue internally. Thus, even a low number of individuals could cause severe damage, over a short exposure period, when it happened near full maturation. The combined results offer new insights to support the development of informed and sustainable control strategies.

The MdHSC70-MdWRKY75 module mediates basal apple thermotolerance by regulating the expression of heat shock factor genes.

Heat stress severely restricts the growth and fruit development of apple (Malus domestica). Little is known about the involvement of WRKY proteins in the heat tolerance mechanism in apple. In this study, we found that the apple transcription factor (TF) MdWRKY75 responds to heat and positively regulates basal thermotolerance. Apple plants that overexpressed MdWRKY75 were more tolerant to heat stress while silencing MdWRKY75 caused the opposite phenotype. RNA-seq and reverse transcription quantitative PCR showed that heat shock factor genes (MdHsfs) could be the potential targets of MdWRKY75. Electrophoretic mobility shift, yeast one-hybrid, β-glucuronidase, and dual-luciferase assays showed that MdWRKY75 can bind to the promoters of MdHsf4, MdHsfB2a, and MdHsfA1d and activate their expression. Apple plants that overexpressed MdHsf4, MdHsfB2a, and MdHsfA1d exhibited heat tolerance and rescued the heat-sensitive phenotype of MdWRKY75-Ri3. In addition, apple heat shock cognate 70 (MdHSC70) interacts with MdWRKY75, as shown by yeast two-hybrid, split luciferase, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and pull-down assays. MdHSC70 acts as a negative regulator of the heat stress response. Apple plants that overexpressed MdHSC70 were sensitive to heat, while virus-induced gene silencing of MdHSC70 enhanced heat tolerance. Additional research showed that MdHSC70 exhibits heat sensitivity by interacting with MdWRKY75 and inhibiting MdHsfs expression. In summary, we proposed a mechanism for the response of apple to heat that is mediated by the "MdHSC70/MdWRKY75-MdHsfs" molecular module, which enhances our understanding of apple thermotolerance regulated by WRKY TFs.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of protein arginine methyltransferase and JmjC domain-containing family in apple.

Histone methylation is an important type of histone modification that regulates gene expression in plants. In this study, we identified 14 arginine methylation-related genes (Protein Arginine Methyltransferase, MdPRMT) and 32 demethylation-related genes (JmjC Domain-Containing Family, MdJMJ) in apple. Furthermore, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship, chromosome distribution, gene structure, motif analysis, promoter sequence analysis, and expression patterns of MdPRMT and MdJMJ genes. Homology analysis showed a high degree of conservation and homology between PRMT and JMJ genes in Arabidopsis and apple. We identified the types of duplicated genes in the MdJMJ and MdPRMT gene families, found a large number of whole-genome duplicates (WGD) gene pairs and a small number of tandem duplicates (TD) pairs, transposed duplication (TRD) gene pairs as well as proximal duplicates (PD) pairs, and discussed the possible evolutionary pathways of the gene families from the perspective of duplicated genes. Homology analysis showed a high degree of conservation and homology between PRMT and JMJ genes in Arabidopsis and apple. In addition, the promoter regions of MdPRMT and MdJMJ contain numerous cis-acting elements involved in plant growth and development, hormone response, and stress responses. Based on the transcriptional profiles of MdPRMT and MdJMJ in different tissues and developmental stages, it was found that MdPRMT and MdJMJ may play multiple roles in apple growth and development, for example, MdJMJ21 may be involved in the regulation of apple endosperm formation. MdPRMT and MdJMJ exhibit different expression patterns in response to hormone signaling in apple, MdJMJ3, MdJMJ18, MdJMJ30, MdPRMT2, MdPRMT13, and MdPRMT14 may play roles in apple response to drought stress, while the expression of MdJMJ13, MdPRMT3, MdPRMT4, and MdPRMT6 is affected by cold stress. Our study provides a foundation for determining the functional roles of MdPRMT and MdJMJ genes in apple.

Apple Growth and Yield in Replant Soils Supplemented by Organic Soil Additives

Repeated apple cultivation in the same area leads to apple replant disease (ARD), which can probably be reduced by the use of organic supplements and selected rootstock/variety combinations. Soils at two conventionally and one organically farmed site in north-eastern Germany were tested for ARD in pot trials. In subsequent field trials, the effects of champost, microbially carbonised compost, and coniferous wood shavings piled up like a dam (‘Müncheberger Damm’ (M)-dam) and of rootstock/variety combinations were tested. On the organic site, only leonardite and champost were tested. The pot trials indicated for all sites that the soil is affected by ARD. After five years, the growth increase in trunks in the M-dam was 20–40% higher than in controls and other treatments, depending on the site. On one site, the yield over four years was a 15.7% increase for M-dam and also for champost compared to controls, on the other site, it was 11.7% and 3.0%, respectively. The M.9 rootstock with the Gala variety had a higher, but insignificant, yield compared to G.11/Gala by 6.7 or 2.6%, depending on the site. No difference in trunk growth or yield with Topaz was observed at the organic farmed site. Further research on M-dam and champost is supported, as both are promising in terms of yield.

Effect of plant bio stimulant application on plant health, growth, fruit yield and quality of apple (Malus x domestica) under temperate conditions of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Effect of plant bio stimulant application on plant health, growth, fruit yield and quality of apple (Malus x domestica) under temperate conditions of Jammu and Kashmir, India

The function of an apple ATP-dependent Phosphofructokinase gene MdPFK5 in regulating salt stress.

Salt stress severely affects the growth and yield of apples (Malus domestica Borkh). Although salt-tolerant genes have been extensively studied, documentation on the role of the ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase gene MdPFK5 in salt stress is limited. This study conducted an evolutionary tree and three-dimensional structure analysis of the PFK gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and MdPFK (MD01G1037400), revealing a close phylogenetic relationship between MdPFK (MD01G1037400) and AtPFK5. Given the similarity in their protein tertiary structures, MdPFK was designated as MdPFK5, suggesting functional similarities with AtPFK5. Further investigation revealed elevated expression levels of MdPFK5 in apple leaves and flowers, particularly showing significant upregulation 120 days after blooming and differential expression beginning at 3 hours of salt stress. Overexpression of MdPFPK5 conferred salt tolerance in both apple calli and transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, NaCl treatment promoted soluble sugar accumulation in apple calli and transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing MdPFK5. This study provides new insights into the salt tolerance function of MdPFK5.

Effect of nutrients and organic substances on growth and quality attributes of apple (<i>Malus × domestica</i>) cv. Anna insemi-arid region of Haryana

An experiment was conducted during 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Horticulture farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to study the effect of different plant nutrients and organic substances on growth, flowering, quality and yield attributes of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) cultivar Anna. The experiment consists of 19 treatments laid out in a randomized block design. Among the various treatments used, T12 (2.0% nitrogen plus 15% cow urine) was found superior for the growth characteristics of plants, viz. plant height (2.87 m) and plant spread (3.02 m). However, the number of days taken for flowering (70.83), fruit set (19.72 %), fruit weight (177.68 g), fruit diameter (6.40 cm), yield (11.25 kg/plant), TSS (11.45 °Brix), acidity (0.51%), total sugars (10.01%), total phenol (70.72 mg GAE/g), total anthocyanin (19.11 mg/100 g) and total carbohydrate (155.55 mg/g) content were significantly influenced by treatment T6 (400 ppm Boron + 4% Humic acid) during both the years.

ІСТОРІЯ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ КОМПАНІЇ APPLE НА МІЖНАРОДНОМУ РИНКУ

Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, Apple Inc. started in a California garage and swiftly became a major player in the global information technology market. This unassuming garage, resonating with the echoes of innovation, became the crucible where the seeds of a global technological revolution were sown. Apple's growth illustrates successful entrepreneurship and strategic innovation in global business. Known for its unique product design and technological prowess, Apple has released iconic products like the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, redefining consumer electronics and garnering worldwide customer loyalty. Apple's journey highlights key developmental stages and strategies for global market entry, significantly impacting the tech landscape and consumer habits. Its global expansion involved strategic alliances, targeted marketing, and product localization. Technological milestones, such as the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, underscored Apple's commitment to innovation and user experience. Apple's influence extends to consumer behavior, evident in its integrated ecosystem of hardware, software, and services, enhancing user experience and brand loyalty. Despite challenges like competition and market dynamics, Apple's focus on quality and design excellence solidified its leadership in the tech world. As Apple evolves, initiatives like Apple Silicon, augmented reality, and sustainability show its future-shaping dedication. Apple's cultural impact goes beyond products, influencing design trends and consumer expectations, with its design language and brand symbolizing innovation and aspirational living. In summary, Apple's rise from a startup to a global tech giant underscores the power of innovation, strategic vision, and consumer-centric design. Its international success stems from a commitment to excellence and addressing consumer needs worldwide, leaving a legacy that transcends its products and shapes global technology engagement.This article examines the history of Apple's emergence in the international market, looking at key stages of its development, strategies for entering global markets, and the impact of its products on the technological landscape and consumer behavior. The history of the formation of Apple in the world market is a fascinating path of innovation and change. However, there are several unresolved issues that deserve attention and additional research. One of the key areas of interest is the impact of cultural differences on the successful use of Apple products. Geopolitical challenges are also in the spotlight. How do global political events affect Apple's strategy in the world market? How does the company deal with geopolitical risks and changes in world politics? Finally, in the context of Apple's future, it is important to consider the challenges and prospects for innovation. What are the challenges for Apple in the global innovation market? What development prospects and challenges await the company in the future? Studying these aspects will not only deepen the understanding of Apple's history, but also raise important questions for further research and reflection in the field of international business and technological innovation.

Effect of foliar application of nano urea on growth and yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) CV. GJCA-1

Effect of foliar application of nano urea on growth and yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) CV. GJCA-1