Appetite Reduction Research Articles

Natural Appetite Control: Consumer Perception of Food-Based Appetite Regulating Aromas

According to the WHO, the number of overweight people (BMI ≥ 25) and obese people (BMI ≥ 30) is constantly growing. On the other hand, the number of elderly people (≥60 years old) in 2020 reached 1.4 billion worldwide. Both mentioned groups demonstrate their individual and characteristic appetite disorders. In light of the side effects of appetite stimulating drugs, which interfere with diabetics, hypertension and thrombosis medicines or diet supplements with doubtful effectiveness in reducing appetite, new and natural alternatives are highly demanded. Therefore, the present study focusses on the search for natural food aromas, which may have potential for appetite regulation. A survey was carried out among consumers with excess body weight (BMI ≥ 25) and the elderly (≥60 years old). Food products and meals pointed out by the survey participants were subjected to volatile analysis by HS-SPME Arrow followed by GC-MS. As a result, a group of volatiles and their odor characteristic were determined for appetite stimulation or reduction, which may suggest that the actual composition of food aroma is more significant than the character of the aroma. Those results may be a basis for designing appetite regulating agents, in which the mechanism of action will be based only on olfaction activity.

207-OR: Myostatin Inhibition Synergizes with GLP-1R Agonism to Accelerate Weight Loss in Male, Obese Nonhuman Primates

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have become standard-of-care for the pharmacological treatment of obesity by inducing clinically meaningful weight loss through a reduction in appetite. While these agents potently reduce fat mass, the caloric restriction also reduces skeletal muscle mass. Strategies to preserve skeletal muscle in the presence of caloric restriction are needed to improve weight loss quality in obese patents. Trevogrumab (∝-MSTN) and garetosmab (∝-ActA) are fully human monoclonal antibodies that potently inhibit two mediators of skeletal muscle atrophy: myostatin (MSTN) and activin A (ActA). We first tested the effects of ∝-MSTN, ∝-ActA and GLP-1RA (Semaglutide [Sema]) on body composition of diet-induced obese mice either alone or in combination. Sema (-29.8%) and ∝-MSTN/∝-ActA (-23.4%) produced significant reduction in fat mass after 4 weeks of treatment vs baseline. Adding MTSN and ActA blockade to Sema produced an additive effect on fat mass (-54.2%). This combination also increased lean mass by 9.8% vs a 1.9% loss with Sema alone. To test this in primates, we performed a 20-week study with the combined administration of either Sema + ∝-MSTN or Sema + ∝-MSTN and ∝-ActA in obese male cynomolgus monkeys. The combination of ∝-MSTN + Sema was sufficient to cause an additive effect on fat mass -43.9% vs -25.1% for Sema alone. The addition of ∝-ActA to the combination produced a similar reduction in fat (-49.6%). The Sema control group also lost -2.5% lean mass after 20 weeks; despite the significant reduction in fat mass, the addition of ∝-MSTN to Sema slightly increased lean mass over the same period (0.5%); the addition of ∝-ActA increased lean mass even further (6.2%). These data suggest the blockade of MSTN and ActA to GLP-1RA treatment could greatly improve the quality of weight loss with this class of anti-obesity agents. Disclosure J.Mastaitis: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. D.Gomez: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. V.Le rouzic: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. M.Stec: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. N.Khan: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. E.Na: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. T.Mcwilliams: None. S.Min: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. M.Sleeman: Employee; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Funding Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.

1709-P: Perceptions of Treatment Outcomes in People with Obesity and T2D—A Qualitative Study

Background: Treatments for obesity and T2D often combine lifestyle changes (diet, physical activity) and medication. Weight reduction is an expected outcome of obesity and some T2D treatments. Individuals’ perspectives on obesity treatments, attitudes towards reduced food intake via appetite changes, and treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events (GI AEs) are not well characterized. The current study assessed individuals’ perceptions of obesity/T2D treatments that impact appetite, eating behaviors, and weight, and concerns about GI AEs. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved semi-structured interviews with 45 US adults (obesity, n=15; overweight, n=10; T2D, n=20). Two creative tasks explored participants’ perceptions of obesity/T2D treatment outcomes: 1) participants discussed perspectives on hypothetical obesity/T2D treatments that reduced appetite, hunger, and cravings; 2) participants indicated their choice from two hypothetical obesity/T2D treatments, which varied by degree of GI AEs, appetite changes, and weight reduction. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for analysis. Results: Most participants asked (28/35; 80%) perceived the hypothetical scenarios as a positive outcome of obesity/T2D treatment. Most (30/35; 86%) considered appetite reduction to be an important treatment benefit. Many also perceived fewer cravings (13/29; 45%) and lesser desire to eat (12/29; 41%) to be positive treatment outcomes. Participants associated treatment-related appetite changes with improvements in diet (10/33; 30%), emotional well-being (9/33; 27%), and daily activities (8/33; 24%). In the choice task, participants perceived appetite and weight reduction as positive treatment outcomes, irrespective of degree of GI AEs. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate that participants value appetite changes and/or weight reduction as treatment priorities, and are willing to accept potential GI AEs for these treatment outcomes. Disclosure J.Poon: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. L.O'hara: Other Relationship; Lilly. H.Kendal: Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. K.Sully: None. M.Guy: Employee; Adelphi Values, Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. H.Bradley: Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. C.Tolley: None. B.Mason: None.

774-P: Weight-Independent Effects of CT-868, a Signaling Biased Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Modulator, on Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

GLP-1 and GIP can deliver complementary pharmacology when combined. CT-868 (CT) is a biased dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor modulator that exhibits no arrestin coupling or receptor internalization at either receptor. Its effects on insulin (INS) secretion via graded glucose infusion (GGI), glucose (GLUC) homeostasis in response to a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), gastric emptying (GE), and food intake (FI) were investigated in a randomized, double-blind crossover study in 20 overweight and obese adults with T2D split into 2 groups: CT vs placebo (PL), n=7 and CT vs PL vs liraglutide (LI), n = 13, the latter as a fixed 3rd period. Mean age and BMI were 52.2 years and 32.7 kg/m2 with 55% males. Treatments were administered for 4 days to minimize weight loss with 14 days washout between periods. GGI data showed robust INS secretion for CT-868 vs PL [change in ISR/GLUC at GIRmax (pmol/kg/min): CT 1.1 (0.1), PL 0.1 (0.2), LI 1.0 (0.3)]. MMTT based GLUC iAUC0-240 was significantly reduced for CT vs PL [72(46) vs 392(48)mmol/L*min] and numerically lower vs. LI [187(55) mmol/L*min] accompanied by significantly decreased INS iAUC0-240 vs both PL and LI: CT 1178(846), PL 5833(873), LI 4613(1253) mU/L*min. As both CT and LI had similar delayed GE vs PL, the reduced GLUC and INS excursion seen with CT suggests improved INS sensitivity or enhanced INS independent GLUC disposal. CT demonstrated minimal suppression of glucagon during MMTT vs LI that showed glucagon lowering. FI was lower for CT vs PL accompanied by reduction in hunger and appetite as assessed by VAS. There were no significant body weight changes in any treatment period. GI side effects were mostly mild and transient. This data supports a robust weight-independent effect of CT-868 (vs unbiased liraglutide) on glucose disposal with minimal suppression of glucagon. Further delineation of CT-868's longer term effects in overweight and obese patients with both T2D and T1D is underway. Disclosure M.Chakravarthy: Employee; Carmot Therapeutics, Inc. M.Hernandez: None. M.Elliott: Employee; Carmot Therapeutics, Inc. A.Macias: None. S.K.Hansen: Board Member; Carmot Therapeutics, Inc. M.Hompesch: Board Member; ProSciento, Consultant; Wiley-Blackwell, Employee; ProSciento, Stock/Shareholder; ProSciento.

A concise review of chewing gum as an anti-cariogenic agent.

Chewing gum has been endorsed as a caries preventive agent by the FDI World Dental Federation, the American Dental Association, and the European Food Safety Authority. This review discusses the mechanism and provides an update of the use of chewing gum for caries prevention. Chewing gum typically consists of a water-insoluble gum base, water-soluble added ingredients, and active ingredients. It can be classified as sugar-containing or sugar-free, as well as nonmedicated or medicated. Chewing gum prevents dental caries through a range of mechanisms, including the clearance of the oral cavity, neutralization of oral acidity, inhibition of cariogenic bacterial growth, remineralization of enamel, and reduction of appetite. Recent clinical studies have evaluated the efficacy of sugar-free chewing gum for caries prevention, with most demonstrating positive results, although some studies have reported contradictory outcomes. To achieve optimal caries prevention, it is generally recommended that individuals chew sugar-free gum for five minutes after meals, three times daily.

Body Weight Reduction by Bariatric Surgery Reduces the Plasma Levels of the Novel Orexigenic Gut Hormone Insulin-like Peptide 5 in Patients with Severe Obesity.

Insulin-like factor 5 (INSL5), a novel hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the distal colon, has been implicated in appetite and body weight regulation in animals given its orexigenic properties. We investigated basal INSL5 plasma levels in a group of morbidly obese subjects before and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of INSL5 in human adipose tissue. Before bariatric surgery, obese subjects showed basal INSL5 plasma levels that were positively correlated with BMI, fat mass, and leptin plasma levels. After weight loss by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, INSL5 plasma levels in obese subjects were significantly lower than those observed before surgery. Finally, we did not detect any expression of the INSL5 gene in human adipose tissue, both at the mRNA and protein levels. The present data show that subjects with obesity have INSL5 plasma levels positively correlating with adiposity markers. After bariatric surgery, INSL5 plasma levels decreased significantly, and this decrease was not directly due to the loss of adipose tissue since this tissue does not express INSL5. Considering the orexigenic properties of INSL5, the reduction of its plasma levels after bariatric surgery in obese subjects could participate in the still unclear mechanisms leading to appetite reduction that characterize bariatric surgery procedures.

Validation of a telephone-based administration of the simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire.

Anorexia of aging is characterized by an age-associated reduction of appetite, whose aetiology in most cases is multifactorial and which often triggers malnutrition. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) is an established screening tool. This study aimed to investigate reliability, validity, and feasibility of its telephone administration (T-SNAQ) in German community-dwelling older adults. This cross-sectional single-centre study recruited participants from April 2021 to September 2021. First, the SNAQ was translated into German according to an established methodology. After translation, reliability, construct validity, and feasibility of the T-SNAQ were analysed. A convenience sample of community-dwelling older adults aged ≥70years was recruited. The following measurements were applied to all participants: T-SNAQ, Mini Nutritional Assessment - Short Form (MNA-SF), six-item Katz index of independence in activities of daily living (ADL), eight-item Lawton instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA); FRAIL scale, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Charlson co-morbidity index as well as daily caloric and protein intake. One hundred twenty participants (59.2% female) with a mean age of 78.0±5.8years were included in the present study. The percentage of participants identified with poor appetite based on T-SNAQ was 20.8% (n=25). T-SNAQ showed a good internal reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.64 and a good test-retest reliability [intraclass coefficient of 0.95 (P<0.05)]. Regarding construct validity, T-SNAQ was significantly positively correlated with MNA-SF (r=0.213), T-MoCA (r=0.225), daily energy (r=0.222) and protein intake (r=0.252) (P<0.05). It also demonstrated a significant negative association with GDS-15 (r=-0.361), FRAIL scale (r=-0.203) and Charlson co-morbidity index (r=-0.272). Regarding applicability, the mean time for T-SNAQ was 95s and completion rate was 100%. The T-SNAQ is a feasible screening instrument for anorexia of aging in community-dwelling older adults via telephone interviews.

Fenfluramine: a plethora of mechanisms?

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies are rare, treatment-resistant epilepsies with high seizure burden and non-seizure comorbidities. The antiseizure medication (ASM) fenfluramine is an effective treatment for reducing seizure frequency, ameliorating comorbidities, and potentially reducing risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, among other rare epilepsies. Fenfluramine has a unique mechanism of action (MOA) among ASMs. Its primary MOA is currently described as dual-action sigma-1 receptor and serotonergic activity; however, other mechanisms may be involved. Here, we conduct an extensive review of the literature to identify all previously described mechanisms for fenfluramine. We also consider how these mechanisms may play a role in the reports of clinical benefit in non-seizure outcomes, including SUDEP and everyday executive function. Our review highlights the importance of serotonin and sigma-1 receptor mechanisms in maintaining a balance between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]-ergic) neural networks, and suggests that these mechanisms may represent primary pharmacological MOAs in seizures, non-seizure comorbidities, and SUDEP. We also describe ancillary roles for GABA neurotransmission, noradrenergic neurotransmission, and the endocrine system (especially such progesterone derivatives as neuroactive steroids). Dopaminergic activity underlies appetite reduction, a common side effect with fenfluramine treatment, but any involvement in seizure reduction remains speculative. Further research is underway to evaluate promising new biological pathways for fenfluramine. A better understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms for fenfluramine in reducing seizure burden and non-seizure comorbidities may allow for rational drug design and/or improved clinical decision-making when prescribing multi-ASM regimens.

Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketogenesis Metabolic Stimulation and Regulation of NLRP3 Ubiquitination in Obese Saudi Women.

The effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on anthropometric indices, the lipid profile, and the benefits of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as an inhibitor of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in obese women were investigated in this study. From January to March 2021, 23 obese adult women (n = 23) with an average age of 35.30 years and BMI of 33.96 kg/m2 followed a KD. Instructions for the KD were given to eligible participants, with a typical plan and a menu for all the main meals, snacks, and drinks permitted over seven days. They were also free to change meals according to their preferences provided that they followed the plan. The participants attended six times throughout the intervention for measurements of their anthropometric indices, BHB levels, interleukin-1beta (1L-1β) levels, and completion of a questionnaire (pre-intervention, mid-intervention, and post-intervention). Following the KD caused significant weight loss, a reduction in waist circumference and BHB levels, as well as a reduction in BMI and appetite. Cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased slightly. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum increased significantly (p < 0.05), and 1L-1β decreased significantly (p < 0.0001). The results show that the KD effectively encouraged weight loss and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Based on the questionnaire results, it was found that a variety of physical symptoms, including overall energy, physical activity, mood, sleep, focus, skin conditions, and menstruation, had significantly improved.

Emotional Appetite Questionnaire: psychometric properties in Brazilian adult samples before and after the COVID-19 pandemic onset.

Appetite represents a desire of a person to eat specific food in order to reach satisfaction and pleasure states. This desire may be associated with the experience of negative or positive emotions (emotional appetite). Emotional appetite can influence eating behavior, and its investigation is relevant to avoid possible damage to health resulting from a disordered eating. To adapt the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) to the Portuguese language; to assess the validity and reliability of the data; and to assess emotional appetite in three samples of adults collected before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The Portuguese version of the EMAQ was presented after translation, back-translation, and content analysis. Two studies were conducted, the first before and the second after the pandemic onset. Three samples were formed (2019: Sample 1 (age = 19.7 ± 1.5 years) n = 323; 2020: Sample 2 (age = 21.3 ± 1.8 years) n = 1,011; and Sample 3 (age = 28.9 ± 3.1 years) n = 909). An exploratory strategy with parallel analysis was performed. The analyses were conducted in FACTOR and R (lavaan and semTools packages) software. After determining the best-fit model for the data, emotional appetite was examined considering decrease, non-alteration, and increase in appetite in the face of positive and negative emotions/situations. The profile of emotional appetite was determined using a circumplex model. The two-factor model described by the valence of emotions/situations fitted the samples (Comparative Fit Indexminimum-maximum = 0.95-0.98; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.94-0.98; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.03-0.08; αord = 0.78-0.88). Increases in appetite were more frequent for positive emotions/situations (52.0-57.5%), and both decreases (35.4-44.5%) and increases (50.0-56.2%) in appetite were observed for negative emotions/situations. Emotions with negative valence and activation were more relevant to appetite reduction, while a significant increase in appetite was observed with anxiety (negative valence and positive activation). Different emotions and situations may influence appetite in people, and such an investigation may be useful in preparing eating protocols.

Association between physical activity, growth differentiation factor 15 and bodyweight in older adults: A longitudinal mediation analysis

Late-life aging is often associated with appetite reduction and weight loss. Physical activity (PA) may prevent these processes, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain elusive. The present study investigated the putative mediating aspect of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a stress signalling protein involved in aging, exercise and appetite control, on the association between PA and late-life-associated weight loss. One thousand eighty-three healthy adults (63.8% women) aged 70years and over who participated in the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial were included. Bodyweight (kg) and PA levels (square root of metabolic equivalent of task-min/week) were assessed repeatedly from baseline to the 3-year visit, whereas plasma GDF-15 (pg/mL) was measured at the 1-year visit. Multiple linear regressions were performed to test the association between first-year mean PA level, 1-year visit GDF-15 concentration and subsequent bodyweight changes. Mediation analyses were used to investigate whether GDF-15 mediated the association between first-year mean PA levels and consecutive bodyweight changes. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher first-year mean PA levels significantly predicted lower GDF-15 and bodyweight at 1year (B=-2.22; SE=0.79; P=0.005). In addition, higher 1-year visit GDF-15 levels were associated with faster subsequent bodyweight loss (Time×GDF-15 interaction B=-0.0004; SE=0.0001; P=0.003). Mediation analyses confirmed that GDF-15 mediated the association between first-year mean PA levels and subsequent bodyweight changes (mediated effect ab=0.0018; bootstrap SE=0.001; P<0.05) and revealed that mean PA had no direct effect on subsequent bodyweight changes (c' =0.006; SE=0.008; P>0.05). This study suggests that GDF-15 may be one of the molecules mediating the link between PA and late-life weight loss, but mechanistic studies are necessary to further support the present findings.

New therapies for obesity.

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with serious complications and increased mortality. Weight loss (WL) through lifestyle changes results in modest WL long-term possibly due to compensatory biological adaptations (increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure) promoting weight gain. Bariatric surgery was until recently the only intervention that consistently resulted in ≥ 15% WL and maintenance. Our better understanding of the endocrine regulation of appetite has led to the development of new medications over the last decade for the treatment of obesity with main target the reduction of appetite. The efficacy of semaglutide 2.4 mg/week-the latest glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor analogue-on WL for people with obesity suggests that we are entering a new era in obesity pharmacotherapy where ≥15% WL is feasible. Moreover, the WL achieved with the dual agonist tirzepatide (GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) for people with type 2 diabetes and most recently also obesity, indicate that combining the GLP-1 with other gut hormones may lead to additional WL compared with GLP-1 receptor analogues alone and in the future, multi-agonist molecules may offer the potential to bridge further the efficacy gap between bariatric surgery and the currently available pharmacotherapies.

Effects of whey protein on appetite: An overview with a mechanistic insight

Objective: The present review summarizes current knowledge on the possible mechanisms of Whey Protein (WP) action on appetite. Background: Due to the high prevalence of obesity worldwide and the relationship between obesity and Non communicable diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases), as the main cause of mortality, strategies for weight loss such as appetite reduction is important for increment of life expectancy and mortality reduction. Since several short-term studies and also a few long-term trials showed WP effect on appetite reduction, we reviewed the mechanisms of this action.

Can capsaicinoids and their analogs affect energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during exercise? A systematic review with acute studies

Capsaicinoids and their analogs (CAP) are found in various types of peppers and have received great attention as weight management agents. An increase in energy expenditure and fat oxidation at rest, along with appetite and energy intake reduction has been reported. CAP supplementation has also been indicated to increase exercise performance. Another potential effect of CAP during exercise is to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thus, the present systematic review aimed to compare the energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation during exercise with CAP administration, or placebo (no CAP administration), in acute studies. Ten studies met our inclusion criteria for EE, including one with mice. Only one study reported higher EE during exercise compared to non-CAP conditions. We found seven studies that met our inclusion criteria for substrate oxidation measurement during exercise. One study reported lower fat oxidation during CAP conditions, while two reported higher fat oxidation with CAP supplementation. From studies retrieved, some reported increased EE and fat oxidation at rest, which means that the effect of CAP at rest was not carried over into exercise. In conclusion, CAP seems not to be a potential ergogenic aid to affect EE considering the studies retrieved in this current review; however, inconsistent results have been reported regarding to substrate oxidation. Further research should clarify the effect of CAP on substrate oxidation during exercise. • Capsaicinoids and their analogs do not seem to affect energy expenditure during exercise. • Effect of capsaicinoids and their analogs on substrate oxidation during exercise presents conflicting outcomes. • Further studies on capsaicinoids and their analogs are needed manipulating type, dose and timing of administration. • Further studies on capsaicinoids and their analogs are needed in people with different body mass.

The effect of flaxseed intake on appetite reduction: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

Appetite control has attracted many scientists' attention recently since it can lead to weight management and the prevention of further metabolic disorders. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of flaxseed on satiety perception but the results are controversial. This study aims to review these results comprehensively. PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for related papers on June 2021. The searched keywords for appetite were: visual analog scale, appetite, desire to eat, satiation, satiety, hunger, fullness, and for Flaxseed they were: flax, flax*, linseed*, lignin*, Linseed Oil, flaxseed, ground flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and Linum usitatissimum. The 13 included studies were inconsistent in results and some of them found no significant effect of flaxseed on the considered outcomes. However, three studies revealed a significant reduction in hunger perception as well as appetite. Moreover, two studies found a decreasing effect on prospective consumption. Three studies observed a positive significant effect on fullness and satiety. Although there are a limited number of documents related to the effect of flaxseed on appetite perception, or its equivalent terms, the available studies suggest the potential role of flaxseed in decreasing appetite and hunger.

Additive Advantages of Utilization of a Combination Therapy of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Vitamin D Supplementation for Overweight/Obese Individuals in Appetite Reduction, Favourable Metabolic profile-A Short Communication

Additive Advantages of Utilization of a Combination Therapy of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Vitamin D Supplementation for Overweight/Obese Individuals in Appetite Reduction, Favourable Metabolic profile-A Short Communication

Effects of Vinegar/Acetic Acid Intake on Appetite Measures and Energy Consumption: Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Context Research suggests that the active ingredient in vinegar, acetic acid, may reduce appetite, thereby reducing energy consumption. Objective This article aims to assess the effect of vinegar or acetic acid on appetite measures and subsequent food intake in humans. Design This was conducted as a systematic literature review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eligibility Criteria All participants were considered, regardless of age or health status. Study Selection A search using MedLine (Ovid), PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library between January and April 2021 resulted in 12 studies. Main Outcome Measures Outcomes included appetite, measured using an appetite rating scale or visual analog scale; satiation, measured as food intake of intervention meal; and satiety, measured as the amount of food intake after vinegar or acetic acid consumption. Results Some short-term interventions indicate that vinegar containing at least 24.6 mmol acetic acid, when consumed alongside a meal containing solid foods, acutely suppresses appetite up to 120 min postprandially as well as ad libitum food intake 3 and 24 h after vinegar consumption. However, longer exposure vinegar interventions suggest that vinegar does not affect overall energy intake. Conclusions Further research is needed to determine whether oral vinegar consumption may lead to long-term appetite reduction, decrease energy intake, and aid in weight loss.

338-OR: Tirzepatide Reduces Appetite, Energy Intake, and Fat Mass in People with T2D

Tirzepatide (TZP) , a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist (RA) has shown superior improvement in glycemic control and body weight than selective GLP-1 RA. Rodent models indicate that GIP RA augments GLP-1 RA induced food intake suppression and causes body weight loss, mainly by reducing fat mass. This randomized, double-blind, parallel study compared the effects of TZP 15 mg (N=45) , semaglutide (SEMA) 1 mg (N=44) and placebo (PBO) (N=28) on energy intake (assessed by an ad libitum lunch) , appetite (visual analog scale [VAS] ratings of hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption [PFC], and fullness) and body composition (air displacement plethysmography) at baseline and at 28 weeks of treatment. At 28 weeks, reductions in body weight from baseline were observed with TZP 15 mg (-11.2 kg) and SEMA 1 mg (-6.9 kg) , and significantly differed between treatment groups (-4.3 kg [95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.8, -1.9]; p&amp;lt;0.001) . Reductions in fat mass from baseline were also observed with TZP 15 mg (-9.7 kg) and SEMA 1 mg (-5.9 kg) , and significantly differed between treatment groups (-3.8 kg [95% CI: -6.2, -1.4]; p=0.002) . Energy intake reductions from baseline observed with TZP 15 mg (-348.4 kcal) and SEMA 1 mg (-284.1 kcal) did not differ between treatment groups (-64.3 kcal [95% CI: -160.3, 31.7]; p=0.187) . TZP reduced overall appetite by increasing satiety with decreased PFC (all p&amp;lt;0.05) . Appetite ratings did not differ between TZP and SEMA. In conclusion, TZP achieved greater weight loss than selective GLP-1 RA, mostly driven by fat mass loss. Significant and clinically meaningful reductions in appetite and energy intake were observed with both TZP and selective GLP-1 RA. However, these effects could not totally explain the additional weight loss with TZP. As appetite and energy intake reduction were not significantly different between treatments; additional mechanisms might contribute to the weight loss with TZP. Ongoing studies will further elucidate the mechanism of weight loss with TZP. Disclosure T.Heise: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk A/S, Research Support; ADOCIA, AstraZeneca, Biocon, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Gan &amp; Lee Pharmaceuticals, Genova, Nestlé, Neuraly Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi, Zealand Pharma A/S, Speaker's Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company, Gan &amp; Lee Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk A/S. A.Haupt: Employee; Lilly, Stock/Shareholder; Lilly. Z.Milicevic: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. J.De vries: Advisory Panel; ADOCIA, Novo Nordisk A/S, Zealand Pharma A/S, Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk A/S. T.Coskun: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. S.Urva: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. J.Li: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. E.J.Pratt: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. M.K.Thomas: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. K.J.Mather: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. J.P.Dunn: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Eli Lilly and Company. Funding Eli Lilly and Company

The Effects of Vinegar/Acetic Acid Intake on Appetite Measures and Energy Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review

ObjectivesResearch suggests the active ingredient in vinegar, acetic acid, may reduce appetite, thereby reducing energy consumption. This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of vinegar or acetic acid on appetite and subsequent food intake in humans in the published literature. MethodsAll human subject studies, regardless of age or health status. A search using MedLine (Ovid), PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library between January to April 2021 resulted in 12 papers. One of the publications by Darzi et al. combined the findings of two independent studies and was therefore treated as two separate studies in this review (study 1” and “Darzi study 2). Outcomes included appetite, measured using an appetite rating scale or visual analog scale, satiation, measured as food intake of intervention meal, and satiety, measured as the amount of food intake following vinegar or acetic acid consumption. ResultsSeven short-term studies were crossover randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effect of a single vinegar exposure with satiety or appetite as the primary outcome. Six long-term studies were parallel-group RCTs with repeated vinegar exposure, ranging from 4 to 12 weeks. These studies compared energy intake before and after the vinegar/acetic acid intervention. The short-term interventions indicated that vinegar containing at least 24.6 mmol acetic acid when consumed alongside a meal containing solid foods, acutely suppressed appetite up to 120 minutes postprandially, and ad libitum food intake three- and 24-hours after vinegar consumption. However, results from the long-term studies found no effect on appetite suppression. ConclusionsOverall, four of the six short-term studies reported that vinegar suppressed appetite, while none of the long-term studies were able to reproduce these results. Further research is needed to determine whether oral vinegar consumption may result in long-term appetite reduction, decrease energy intake, and potentially aid in weight loss. Funding SourcesNot applicable.

Efficacy and Safety of a Polysaccharide-Based Natural Substance Complex in the Treatment of Obesity and Other Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasingly common in adults as well as in children and adolescents. However, preventing and treating MetS is one of the most pressing challenges for public health services worldwide. At present, the only approved treatments for MetS are dietary changes and physical activity, which are associated with a high rate of non-compliance. On the contrary, no drugs are licensed to treat metabolic syndrome, although a number of drugs are used to treat individual metabolic abnormalities, which increases the risk of adverse events, particularly in children. Policaptil Gel Retard® (PGR), an oral macromolecule complex based on polysaccharides, has been demonstrated to significantly reduce body weight, peak blood glucose (BG) levels, insulin levels, and lipid levels, providing an interesting non-pharmacological therapeutic option for MetS-associated metabolic abnormalities, especially in younger patients.Aims: To review available studies on the use of PGR in children, adolescents, or adults with obesity or metabolic syndrome.Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases for PGR and MetS. A total of six studies were identified and included.Results: Across four randomized clinical studies and one retrospective clinical study including a total of 359 obese children and adolescents with or without MetS and 157 overweight/obese adults with or without MetS and/or T2DM, a single dose of PGR resulted in a reduction in appetite and postprandial triglyceride levels in younger patients and peak postprandial BG levels in adults. Decreased lipid levels were observed in adults following a normocaloric diet who received PGR for 30 days. As a long-term treatment, in combination with a low-glycemic index diet with or without metformin, PGR resulted in reduced body mass index and waist circumference, improved insulin sensitivity with reduction of glucose-metabolism abnormalities, increased insulin reserve and, finally, an improved circulating lipid profile, regardless of age. No safety issues were reported.Conclusion: Policaptil Gel Retard® is an effective and safe non-pharmacological approach to improve the treatment of MetS-associated cardiovascular risk factors in children, adolescents, and adults.