The objective of this study is to explore the effect of acute appendicitis and chronic cholecystitis on inflammatory factors and intestinal mucosal function during operation. This was a prospective cohort study. Forty-four patients including those who underwent elective cholecystectomy (Group A, n = 22) or emergency appendectomy (Group B, n = 22) were recruited. Before anesthesiaand after surgery, arterial blood was collected for the measurement of plasma indicesassociated with inflammation or intestinal permeability. Both the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were higher in Group B than in Group A (P< 0.05). The preoperative IL-10 level was higher in Group A than in Group B (P= 0.036), while after surgery, the opposite relationship was observed (P = 0.020). There were no intergroup or intragroup differences for D-Lac. The postoperative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and human syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) levels were lower than the corresponding preoperative value (P< 0.05) in the two groups. Both the preoperative Sdc-1 and fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) levels in Group A were higher than the corresponding levels in Group B (P< 0.05). The studysuggested that chronic cholecystitis had more severe damage to intestinal mucosal function than acute appendicitis. It is necessary to strengthen the protection of intestinal mucosa during the perioperative period.