Rate Of Appearance Research Articles

Disrupted brain state dynamics in opioid and alcohol use disorder: attenuation by nicotine use.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder with long-lasting changes in brain intrinsic networks. While most research to date has focused on static functional connectivity, less is known about the effect of chronic drug use on dynamics of brain networks. Here we investigated brain state dynamics in individuals with opioid use (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and assessed how concomitant nicotine use, which is frequent among individuals with OUD and AUD, affects brain dynamics. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 27 OUD, 107 AUD, and 137 healthy participants were included in the analyses. To identify recurrent brain states and their dynamics, we applied a data-driven clustering approach that determines brain states at a single time frame. We found that OUD and AUD non-smokers displayed similar changes in brain state dynamics including decreased fractional occupancy or dwell time in default mode network (DMN)-dominated brain states and increased appearance rate in visual network (VIS)-dominated brain states, which were also reflected in transition probabilities of related brain states. Interestingly, co-use of nicotine affected brain states in an opposite manner by lowering VIS-dominated and enhancing DMN-dominated brain states in both OUD and AUD participants. Our finding revealed a similar pattern of brain state dynamics in OUD and AUD participants that differed from controls, with an opposite effect for nicotine use suggesting distinct effects of various drugs on brain state dynamics. Different strategies for treating SUD may need to be implemented based on patterns of co-morbid drug use.

What is going on with the flower bud differentiation and metabolites control of scape elongation on Clivia miniata Regel?

Clivia miniata Regel, a globally renowned ornamental plant, is used in China to celebrate Lunar New Year (the Chinese Spring Festival). However, its anthesis in greenhouses often misses the timing of this festival. Understanding the mechanism of flower bud differentiation and scape elongation is critical for the accurate and stable regulation of anthesis. Currently, little is known about the molecular mechanism of anthesis regulation in C. miniata. In this study, a hypothetical model for its growth and the flowering mechanism was verified by systematic observation over a whole year. Once ripe-to-flower a C. miniata plant followed an autonomous, sympodial, and modular growth system in which the stem apical meristem produced four leaves before terminating in an inflorescence. Paraffin section observation revealed six stages of flower bud differentiation. Moreover, a metabolomic profile of a young leaf adjacent to the scape, at each of four stages of scape development, enabled us to identify metabolites involved in various pathways that correlated with regulation of anthesis. A total of 510 metabolites were identified as present across the different development stages of scapes. Of them, 159 metabolites were differentially expressed, and were enriched in the pathways of amino acid, sugar, glycerophospholipid, and glutathione. Amino acids, sugars, glycerophospholipids, and hormones were suggested to participate in development to anthesis by regulating the molecular network involved in scape elongation. The rate of scape appearance was highest (100 %) following spray application of 50 mg/L GA3. While all treatments could advance anthesis, a spray treatment at 200 mg/L GA3 advanced anthesis by 42 days.

Simple quantitative planimetric measurement of nigrosome-1 for clinical settings

IntroductionLoss of MRI hyperintense signal in nigrosome-1 (assessed with susceptibility-weighted imaging) is a biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). Current clinical practice involves subjectively rating the appearance of nigrosome-1 which is challenging. The study aimed to test and compare a simple method for quantifying nigrosome-1 with the current subjective rating method. MethodsTwo experienced neuroradiologists measured area of hyperintense signal in nigrosome-1 (quantitative method) and rated nigrosome-1 appearance (as normal, attenuated, or absent; subjective method) in 42 patients encompassing the full spectrum of nigrosome-1 integrity (21 patients aged 55.5 ± 20.9 years with Essential tremor (ET) and a subset of 21 patients aged 69.6 ± 8.6 years with PD). Neuroradiologists were blinded to each other's measurements, clinical notes, and patient group. ResultsBoth methods yielded a significant difference between the groups (PD vs ET; p < 0.001). Pooled (across sides) area of nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal was significantly smaller in the PD group (median = 2.1 mm2, range = 0–15.8 mm2) than ET group (median = 8.3 mm2, range = 0–15.7 mm2; p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability was high to very high for both methods (subjective: weighted kappa = 0.640, p < 0.001; quantitative: W = 0.733, p = 0.004). Our primary hypothesis that area of nigrosome-1 hyperintense signal exhibits higher inter-rater reliability than subjective rating of nigrosome-1 appearance was not supported. ConclusionThe simple quantitative method, used with subjectively rated nigrosome-1 appearance, may improve confidence in longitudinal clinical reporting, when nigrosome-1 is attenuated. However, further work on the incremental diagnostic value of planimetry and bias, repeatability and reproducibility are needed before it can be recommended in clinical practice.

Determination of Consumer Color and Discoloration Thresholds for Purchase of Representative Retail Ground Beef

The objective of this study was to identify the threshold for color and discoloration for consumers to purchase ground beef and to determine the best objective measurement to predict consumer purchase intent. This study was designed in 2 phases, with Phase 1 requiring consumers to evaluate ground beef samples of multiple days of display simultaneously, and Phase 2 having consumers evaluate samples of only a single day of display. Ground beef packages (80% lean) were evaluated for overall appearance liking and purchase intent (yes/no) by consumers (n=216 and 318). Additionally, packages were evaluated for L*, a*, b*, calculated percentage of metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, chroma, hue angle, and trained sensory panel redness and discoloration scores. Models showed that each of the objective measures evaluated were predictors (P&amp;lt;0.05) of consumer purchasing intent. All logistic regression equations (P&amp;lt;0.01) had high R2 values of 0.48 to 0.86 (Phase 1) and 0.26 to 0.65 (Phase 2) and correctly classified 78.1% to 90.1% (Phase 1) and 70.5% to 84.0% (Phase 2) of samples as would/would not purchase. Linear regression equations predicting consumer overall appearance ratings with objective measures also resulted in significant (P&amp;lt;0.01) models, with R2 values of 0.57 to 0.93 and 0.35 to 0.54. The a* values of 21.6, 24.6, 28.3, and 30.5 (Phase 1) and 20.7, 26.2, 31.7, and 35.4 (Phase 2) correspond with consumers being 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% likely to purchase the product at full price. However, if the product was discounted, the a* values were reduced to 17.9, 21.4, 25.0, and 27.4 (Phase 1) and 17.7, 22.7, 27.7, and 31.1 (Phase 2). The models generated from this study provide the ability to predict consumer willingness to purchase ground beef and provide ground beef processors an indication of potential consumer purchasing behaviors based upon objective values that are easy to measure.

Longer cutting intervals on the characteristics of Guinea grass: morphogenetic, productive, and nutritional traits

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of longer cutting intervals on morphogenetic and structural traits, herbage production, nutritional value, and in vitro digestibility of Guinea grass cv. Mombaça (Mombaça grass). Four cutting intervals (49, 63, 77, and 91 days) were evaluated in two crop years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) during the rainy season, in two replicates. Cutting intervals influenced structural and morphogenetic traits, except for number of live leaves (4.35 leaves tiller-1) and final leaf length (72.94 cm) in the 2015-2016 crop year. As the cutting intervals increased, dry matter yield and stem percentage increased, whereas leaf percentage and leaf-to-stem ratio declined. Regardless of the evaluated crop year, the dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents increased linearly; however, the neutral detergent fiber content was unaffected. Cutting intervals affected the crude protein content and in vitro digestibility. Considering leaf appearance rate, stem appearance rate, and leaf-to-stem ratio, the recommended harvest age for Mombaça grass for optimum yield and nutritional value is 77 days.

Evaluation of treatment results of oral cavity tumors with the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of life in patients with oral cavity tumors who underwent either surgical resection or surgical resection followed by radiotherapy (RT) using the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UW-QOL). Patients and Methods: The retrospective study included a total of 40 patients (31 males, 9 females; mean age: 64.1±8.3 years; range, 40 to 85 years) who were diagnosed with primary oral cavity tumors and treated between January 2015 and June 2021. Group 1 (n=20) consisted of patients who underwent surgical resection, while Group 2 (n=20) included patients who underwent surgical resection followed by RT. Each participant completed the UW-QOL questionnaire, and the scores were compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in pain (p=0.149), recreation (p=0.495), and shoulder (p=0.102) parameters. However, the RT group showed significantly lower scores in appearance (p=0.003), activity (p=0.010), swallowing (p=0.001), chewing (p=0.003), speech (p=0.001), taste (p=0.006), saliva (p=0.001), mood (p=0.002), and anxiety (p=0.007) parameters. There were no significant differences in the rates of the most disturbing parameters, such as pain (p=0.548), activity, recreation, shoulder (p=0.292), mood (p=0.311), and anxiety (p=0.072), in the last seven days (p&gt;0.05). However, those who received RT had significantly higher rates of appearance (p=0.04), swallowing (p=0.001), chewing (p=0.001), speech (p=0.002), taste (p=0.035), and saliva (p=0.008) issues in the last seven days. Conclusion: The data we obtained may be helpful during pretreatment patient counseling. Consequently, patients can be informed about the morbidities they may encounter after treatment, and preliminary information can be given to the patients in line with this information.

The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy on the Improvement of Postmenopausal Women’s Body Image: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: The physiological changes in postmenopausal women, especially age-related physical changes, may lead to negative experiences in body image among these women. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on the negative body image of postmenopausal women. Methods: This parallel randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 22 eligible postmenopausal women attending a health care center in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2018. They were randomly selected and assigned to intervention and control groups (n = 11 per group). The intervention group attended eight 90-minute sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) based on the Cash 8-step model. All participants completed the body image concern inventory (BICI) and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) before, immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention. The chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures test were used to investigate the trend of changes in BICI and MBSRQ and their domains over time in both groups. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant for all tests. Results: Before the intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics (such as age, age of menopause, and body mass index (BMI)) between the 2 groups; also, there were no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of MBSRQ and BICI between the 2 groups (P &lt; 0.05). After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in the mean scores of MBSRQ and its 3 out of 6 domains (appearance evaluation (AE), appearance orientation (AO), and body areas satisfaction (BAS); P &lt; 0.05), while a significant decrease was observed in the mean scores of BICI in the intervention group compared with the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral group therapy based on the Cash 8-step model in postmenopausal women can promote satisfaction with their body image.

Efficient cotton population photosynthetic production synergistically increases seedcotton yield and fiber quality through straw incorporation with appropriate nitrogen fertilization in wheat-cotton rotation system

ContextStraw incorporation with appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization could increase seedcotton yield, but it is unknown whether and how straw incorporation with N fertilization can synergistically improve seedcotton yield and fiber quality. ObjectiveContinuous years of positioning field wheat-cotton double cropping experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2021 to investigate the effects of straw incorporation and N fertilization on seedcotton yield and fiber quality. MethodsFour N rates (0, 75, 150 and 300 kg N ha−1) and two straw managements (wheat-cotton straw incorporation and straw removal i.e. CK) were used as experimental treatments. The canopy photosyhthetic capacity, biomass, seedcotton yield and fiber quality were measured. Meanwhile, the dynamics of cotton square nuber and boll number during the efficient photo-thermal periods (approximately from 25th July to 30th August) were monitored. ResultsIn the study from 2019 to 2021, the canopy apparent photosynthesis rate, leaf area index and chlorophyll relative content increased with straw incorporation and increasing N rates. The maximum daily square appearance rate of 6.9 × 104 no. ha−1 and the maximum daily boll setting rate of 3.4 × 104 no. ha−1 during the efficient photo-thermal periods were obtained under straw incorporation with 150 kg N ha−1. Where the maximum boll setting ratio and boll weight ratio were observed. Straw incorporation with 150 kg N ha−1 also produced the maximum boll number (87.3–98.1 × 104 no. ha−1), seedcotton yield (3998–4544 kg ha−1) and the longest fiber length of 30.3–31.2 mm across from 2019 to 2021, and the strongest fiber strength and the lowest micronaire in 2019 and 2020. The results of 13CO2 feeding to cotton plants in 2019 and 2020 showed that straw incorporation promoted 13C allocation into cotton fiber and the maximum cotton fiber 13C proportion appeared under straw incorporation with 150 kg N ha−1. Besides, straw incorporation and increasing N rates increased seed hull 13C proportion for fiber development. In addition, long-term straw incorporation could reduce chemical N fertilizer by approximatly 30% from 150 kg N ha−1 to achieve the seedcotton yield under 150 kg N ha−1 without significant influence on fiber quality. ConclusionIn wheat-cotton rotation system, straw incorporation with a 30% reduction from 150 kg N ha−1 was appropriate to increasing seedcotton yield and fiber quality synergistically by improving canopy photosynthetic capacity, increasing cotton square and boll number during the efficient photo-thermal period, and optimizing photosynthate allocation in cotton boll.

OR18-03 Peripheral But Not Hepatic Insulin Resistance Associates With Adverse Vascular And Metabolic Health In Type 1 Diabetes: A Possible Target For Adjunctive Therapy

Abstract Disclosure: J.R. Snaith: None. N. Olsen: None. G. Kowalski: None. C. Bruce: None. J. Holmes-Walker: None. J.R. Greenfield: None. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a cardiometabolic risk factor that is potentially targetable with adjunctive therapy. Prior studies of metformin in T1D have yielded mixed results. Whether liver and/or muscle insulin resistance is a prerequisite for metformin’s action in adults with T1D is unknown. The INTIMET study recruited 40 adults with T1D (age 37.4±8.8 years, HbA1c 7.5±0.9%, diabetes duration 22.9±8.8 years, BMI 26.4±0.9 kg/m2) and 20 age- and BMI-matched controls without diabetes. Subjects with T1D were randomized to metformin extended-release 1500mg daily or placebo for 26 weeks. Two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps (low-dose 20 mU/m2/min, high-dose 60 mU/m2/min insulin) using 6,6-2H2-glucose tracers assessed liver (basal glucose rate of appearance [B-Ra] and low-dose endogenous glucose production [L-EGP]; primary outcomes) and muscle (high-dose glucose infusion rate [GIR]; secondary outcome) insulin resistance at t=0 in all subjects and at t=26 weeks in T1D. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat free mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Applanation tonometry was used to measure arterial stiffness (AIx, augmentation index). Adults with T1D and controls had similar B-Ra (18.2±5.1 vs 18.3±2.2 mmol/kgFFM/min; p=0.87). However, T1D were insulin-resistant at the liver (L-EGP 5.9±2.2 vs 3.6±1.7 mmol/kgFFM/min; p&amp;lt;0.001) and at muscle (GIR 62±20 vs 88±18 µmol/min·kgFFM; p&amp;lt;0.001). Despite these differences, VAT was comparable. In all subjects, baseline GIR correlated with L-EGP (r=-0.343; p=0.008), VAT (r=-0.269; p=0.039) and BMI (r=-0.304; p=0.019). In contrast, baseline L-EGP did not relate to VAT (r=0.060; p=0.653) or BMI (r=0.173; p=0.189). Adults with T1D had borderline higher AIx than controls (11.2±11.4 vs 4.7±13.1%, p=0.05). In the whole group, GIR was associated with LogAIx (r=-0.258, p=0.048), but L-EGP was not (r=0.154; p=0.246). In T1D, HbA1c correlated with GIR (r=-0.329; p=0.041) but L-EGP did not (r=0.307; p=0.057). After 26 weeks, there was no difference between metformin vs placebo-treated T1D subjects in HbA1c and weight, or B-Ra, L-EGP or GIR using generalised linear regression adjusted for age and baseline B-Ra, L-EGP and GIR. In these models, baseline GIR inversely predicted L-EGP (p=0.027) and directly predicted GIR (p&amp;lt;0.001) at 26 weeks. Adults with T1D exhibited greater liver and muscle insulin resistance, and higher arterial stiffness, which was not improved with metformin. Muscle but not liver insulin resistance related to BMI, VAT, HbA1c and AIx. Baseline muscle insulin resistance predicted muscle and hepatic insulin resistance at 26 weeks, irrespective of metformin treatment. This study highlights 1) the importance of muscle but not liver insulin resistance in T1D and 2) the need to identify muscle insulin resistant T1D individuals to enable interventions that improve vascular and metabolic outcomes. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

OR18-04 Leptin Decreases Gluconeogenesis And Gluconeogenic Substrate Availability In Patients With Lipodystrophy

Abstract Disclosure: E. Quaye: None. S. Chacko: None. M. Startzell: None. R.J. Brown: Other; Self; Metreleptin for the study was donated by Amryt Pharma. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that signals overall energy sufficiency. In patients with lipodystrophy, treatment with recombinant leptin (metreleptin) improved measures of glycemia and decreased energy expenditure. We hypothesized that metreleptin in patients with lipodystrophy would decrease gluconeogenesis (GNG) and gluconeogenic substrates through improvements in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity. We conducted a single-arm prospective study of metreleptin administration in 9 patients with lipodystrophy from 2013-2018. The main outcomes of this study were basal and insulin-mediated suppression of GNG, carbon sources for GNG (glycerol rate of appearance (Ra) measured with isotope tracers, and plasma alanine and lactate), palmitate Ra (a driver of GNG, measured with isotope tracers), and peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity (measured as glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic clamp, and % suppression of glucose Ra during the clamp, respectively). Peripheral insulin sensitivity increased 2-fold (by 115±134%; P=0.001) after 6 months of metreleptin. Hepatic insulin sensitivity increased from 61% to 81% after 6 months of metreleptin with a trend toward statistical significance (P=0.08; 6 months vs. baseline). Basal GNG decreased by 16±12%, from 12.4±3.9 to 10.9±2.6 µmol/kgLBM/min, after 2 weeks of metreleptin (P=0.02) but did not change after 6 months (P=0.2). Metreleptin increased insulin-mediated suppression of GNG during the hyperinsulinemic clamp from 73% at baseline to 91% after 2 weeks (P&amp;lt;0.002; 2 weeks vs. baseline), and 94% after 6 months (P&amp;lt;0.001; 6 months vs. baseline). Alanine was unchanged after 2 weeks of metreleptin (P=0.1) but decreased by 21±22% after 6 months (P=0.005). There was a positive correlation between alanine and GNG at baseline (r=0.8, P=0.01), 2 weeks (r=0.8, P=0.03) and 6 months (r=0.9, P=0.002). Lactate decreased by 20±18% after 2 weeks (P=0.014) and 21±24% (P=0.001) after 6 months of metreleptin. There was no significant decrease in glycerol or palmitate Ra after 2 weeks of metreleptin, but palmitate Ra decreased after 6 months (P=0.04). Metreleptin treatment in patients with lipodystrophy reduced basal GNG and increased insulin mediated suppression of GNG. Reduced GNG may be mediated by improved insulin sensitivity leading to reductions in alanine and lactate, which are carbon sources for GNG. Associations between alanine and GNG persisted after metreleptin, suggesting that potential therapeutic interventions to reduce protein turnover in insulin-resistant states may improve glucose homeostasis. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

A cryptically diverse microbial community drives organic matter decomposition in forests

Despite the critical role of microorganisms in plant and fungal residue decomposition, our understanding of their full diversity remains limited. This is due largely to the rapid microbial succession during decomposition, a scarcity of studies including multiple sampling times, and the omission of a species richness index encompassing all decay stages. To address these gaps, we conducted a meta-analysis of 12 studies, each examining bacterial and fungal communities at multiple time points during decomposition. We aimed to determine the overall microbial diversity involved in decomposition processes by aggregating microbial richness at different time points. By comparing cumulative microbial OTU (operational taxonomic unit) richness with single time point microbial richness, we show that the cumulative richness was 2–5 times greater, indicating that a high yet frequently overlooked diversity of microorganisms is involved in the decomposition process. This pattern was consistent across different organic matter types (plant and fungal residues) for both major microbial domains (bacteria and fungi). Moreover, the appearance rate of novel OTUs generally decreased over time for most organic matter types, except for dead wood, which accumulated new fungal OTUs at a notable pace. Our results collectively emphasize the importance of considering various microbial domains, organic matter types, and time points to successfully characterize the diversity of microorganisms involved in decomposition. Further, given the hidden cumulative number of bacterial and fungal species held within plant and fungal residues across decay stages, we propose that these substrates are crucial microbial reservoirs to include to accurately assess global terrestrial microbial diversity.

Leaf appearance rate and phyllochron on millet sowing dates

The objective of this study was to determine the leaf appearance rate and phyllochron as affected by millet sowing dates. The experiment was conducted with six sowing dates (11/28/2019, 12/03/2019, 12/10/2019, 12/17/2019, 12/30/2019 and 01/14/2020). The sowing was performed in plots with six rows of 2 m length and spacing of 0.25 m between rows. After emergence, for each sowing date, five plants were marked and the number of leaves was counted twice a week until flowering. For each plant relative to each sowing date (30 plants), the number of leaves (NL), leaf appearance period (LAP, in days), accumulated thermal sum (TSa, in ºC day), leaf appearance rate (LAR, on days leaf-1) and phyllochron in °C day leaf-1 were determined. Among the sowing dates, there is no variation in the number of leaves, with an average of 18.07 leaves. LAP varies between 49 and 88 days, TSa between 697.57 and 1299.47 °C day, LAR between 3.26 and 5.40 days leaf-1, and phyllochron between 45.05 and 80.81 °C day leaf-1. Millet shows better vegetative development (lower LAP, TSa, LAR and phyllochron) in early sowing (11/28/2019, 12/03/2019 and 12/10/2019) compared to later sowing (12/17/2019, 12/30/2019 and 01/14/2020).

Active Labeling Correction of Mealtimes and the Appearance of Types of Carbohydrates in Type 1 Diabetes Information Records

People with type 1 diabetes are required to adhere to their treatment rigorously to ensure maximum benefits. Diabetes tracking tools have played an important role in this regard. Type 1 diabetes monitoring has evolved and matured with the advent of blood glucose monitor sensors, insulin pens, and insulin pump automation. However, carbohydrate monitoring has seen little progress despite carbohydrates representing a major potential disruption. Relying on the modeling of carbohydrate intake using the rate of exogenous glucose appearance, we first present a methodology capable of identifying the type of carbohydrates ingested by classifying them into fast and non-fast carbohydrates. Second, we test the ability of the methodology to identify the correct synchrony between the actual mealtime and the time labeled as such in diabetes records. A deep neural network is trained with processed input data that consist of different values to estimate the parameters in a series of experiments in which, firstly, we vary the response of ingested carbohydrates for subsequent identification and, secondly, we shift the learned carbohydrate absorption curves in time to estimate when the meals were administered to virtual patients. This study validates that the identification of different carbohydrate classes in the meal records of people with type 1 diabetes could become a valuable source of information, as it demonstrates the potential to identify inaccuracies in the recorded meal records of these patients, suggesting the potential abilities of the next generation of type 1 diabetes management tools.

Lactate signaling and fuel selection in rainbow trout: mobilization of energy reserves.

Lactate is now recognized as a regulator of fuel selection in mammals because it inhibits lipolysis by binding to the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1). The goals of this study were to quantify the effects of exogenous lactate on: 1) lipolytic rate or rate of appearance of glycerol in the circulation (Ra glycerol) and hepatic glucose production (Ra glucose), and 2) key tissue proteins involved in lactate signaling, glucose transport, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and β-oxidation in rainbow trout. Measurements of fuel mobilization kinetics show that lactate does not affect lipolysis as it does in mammals (Ra glycerol remains at 7.3 ± 0.5 µmol·kg-1·min-1), but strongly reduces hepatic glucose production (16.4 ± 2.0 to 8.9 ± 1.2 µmol·kg-1·min-1). This reduction is likely induced by decreasing gluconeogenic flux through the inhibition of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1, alternatively called Pepck1; 60% and 24% declines in gene expression and protein level, respectively). It is also caused by lactate substituting for glucose as a fuel in all tissues except white muscle that increases glut4a expression and has limited capacity for monocarboxylate transporter (Mct)-mediated lactate import. We conclude that lipolysis is not affected by hyperlactatemia because trout show no activation of autocrine Hcar1 signaling (gene expression of the receptor is unchanged or even repressed in red muscle). Lactate regulates fuel mobilization via Pck1-mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis and by replacing glucose as a fuel. This study highlights important functional differences in the Hcar1 signaling system between fish and mammals for the regulation of fuel selection.

Endogenous Glucose Production in Patients With Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia Estimated by Oral D-[6,6-2H2]-glucose.

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is an inborn metabolic disorder characterized by impaired endogenous glucose production (EGP). Monitoring of patients with GSDIa is prioritized because of ongoing treatment developments. Stable isotope tracers may enable reliable EGP monitoring. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the rate of appearance of endogenous glucose into the bloodstream (Ra) in patients with GSDIa after a single oral D-[6,6-2H2]-glucose dose. Ten adult patients with GSDIa and 10 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled. For each participant, 3 oral glucose tracer tests were performed: (1) preprandial/fasted, (2) postprandial, and (3) randomly fed states. Dried blood spots were collected before D-[6,6-2H2]-glucose administration and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes thereafter. Glucose Ra in fasted HVs was consistent with previously reported data. The time-averaged glucose Ra was significantly higher in (1) preprandial/fasted patients with GSDIa than HV and (2) postprandial HV compared with fasted HV(P < .05). A progressive decrease in glucose Ra was observed in preprandial/fasted patients with GSDIa; the change in glucose Ra time-course was directly correlated with the change in capillary glucose (P < .05). This is the first study to quantify glucose Ra in patients with GSDIa using oral D-[6,6-2H2] glucose. The test can reliably estimate EGP under conditions in which fasting tolerance is unaffected but does not discriminate between relative contributions of EGP (eg, liver, kidney) and exogenous sources (eg, dietary cornstarch). Future application is warranted for longitudinal monitoring after novel genome based treatments in patients with GSDIa in whom nocturnal dietary management can be discontinued.

Validation of a Novel Perceptual Body Image Assessment Method Using Mobile Digital Imaging Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Evaluation in a Multiethnic Sample

Given that mobile digital imaging analyses (DIA) are equipped to automate body composition and subsequently alter one’s appearance at a given objective body fat percent (BF%), the purpose of this study was to validate the use of this tool for assessments of body image. Participants (f = 134, m = 89) from two separate centers underwent body composition scans using a mobile DIA and completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Using a DIA-generated avatar, participants altered their figure so that it represented their perceived body, ideal body, and what a partner would find attractive. Distortion was calculated as perceived minus actual BF% and dissatisfaction was calculated as either ideal or partner minus perceived BF%. The total sample and females (p < 0.050), but not males, had significantly lower perceived BF% compared to their actual. Ideal and partner BF% was significantly lower than the perceived BF% for all groups (all p < 0.050). Ideal and partner BF% mean differences (MD) from perceived were positively associated with appearance evaluation (AE) and body area satisfaction (BAS) and negatively associated with overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight for the total sample (all p < 0.050). PerceivedMD demonstrated negative associations with AE and BAS (p < 0.050), but only for females when separated by sex. Perceptual body image measured by DIA is significantly associated with attitudinal body image and may allow practitioners to better quantify this growing issue.

Evaluation of the application of sequence data to the identification of outbreaks of disease using anomaly detection methods

Anomaly detection methods have a great potential to assist the detection of diseases in animal production systems. We used sequence data of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) to define the emergence of new strains at the farm level. We evaluated the performance of 24 anomaly detection methods based on machine learning, regression, time series techniques and control charts to identify outbreaks in time series of new strains and compared the best methods using different time series: PCR positives, PCR requests and laboratory requests. We introduced synthetic outbreaks of different size and calculated the probability of detection of outbreaks (POD), sensitivity (Se), probability of detection of outbreaks in the first week of appearance (POD1w) and background alarm rate (BAR). The use of time series of new strains from sequence data outperformed the other types of data but POD, Se, POD1w were only high when outbreaks were large. The methods based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Bayesian approaches presented the best performance. Using anomaly detection methods with sequence data may help to identify the emergency of cases in multiple farms, but more work is required to improve the detection with time series of high variability. Our results suggest a promising application of sequence data for early detection of diseases at a production system level. This may provide a simple way to extract additional value from routine laboratory analysis. Next steps should include validation of this approach in different settings and with different diseases.

Role of prior feeding status in mediating the effects of exercise on blood glucose kinetics.

Changes in blood glucose concentrations are underpinned by blood glucose kinetics (endogenous and exogenous glucose appearance rates and glucose disappearance rates). Exercise potently alters blood glucose kinetics and can thereby be used as a tool to control blood glucose concentration. However, most studies of exercise-induced changes in glucose kinetics are conducted in a fasted state, and therefore less is known about the effects of exercise on glucose kinetics when exercise is conducted in a postprandial state. Emerging evidence suggests that food intake prior to exercise can increase postprandial blood glucose flux compared with when meals are consumed after exercise, whereby both glucose appearance rates and disappearance rates are increased. The mechanisms underlying the mediating effect of exercise conducted in the fed versus the fasted state are yet to be fully elucidated. Current evidence demonstrates that exercise in the postprandial state increased glucose appearance rates due to both increased exogenous and endogenous appearance and may be due to changes in splanchnic blood flow, intestinal permeability, and/or hepatic glucose extraction. On the other hand, increased glucose disappearance rates after exercise in the fed state have been shown to be associated with increased intramuscular AMPK signaling via a mismatch between carbohydrate utilization and delivery. Due to differences in blood glucose kinetics and other physiological differences, studies conducted in the fasted state cannot be immediately translated to the fed state. Therefore, conducting studies in the fed state could improve the external validity of data pertaining to glucose kinetics and intramuscular signaling in response to nutrition and exercise.

Evaluation of Suitability of Retroreflective Material Locations by Motion Analysis of the Wearer of Safety Clothing

Since ISO 20471 regulations(2013) were enacted, high-visibility clothing made of fluorescent fabric and retro-reflective materials has been standardized to distinguish the wearers from the surrounding background in a dark place and to protect them. Accordingly, we made high-visibility safety clothing based on the international standards, and examined the positions of the retro-reflective materials on the attached sites to evaluate the suitability of the positions, by 3 types of safety clothing and the body regions when the wearers work or move. Two retro-reflective films of 5cm-horizontal lines were attached to the front/back of the upper-wear, and the lower-wear. Vertical lines were attached from the shoulder to the horizontal waistline. To analyze the motion in 3-dimension, we took pictured infrared-reflective markers on the retro-reflective film covered with yellow-tape on the front-side when 6 subjects wearing experimental garments performed 6 types of motions. According to the metronome tempo, the motions were performed for 30 seconds and repeated 6 motions ①∼⑥ by 3 experimental clothing. Among the 6 motions, significant differences in the appearance rate of the markers by body region during the motions were found in 5 types except for motion ③. Significant differences by the post-hoc test were shown in motions ④ and ⑥ as well. Therefore, for high-visibility safety clothing, it is necessary to anticipate the worker's motion and consider the attaching position of the retro-reflective material. It is considered desirable to attach the retro-reflective materials to several places where the clothing is hard to wrinkle.

Effect of harvest frequency and season on morphogenic and structural characteristics of dwarf and tall Elephantgrass genotypes

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of two harvest frequencies (60 and 90 days) on the morphogenic and structural characteristics of four Elephantgrass genotypes (two tall and two dwarf) in both rainy and dry seasons. The research was conducted in Garanhuns, Brazil from September 2019 to December 2021. The morphogenic characteristics evaluated included leaf appearance rate, stem and leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem length, basal tiller population density, and number of leaves per tiller. The results showed that Elephant B had the highest leaf elongation rate among all genotypes, both in the rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, the tall genotypes showed higher stem elongation rates compared to the dwarf genotypes. The tall genotypes also had lower phyllochron values. Taiwan A‐146 2.37 had a higher population density of basal tillers by 30%–37% compared to other genotypes. During the dry season, the stem elongation rate of Taiwan A‐146 2.37 was slower compared to the rainy season. The study showed that the harvest frequency had an effect on the morphogenic characteristics of Elephantgrass genotypes, with 60 days harvest resulting in higher leaf elongation rates. Elephant B was superior in terms of leaf elongation at both harvest frequencies. The results indicate that the season also plays a role in the morphogenic characteristics of the genotypes. This study provides insights into the optimal cutting strategies for Elephantgrass based on the size of the plant and season.