Appearance Of Money Research Articles

Оформление таможенных зачетных выписей в 1655‒1667 гг.: по материалам архива Успенского Тихвинского монастыря

The article is devoted to studying customs declarations processing in 1655?67 (prior to adoption of the New Trade Charter in 1667). To date, the practice of drawing up these documents has not been studied. The extracts were issued when buying goods with the money and testified to payment of first portion of the duty (5 deneg per ruble), while the rest was collected at the place of goods sale. According to the Customs Charter of 1653, such extracts had to be certified by seals and hand-written records of customs heads. This study analyzes a complex of 302 extracts deposited in the archives of the Assumption Tikhvin Monastery, which had the right to collect customs duties from trade operations in Tikhvin Posad. Presence of extracts in the monastery archive indicates that the described goods were sold in Tikhvin. Although the documents collection at our disposal is not complete, it reflects main trends in execution of this type of customs documentation in the studied period. It has been established that the surviving extracts were issued in 47 settlements, mainly in the North-West of Russia. Most documents were drawn up on behalf of the customs heads, some on behalf of their subordinates, or representatives, for instance, if there was no customs in the settlement. Comparative analysis of the documents texts shows that a single form of declarations had not yet appeared. There were two approaches to presentation of information: in the first case, the main emphasis was on appearance of money, in the second case, on receipt of duty. It has also been established that there were several ways to authenticate declarations. In addition to the method postulated in the Trade Charter of 1653, customs issued declarations for purchased goods with just the seal or only with official’s handwritten record; there were also handwritten declarations extracts without seal. Declarations issued in accordance with the requirements of the Trade Charter account for only 25% of the studied selection. 118 extracts out of 302 (39%) have no seals. Some extracts (27) show personal seals of officials, not customs ones. Also, from 1655, there appear seals with indication of month, first mentioned in known monuments of customs legislation only in 1681. Analysis of the available material shows that at the first stage of trade reform, a unified approach to declarations processing and their authentication had not yet been formed.

Світло та тінь сакральної теорії грошей

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Sacred Theory of money, which, in comparison with other theories, is quite seldom considered by foreign authors and in fact is not represented at all in the domestic scientific literature. Meanwhile, the sacred theory is one of the oldest attempts to explain the existence of money and monetary relations by their supernatural origin. In one case it was about the divine will, which had established such relations in favor of mankind, in another one – about their origin from the evil otherworldly forces, resulting in the demonization of money and their perception as the cause and embodiment of all evil. Modern authors (B. Laum, B. Lietaer, A. Semenova, etc.) note that the reasons for the appearance of money was probably not be needs of trade and exchange of goods (the inconvenience of barter and demand for a medium of exchange) but ritual practices of ancient religions. With the advent of Christianity, another side of the attitude to money, that is, the attitude as to a sacred phenomenon, showed more and more clearly, involving its condemnation and demonization, which was rooted in the moral doctrine of the apostles and early theologians. At the same time, according to the author, the sacredness of money is, in fact, not of divine but of human origin, because money - despite all the claims of chrimatophobes ("haters of money") is not the cause and embodiment of all negative phenomena, but a reflection of relationships between people. And the quality of these relations depends only on people themselves, on their conformity to the sacred divine image. Knowledge of the Sacred Theory allows a better understanding of the history and logic of the development of monetary theory, including its modern concepts.

PENGARUH KINERJA BANK TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA BANK UMUM YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

The purpose of the study is to examine the antecedents of corporate value on commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The financial appearance of money from financial ratios is ROA (Return on Assets) and ROE (Return on Equity). The object of this research is commercial banks listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. After the sample is taken to be observed using the purposive sampling method, there are 74 manufacturing companies. The results of this study indicate that ROA and ROE simultaneously have a significant effect on the value of the company. However, partially, only ROE has a significant effect on the value of the company and NPL.
 Keyword : ROA (Return on Asset), ROE (Return on Equity), Non Performing Loan (NPL)

THE PRIVATE PAPER MONEY CIRCULATING IN THE UKRAINIAN CITIES DURING THE REVOLUTION OF 1917-1921: THE SOURCE CRITIQUE OF THE OUTWARD SIGNS

In the paper, the historiography of the problem is examined. The critique of the privet paper money which was circulating in the Ukrainian lands in 1917–1921 is conducted. The characteristics of such critique are shown and its distinctions from the critique of the state paper money are identified. The external signs of the bonds’ obverse and reverse are analyzed. The heraldic, emblematic, iconographic, sphragistics, neographic, filigree, ornamental, chronological and metrological elements of the Ukrainian privet paper money appearance are investigated and the role of these features is identified. The emblems, seals, imprints, signatures, series, numbers, dates are pointed out to be the most informative signs of the privet paper money. So, in the article, the great significance of the sphragistics, neographic and chronological data is underlined. By means of the text analysis, the issuers of bonds are identified. Thecritique of the bonds’ external features also showed the reasons for emission, the emitters’ guarantees and the scale of the privet paper money circulation.

Формирование финансовой грамотности учащихся начальной школы: сколько стоят деньги?

The article considers the actual in the modern context questions of the formation of primary financial literacy by younger schoolchildren: ideas about the financial possibilities and expenses of the family, the ability to properly manage money. The history of the origin of the words “money”, “coin”, “dime”, “kopeck”, “numismatics”, “obverse”, “reverse”, “gurt”, the appearance of money in Russia and images on Russian coins. Practical assignments are offered, in which schoolchildren learn to determine the obverse and reverse of coins, understand the purpose of the coin’s edge and the functions of the mint.

“HOLY MONEY”: GODS, MEN AND ECONOMY IN ANTIQUITY

Religion and economy have had a very important role in shaping society and their connection to social matters has been present since the very appearance of money and birth of economic activities. In antiquity, the bond between religion and economy was very strong because ancient world was symbolic and was embedded with magic and religious ideas: economy was part of this “wholeness”, because it inherited from the past the social practices aimed at the well-being of people, which were under the direct protection of the gods. The aim of my paper, hence, is to analyze the religious dimensions of money and economy in ancient societies, following the perspective of philosophy and mythology. Through the guide of a careful observer of human behavior, the great philosopher Aristotle, both disciplines can give interesting insights on the effect economy can have on society. The background for my research will be the cultures of ancient Mediterranean world, in particular, Greece and Mesopotamia, for we have a considerable amount of documents and literary works, whereas, regarding the methodology, I will approach the texts from an historical and comparative perspective.

When Money Makes Employees Warm and Bright: Thoughts of New Money Promote Warmth and Competence

ABSTRACTWarmth and competence are two important dimensions that facilitate career success (e.g., building relationships, providing novel solutions to problems). We investigated how situational reminders of money affect warmth and competence. Specifically, we propose that reminders of new (vs. used) money increase people's warmth and competence. In five studies of working adults, inducing participants to think about new (vs. used) banknotes promoted creative idea generation (Study 1) (reflecting competence), increased concern for coworkers (Study 2), decreased self-serving behavior (Study 3), and increased helping intentions (Study 5) and behavior (Study 4) (reflecting warmth). Study 4 showed that the effect of priming new money on warmth occurs by activating a norm of social conscientiousness. Our findings suggest that money's appearance can impact problem solving, prorelationship behavior, and perceived norms. We discuss implications for research on money, norm salience, and organizational behavior.

Does dirty money influence product valuations?

Despite recent interest in examining the impact of dirty money on consumption-related behavior, researchers have yet to look at the influence of dirty money on the consumable itself. Evidence from two studies suggest that the documented effects of dirty money on spending may have more to do with dirty money contaminating the purchase, as opposed to the current belief that consumers merely want to rid themselves of disgusting things. The authors find that people indeed spend more with dirty money, but only when the bills lower product valuations. This does not occur when people purchase products with inherent properties that cannot be contaminated; in fact, dirty money can increase valuations and preference for these products. The results suggest that the physical appearance of money plays a much larger, more nuanced role in consumption than previously thought, and this effect may not be entirely positive for the consumer.

Money Isn’t Everything, but It Helps If It Doesn’t Look Used: How the Physical Appearance of Money Influences Spending

Abstract Despite evidence that currency denomination can influence spending, researchers have yet to examine whether the physical appearance of money can do the same. This is important because smaller denomination bills tend to suffer greater wear than larger denomination bills. Using real money in the context of real purchases, this article demonstrates that the physical appearance of money can override the influence of denomination. The reason being, people want to rid themselves of worn bills because they are disgusted by the contamination from others, whereas people put a premium on crisp currency because they take pride in owning bills that can be spent around others. This suggests that the physical appearance of money matters more than traditionally thought, and like most things in life, it too is inextricably linked to the social context. The results suggest that money may be less fungible than people think.

THE FACE OF MONEY: Currency, Crisis, and Remediation in Post-Suharto Indonesia

In the period of transition following Suharto's resignation as president of Indonesia in 1998, the image of the 50,000Rp bill bearing his face became a visual shorthand for the corruption and abuse of power that had characterized his regime. Accessible, decentralized consumer technologies enabled people to alter money's appearance, transforming it from a fetish of the state into a malleable surface available for popular reinscription. As the medium of money was “remediated”—absorbed into other media, refashioned, and circulated along new pathways—it became a means by which people engaged questions of state power, national integrity, political authenticity, and economic relations opened up by the crisis of Reformasi (Reform). The essay argues that remediations of public forms play a crucial role in times of political transition by enabling people to materialize alternative visions of political authority and authenticity. Moreover, remediated forms have become a characteristic modality of political communication in the post-Suharto period under conditions of democratization and an increasingly diversified media ecology.

Contemporary struggle in Europe: ‘Anti-power’ or counter-power?

As soon as you abandon the idea of the state merely as an institution, as a function, and begin to recognise it as a form of social relations, a completely new way of struggle opens up. It is possible to see many courses of action that cart challenge the form of the state's processes whilst we stay within the state. That is the point: such actions cannot be taken from outside the state, only from within. (London-Edinburgh Weekend Return Group [LEWRG] 1980: 77) To struggle through the state is to become involved in the active process of defeating yourself (Holloway, 2002: 214). Much has happened in the decades spanning these two quotations. The collapse of state socialism has demonstrated the contradictions of seizing state power, and the retreat of social democracy has reinforced the limits of reformism. The pervasive pessimism of postmodernism has been challenged recently by an optimism based on the wave of struggles that began with the Zapatistas' rebellion in Chiapas. The utopian hope that 'another world is possible' articulated by the anti-capitalist movement has not, however, been accompanied by a realistic strategy for its achievement. It is becoming increasingly apparent that there is a need to reconstruct the links between academics and activists in order to produce insights into the ways in which everyday struggles intersect with capitalist power. The work of John Holloway contributed to significant conceptual advances in our understanding of social form and everyday struggle in the debate that dominated the CSE, and the pages of Capital & Class, during the late-1970s and the early 1980s. To what extent, however, does Change the World Without Taking Power contribute to our under-standing of social form and everyday struggle in the twenty-first century? The earlier debates highlighted the extent to which capitalist power is embedded in the processes of abstraction that constitute the totality of the capital relation. The fetished and 'thing-like' appearance of money and the state is not illusory, but expresses the reality of how social relations are mediated within a capitalist social order. The social forms of capital are thus both the object and the result of class struggle: the imposition and refusal of bourgeois forms of domination. The contradictory determination of the state provided the space for an oppositional politics that overcame the fetished categories of 'worker', 'client', 'patient', etc. The CSE was an effective vehicle for translating this theory into a form that was practically useful for state workers, council tenants and claimants, engaged in everyday struggles in and against the state. In Change the World, Holloway suggests that, today, such a politics would be 'self-defeating', owing to the ways in which the purity of oppositional struggle would be corrupted by the power relations of capital. He suggests that what is now required is a politics of 'autonomy' and 'anti-power', in order to articulate a negative 'scream of refusal'. We would like to highlight several theoretical and practical difficulties with this proposition, in the context of examples of everyday struggle in contemporary Europe. The main theoretical problem is that there exists an inconsistency between the more abstract model of the state developed by Holloway, and the way in which Holloway presented the state as an object of everyday struggle. This inconsistency contributes to Holloway's rejection of contemporary struggles focused on the state, and to a flawed understanding of the anti-capitalist movement. In Holloway's earlier work, there is an inconsistency between the proposition that the state is an expression of the crisis of the capital relation expressed in a political form (Holloway & Picciotto, 1991: 133), and Holloway's tendency to separate the state as an 'apparatus' and the state as a 'social relation', when discussing everyday struggle (Holloway, 1991: 248). …

Brazilian Bank Tellers

Bank employees, whose object of labor is commodity money, live out day to day a fetishized representation in which money seems to generate more money without any mediation of productive activity. In the volatile form of electronic impulses, money capital circulates quickly around the world as the financial sphere develops and grows. In a context of hegemony and with the increasing internationalization of financial capital' in the contemporary movement of capitalist accumulation, bank employees handle increasingly abstract symbols of value but have ever less control over the purpose or the product of their activity (Jinkings, 1995; 1998). In effect, bank employees experience in a dramatic way the tensions and contradictions of capitalist development led by the financial sphere. In their daily activities, with computerized support, these workers perform a set of registration and control operations, transferring and redistributing surplus values created by the capitalist process of production. In this manner they make possible the transformation of commodity money into interest-bearing capital in a process that takes on the appearance of money creating more money. Though interest may result from the surplus value extorted from the worker in the production process, it presents itself to the eye as a commodity produced independently by capital, without the mediation of labor. This is, according to Marx (1909: 460), the most exalted, most fetishized form of capitalist relation:

Marx and the Magic of Money: Towards an Alchemy of Capital

AbstractWe live in an age dominated by money. As capitalism has intensified and expanded as a social form, money has increasingly colonised the production and reproduction of the human condition. We live in an age of monetarism: an age in which social and political regulation are increasingly subordinate to the dictates of ‘sound money'. We live in an age of national lotteries: an age where millions attempt each week to garner enough money to ‘free’ themselves from the grinding agony of wage labour. We live in an age in which people increasingly grasp the alienation inherent in the domination of society by money and attempt to reassert a sense of human community through the introduction of local currency and barter schemes. But we also live in an age where Marxism is supposedly dead; where we can only gaze in ironic postmodern wonder at the increasing domination of the human condition by money and its social forms. In this paper we go beyond this postmodern orthodoxy to suggest that it is not only possible to develop a historically materialist analysis of money and its social forms but also that this project is essential if we are to reclaim our humanity from the deadening alienation of money and its social forms. We explore the magical qualities of money, the qualities which have enthralled and transfixed bourgeois social science from the classical economy of Adam Smith to the present day postmodernists. We argue that the lasting legacy of Marx was to uncover the historical materiality underlying the magical appearance of money: a discovery of the alchemic properties of money capital through which money becomes more money and which involves the material subordination of living labour to the valorisation of money capital.

On the Process of Appearance of Money in Ancient Egypt

Dans la seconde moitie du II millenaire, plusieurs types d'economies existaient (economie royale ou domaine | economie de la reine| economie des temples| le probleme de l'economie privee est plus complexe). Une propriete privee existait sans aucun doute. Le systeme du troc. Le systeme monetaire apparait seulement a la fin du I millenaire. Expose des sources permettant d'observer le debut de la transformation du simple echange en systeme monetaire (equivalence d'un objet en metal et d'un certain poids de metal en lingot). Terminologie ( jt m jt , etc.), debut de l'abstraction. Le cas de hedj , l' argent et sa valeur conditionnelle

Naissance du pauvre honteux : entre l'histoire des idées et l'histoire sociale

Les pages qui suivent s'insèrent dans une recherche plus vaste que je mène depuis quelque temps sur les problèmes de la pauvreté honteuse. L'enquête est centrée sur la période qui va du XVeau XVIIIesiècle, pendant laquelle la figure du déclassé honteux de sa condition apparaît le plus souvent et constitue une préoccupation constante pour les activités d'assistance, pour les auteurs de traités théoriques, pour la jurisprudence. C'est pendant cette séquence chronologique qu'apparaissent toutes les implications d'une étude comme celle-ci, qui met en cause les attitudes face à la mobilité sociale et au décalage entre richesse et « état », les conceptions de la richesse et de l'honneur, les variations historiques du sentiment de la honte. J'ai déjà abordé certains de ces thèmes, soit dans une perspective d'ensemble, soit à propos d'études de cas. Le premier chapitre de ce que pourrait être une histoire de la pauvreté honteuse reste pourtant à écrire, qui analyserait comment s'est constituée une doctrine en la matière : il s'agit là d'une réflexion entreprise par les auteurs chrétiens de l'Antiquité tardive et qui n'est parvenue à son point d'accomplissement que pendant le XIIIesiècle.

The Appearance of Money and the Disintegration of the Public Ownership System of Primitive Society

Abstract In Engels' criticism of Dühring's "economic commune" in Anti-Dühring, he describes the role of money in the process of the disintegration of the public ownership system of primitive society and the emergence of the private ownership system. He points out that a consequence of the further development of the commodity value form into the money value form is that the former becomes more prevalent. "Then the commodity form and money encroach on the internal economic life of those social organizations which have been formed for the direct purpose of production. They in turn destroy the various links of this social organization and cause it to disintegrate into groups of private producers."