Types Of Appeals Research Articles

Types of Pre-Trial Form of Criminal Procedure Appeal

Criminal procedural appeal is one of the main ways of exercising the rights of all participants in criminal proceedings. This right is included in the procedural status of almost every participant and can be exercised exclusively within the framework of legal relations. The relevance of the research topic is emphasized by the fact that the content of the criminal procedure law allows us to assert that the entire scope of appeal is heterogeneous in its characteristics, which leads to different approaches in determining the forms of appeal. The purpose of this work is to designate and put forward for a wide scientific discussion the problem related to the definition of the system and certain types of appeal in pre-trial criminal proceedings and to propose author's approaches to its solution. On the basis of traditional methods of scientific research, methods of obtaining, studying and evaluating information of a theoretical, legislative and practical nature: dialectics, analysis (functional, systemic, logical), synthesis, generalization, modeling, comparative legal, a scientifically based idea of the types of pre-trial criminal procedural appeal, differing in essential characteristics. According to the results of the study, it was found that in the pre-trial form of appeal, which is applied independently, it is distinguished by its self-sufficiency, independence, isolation and specificity of means: several types are distinguished: universal; internal; limited; secondary; subsequent. The author believes that these types as a whole form a system of pre-trial form of criminal procedure appeal.

Can we serve both God and Money? The role of indirect appeal and its limitation

PurposeHarmonizing religion and economic pursuits is treacherous because mixing the two rarely resonate with consumers, often resulting consumers’ greed perceptions. This paper aims to explore the antecedents and consequence of consumers’ greed perceptions in the context of for-profit religious-affiliated companies (FPRCs) and how they can harmonize religious and commercial missions by using different ad types (direct vs indirect appeal).Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted two experiments: Study 1 was an online experiment with participants from the USA collected through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 410) to reveal the overall mechanism. Study 2 was a field experiment (n = 292) to corroborate Study 1’s findings. The authors analyzed the data using a multigroup structural equation model.FindingsFirst, consumers perceive greed against FPRCs’ dual identities incurred by their commercial activities. Second, when FPRCs obscure their religious identities by using third-party organizations (TPOs) as its promoter (i.e. indirect appeal), consumers’ greed perceptions decline, but this does not increase consumers’ future patronage intentions. Finally, in online and field experiments, consumers enhance their purchase intentions and behavior, respectively, under indirect appeal.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, further investigation of the cognitive dissonance mechanism when consumers face seemingly contradictory identities of organizations is crucial to identify bottlenecks in promoting FPRCs’ commercial offerings. Second, examining boundary conditions of indirect appeal is important to enhance our understanding of FPRCs’ advertising, such as consumers’ awareness of TPOs’ intentionality. Lastly, not every type of indirect appeal brings the same effects. Future studies may explore diverse forms of indirect appeal, such as using artificial intelligence-based algorithms without TPOs.Practical implicationsDespite heightened interest in supporting dual missions (i.e. purpose and profit), this study shows why doing well while doing good is inherently challenging in practice creating marketing liability. To deal with this, the present findings suggest that, first, rather than exposing an FPRC’s religious (or communal) identity upfront, providing subtle cues through a TPO of its religious affiliation can be persuasive to win the hearts of target customers. Second, given the short-term effectiveness of indirect appeal, FPRCs need to use both direct and indirect appeal flexibly, as each type of ad delivers a distinctive advantage. Lastly, indirect appeal is particularly effective in offline promotional activities in the context of FPRCs.Originality/valueFirst, by meshing paradox theory, the authors show that dual identities of FPRCs expose them to a marketing liability that single-mission enterprises rarely face. Second, when FPRCs use indirect appeal, they face a tradeoff between mitigating greed perception and securing future patronage. Third, results from the online experiment and field experiment show when consumers’ intention and actual behavior align.

Appearance and media popularity affecting experiential gift-giving

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the effect of popularity appeals (appearance popularity and media popularity) on online experiential gift purchase intention based on different types of givers (close or distant givers) and different gift attributes (conspicuous or inconspicuous gifts), a novel research consideration.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted with two experiments and examined four hypotheses. These hypotheses were examined using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, and a two-factorial variance analysis was conducted.FindingsThis study found that for close givers, appearance popularity appeals created a greater purchase intention than media popularity appeals. That is, gift-givers faced appearance popularity rather than media popularity, driving them to face a strong feeling of excitement for their idol worship. This finding implies that the human brand theory works.Practical implicationsThe empirical results can shed light on brand or product managers in raising the ratio of appearance popularity appeals to marketing in online experiential gift-giving. Gift marketers should accurately understand the current trends and social preferences using a database and big data analysis tools.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate whether the two types of popularity appeals affect gift purchase intention in online experiential gifts.

Do virtual goods entice more online donations? Perspectives of mental imagery and project appeal

Most existing research on online fundraising options has examined monetary settings. Recently, a new option has emerged that uses virtual goods. In this setting, donors choose between different amounts of virtual goods rather than different amounts of money. Whether this setting of options will impact donors' willingness to donate has yet been empirically tested in the literature. We propose that the concreteness of the donation option itself plays an important role here, and we compare the influences of two different donation option settings, i.e., virtual goods option and monetary option, on individuals' donation willingness. We conducted three experiments and found that charity projects using the virtual goods option are better able to entice donations than those using monetary settings. This effect is mediated by mental imagery and is moderated by the types of project appeals (i.e., altruistic vs. egoistic). Finally, both the theoretical and practical contributions of this research are discussed.

Determinants of Consumer Attitudes Toward Prosocial Products: A Focus on the Communication of Love (vs. Pride, Hope, and Compassion) Within Advertisements

Marketers often use appeals that emphasize the responsibility and the consequences of consumer decisions to help persons, animals, and nature in need, or they use appeals that evoke the predominantly negative emotion of compassion. We focus on another type of appeal that marketers might use: the promise of experiencing positive emotions. We use broaden-and-built theory to conclude that the promise of experiencing positive emotions when helping others increases consumers’ willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. We use emotional-appraisal theory to conclude that the promise of experiencing love is more effective than the promise of experiencing pride or hope. Our research is innovative in that we tested the promise of positive emotions. This kind of message can be used in an advertising environment. We created print advertisements of companies promoting products that promised the experience of love, pride, or hope and ad versions that included an appeal for compassion (supplemented with an emotion-absent condition). The ads promoted fair-trade products aimed at helping farmers in need, products that help endangered animal species, and products that addressed nature as a whole in need. We mostly found support for our hypotheses. However, the promise of experiencing love by taking care of nature by purchasing special products was not effective.

패션상품 숏폼 동영상 소구 유형과 BGM 적합성 - 유저타입을 중심으로 -

숏폼 동영상 플랫폼의 빠른 발전에 따라 숏폼 동영상 광고는 점차 전통 광고를 대체하여 기업의 새로운 마케팅 수단으로 활용되고 있으며, 타깃 고객의 특성화 선호도에 맞는 숏폼 동영상 광고를 제작하는 것이 매우 중요하게 여겨진다. 이에 본 연구는 실험설계 디자인을 통하여 숏폼 동영상 광고 소구 유형과 BGM 적합성이 소비자들의 정서적, 행동적 반응이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하고, 특히 소셜커머스에서 구매 경험이 많은 소비자와 그렇지 않은 소비자 간에 숏폼의 이와 같은 차이가 어떠한 반응으로 이어지는지도 함께 규명하고자 하였다. 소셜커머스 구매 경험이 있는 20대 중국 남녀 소비자를 대상으로 하여 설문조사를 통해 자료 수집을 하였고, SPSS 25.0을 이용하여 연구가설을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 1)전체적으로 숏폼 동영 상 플랫폼을 통한 패션 제품 쇼핑 시 BGM 적합성의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 2)동영상 소구 유형은 소셜 커머스 라이트 유저들의 반응에 차이를 주는 것으로 나타났고 동영상 소구와 BGM 적합성의 상호작용도 라 이트 유저들에게서 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 소셜커머스 쇼핑 업체들이 숏폼을 마케팅 채널로 사용함에 있어 타깃 고객의 특성화 선호도를 고려하여 사용자 참여를 유도할 수 있는 숏폼 유형과 BGM을 제작해야 할 것이다. 소구 유형에 따라 적합한 BGM만을 사용하여야 소비자들이 플랫폼 이용 시 긍정적인 감정을 매개하여 구매의도를 형성하는데 더 효과적일 것이라 판단된다. 이에 숏폼 동영상 플랫폼을 사용하는 주 고객층에 대한 마케팅 전략이 요구되며, 본 연구 결과를 통해 소셜커머스에서 패션 제품 판매 전략에 기초 자료로 도움을 주고자 하며 소비자 행동 연구에 학술적으로 기여하고자 한다.

한·중 공포소구 유형에 따른 담배 패키지디자인 경고이미지에 관한 연구

This study rearranged the concept and type of fear appeal, and suggested the type of warning image of cigarette package design. In order to analyze the current status and differences in the use of cigarette package warning images in Korea and China, 84 specific cases were analyzed for types, elements, and expression techniques. In conclusion, by type, it was confirmed that both Korea and China used the most personal damage warning images. In addition, in terms of the advertising stimulus range, it is necessary to use the area of the warning image to a large extent, present it in a highly noticeable position, and insert a warning image that applies various expression techniques. In terms of the advertising stimulation cycle, the need to present a variety of contents and to input warning images that are regularly revised with a large number is emerging. Based on the limitations of this study and the suggestions for future research, it is hoped that warning images can contribute to the execution of advertisements that can effectively provide a policy for smoking cessation.

The influence of corporate social responsibility appeals (CSRAs) on product sales: Which appeal types perform better?

This paper examines product-package Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) messages called Corporate Social Responsibility Appeals (CSRAs) that directly convey CSR messages to shoppers on product packages. Using a multi-source dataset of more than 10 million transactions from a large grocery chain, this paper first presents a typology consisting of seven CSRA types that provide buyers functional or symbolic benefits and examines their effects on product sales. Second, the paper presents the analysis of the moderating effects of store-generated promotions (price promotions and feature advertisements) and product types (virtue and vice) on the effects of functional and symbolic CSRAs and seven CSRAs on weekly sales. Results show that functional CSRAs perform better than symbolic CSRAs and that price promotions strengthen the sales of functional CSRAs. Featured advertising was also found to positively influence the sales of Functional CSRAs, but is found to have no impact on Symbolic CSRAs. Finally, the results show that Functional CSRAs are a better strategy for virtue products than Symbolic CSRAs. This paper concludes with managerial implications, theoretical contributions, and additional findings regarding price elasticity, sales trajectory, and sales performance across product categories.

Promotion in Academic Discourse: Authors’ Centrality Claims in Their Research Article Introductions

Centrality claims in the introduction part of a research article are aimed at attracting readers’ attention towards the research topic to be discussed in the article. Readers will decide whether or not to continue reading the article if the appeal is effective and the claims of the importance and usefulness of the article are accepted. However, most studies investigate only the discourse patterns and linguistic features of article introductions without analyzing further how authors attract readers’ attention to the importance of their research topic. This study aimed at comparing the types of centrality claims found in the introductions of articles published in high-rank and low-rank international journals in Applied Linguistics. Forty articles chosen from four Scopus-indexed international journals in Applied Linguistics were used in this study. The results showed that on average every article used 3.65 appeals of different types. Two types of claims (appeal to salience and appeal to problematicity) are more frequently used by authors than the other two types of appeal (appeal to topicality and appeal to magnitude). The data also reveal that, although not significant, the journal ranking correlates with the frequency of appeals used in the introductions. It is suggested that authors in Applied Linguistics should use multiple types of appeals in their introduction to attract readers’ attention to their research topic so that they are willing to read the entire article.

The influence of consumer religiosity on responses to rational and emotional ad appeals

PurposeThis research aims to examine how religiosity influences consumers’ responses to rational versus emotional ad appeals.Design/methodology/approachFour experiments were conducted that examined how religiosity affected consumers’ responses (attitude toward the product, purchase intentions and brand trust) to rational versus emotional ad appeals, and how perceived fit between the ad appeal type and consumers’ information processing style mediated the effects.FindingsThe results show that consumers low in religiosity respond more favorably to rational (vs emotional) appeals because of these types of appeals being more congruent with their rational information processing style. In addition, there is no difference in consumer responses toward rational and emotional appeals for individuals high in religiosity.Research limitations/implicationsIn this research, the authors only used surveys and measured behavioral intentions rather than actual behaviors. Thus, future research should measure actual behaviors in the field to enhance the external validity of the observed effects. In addition, this research samples one primary culture that is more representative of Judeo-Christian religious beliefs. Therefore, future research should sample from other cultures and religious groups.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that marketers should use rational rather than emotional appeals in their marketing communications to low religiosity consumers (identifiable through such means as demographic data for geographic regions or self-identified classifications on social media). Marketers can also prime low religiosity in their messages (e.g. using words such as “evolution”) and, when doing so, should couple that prime with a rational (vs emotional) appeal.Originality/valueThis research is novel in that it is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to examine how religiosity influences consumers’ responses to rational versus emotional ad appeals.

Need for uniqueness moderates the effectiveness of different types of scarcity appeals.

Marketers frequently implement scarcity messages in promoting their products. Scarcity due to demand and scarcity due to supply have both been found to influence consumers' product evaluations positively. However, the differential effects of these two types of scarcity messages have been understudied. Study 1 manipulated scarcity appeals type and need for uniqueness orthogonally and examined their effects on purchase intention. Study 2 manipulated scarcity appeals type and tested its effect on perceived uniqueness. Study 3 manipulated scarcity appeals type and tested the moderated mediation model that perceived uniqueness mediated the interactive effects of scarcity type and need for uniqueness on purchase intention. Across three studies, we find that consumers perceive supply-based scarcity products as more unique than demand-based scarcity products. Consequently, in comparison with demand-based scarcity messages, supply-based scarcity messages increase purchase intention for consumers with high need for uniqueness. In contrast, these messages decrease purchase intention for consumers with low need for uniqueness. Our findings contribute to the research on scarcity appeals, uniqueness perception, and need for uniqueness. Our research also suggests that marketers need to implement different types of scarcity appeals to convey uniqueness information and to attract different consumers.

Influence of Appeal Type and Message Framing on Residents’ Intent to Engage in Pro-Environmental Behavior

In this intervention study, we examined the effects and psychological processes of different types of messaging intended to promote waste-separation behavior on the intent of residents to separate household waste and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs). Based on three studies (one survey with 76 residents and two experiments with 446 residents) in China, our results revealed that environmental appeals increased residents' intent to separate waste and engage in other PEBs, whereas monetary incentives had no effect. Although the main effects of the framing of messages on the intent to separate waste and other PEBs were not significant, we found an interactive effect of appeal type and message framing. When matched with loss framing, an environmental appeal indirectly generated a stronger positive impact by stimulating an individual's environmental risk perception. When monetary incentives matched with loss framing, individual pro-environmental identity weakened, thereby inhibiting the positive impact on intent to separate waste. With this study, we provide important theoretical support for the selection and optimization of waste-separation intervention strategies and guidance for persuading residents to engage in more PEBs.

Are co-created green initiatives more appealing than firm-created green initiatives? Investigating the effects of co-created green appeals on restaurant promotion

This study investigates how co-created green appeals influence restaurant customers’ green behavioral intentions. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study investigates the effect of appeal type (i.e., co-created vs. firm-created) on customers’ green behavioral intentions and the two-way interaction between appeal type and customers’ green involvement. The study also examines how customers’ perceptions of restaurants’ green reputations moderate the joint effects between appeal type and customers’ green involvement. To explain the effects of co-creation appeal, the study identified a mediator (i.e., a restaurant’s perceived green innovativeness). The results reveal significant effects of appeal type; the two-way interaction between appeal type and customers’ green involvement; and the three-way interaction among appeal type, customers’ green involvement, and restaurants’ green reputations. The mediating effect of the perceived green innovativeness of restaurants was also confirmed by the results of this study. The study offers helpful suggestions for restaurant practitioners to develop effective green marketing strategies.

Ethnic Campaign Appeals: To Bond, Bridge, or Bypass?

ABSTRACT In a time of rising ethno-nationalist politics and polarization, efforts to understand why some electoral candidates choose to politicize ethnicity while others do not have become increasingly urgent. One factor inhibiting our understanding in this area is the paucity of systematic measures of ethnic appeals. To help in rectifying this gap, I present an approach to identifying and measuring different types of ethnic campaign appeals – termed bonding and bridging appeals, respectively. I then apply that approach to an original dataset of over 1,500 election posters from almost 250 candidates competing in Indonesian elections. The findings indicate that candidates made ethnic bonding appeals if their ethnic group was politically viable in terms of both size and the lack of social constraints on appealing to that group. Meanwhile, candidates from nonviable groups bridged across ethnic groups or bypassed ethnicity entirely. When candidates belonged to two ethnic categories, they used the simple heuristic that bonding trumps bridging to guide their appeal strategy. These findings illustrate the importance of looking beyond ethnic demographics and also casts doubt on the broadly accepted expectation that candidates will appeal to the ethnic group that is of minimum winning size. Ultimately, the article helps us understand candidates’ communication strategies and why ethnic diversity actually results in less exclusivist ethnic politics.

The Effect of COVID-19 on hotel booking intentions: Investigating the roles of message appeal type and brand loyalty

The unprecedented global health concerns pertaining to COVID-19 have impacted the hotel industry. In order to ameliorate such concerns, hotels are sending out marketing communication messages. However, whether the messages effectively impact hotel consumers’ behaviors is still unknown. To fill this research gap, this study empirically tested the effect that the perceived severity of COVID-19 (PSC) has on hotel booking intentions as well as the roles of message appeal type (rational vs. emotional) and brand loyalty. The data was collected using a scenario-based online survey (n = 311) and analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. The rational appeal type had a greater positive influence on hotel booking intentions, which suggests that it is preferable for COVID-19 related messages. The results also indicated that PSC had a negative influence on booking intentions for the low loyalty group, and brand loyalty still played a key role even amidst the COVID-19 crisis.

Barbarians at the gate: Nativist religious rhetoric and defining the “people” by who they are not

The rise of nativist parties in Europe has been accompanied by an increase in religious rhetoric. There is no reason to suggest that voters for nativist parties are motivated by religion; to the contrary, more Christian voters tend to vote for Christian Democratic parties. This article argues that religious rhetoric allows nativist parties to pursue ethno-centric agendas in an acceptable way and differently from Christian Democratic parties. Through the compilation of an original dataset of religious appeals from Austrian, German, and Swiss nativist and Christian Democratic party platforms between 1990–2021, this article demonstrates that changes in the distribution of the religious demographics of Muslims rather than Christians provide a catalyst for religious rhetoric but not an explanation for type of appeal. Instead, the historical role religious identities played in the development of nationalities explains how nativist parties deploy religious rhetoric in the present.

메시지 유형과 대기시간 표시 단위가 콘서트 광고의 설득력에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to understand consumers’ concert ticket purchase behavior using an experimental approach and derived a practical sales promotion strategy. More specifically, we investigated an effective concert poster advertisement strategy utilizing a numerosity heuristics of the large versus small time unit matched with the hedonic versus utilitarian message appeal type. In the context of the Bangtan Boys, Study 1 showed that the interaction between time unit (30 days vs. 1 month) used for the ticket opening time and concert message type (meaning pleasure vs. meaning) enhances consumers’ interest in the concert. In Study 2, we showed that a significant interactive effect between the waiting time unit until the concert date (one week versus seven days) and the concert message on the consumers’ attitudes toward the concert was mediated by the joy of waiting. In conclusion, as a performance ticket promotion strategy, this research suggests that advertisement effectiveness can be improved by using a larger time unit for the hedonic appeal and by using a smaller time unit for the meaningful appeal.

Interplay between benefit appeal and valence framing in reducing smoking behavior: Evidence from a field experience

AbstractSmoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally, yet it remains a common behavior. Interventions that increase the concreteness of future smoking outcomes have been suggested to be effective, but little research has examined what type of future outcomes should be highlighted, and in what way. The present study therefore explores the efficacy of two types of framings of smoking cessation consequences: Benefit appeal (time vs. money) and valence (gain vs. loss). A randomized controlled field experiment with 2935 participants conducted via a digital therapeutics app found an interplay between appeal type and valence such that messages focusing on money were most likely to lead to immediate reduced smoking behavior when framed as a gain, rather than loss. Effects on motivation or long‐term smoking cessation were not detected. The results shed light on psychological differences between money and time, between attitudes and behaviors, and between short‐term and long‐term behavior change. This study highlights the importance of considering both benefit appeal and valence framing when designing smoking cessation messages.

Parent‐like spokesperson for campaigning an anti‐plastic straw movement to young adults: Is it effective?

Parental communication is still relatively meaningful in Asian families with hierarchical, vertical, and authoritative relationships. Meanwhile, children's pro‐environmental behaviour in emerging Asian nations tends to be passive, leading to a need for intervention from the closest parties, often the parent, whose familial role in green communication has not been examined. This study uses social learning theory to examine the interplay of parent‐like spokespeople and message appeals in affecting young adults' cognitive and emotional responses, which is expected to influence the ad liking and believability of green advertisements and switching intention to green products, such as eco‐friendly straws. A laboratory experiment was conducted with 240 subjects. The results showed that the frame of a father‐like figure conveying a hope appeal generated the greatest enthusiasm and argument quality for young adults. Mother‐like figures speaking a fearful message frame were the best generator for young adults' anger and threat appraisal. Ad liking was significantly impacted only by a mother‐like spokesperson who spoke a fearful appeal mediated by anger and a father‐like spokesperson who delivered a hope appeal mediated by argument quality. Young adults' willingness to switch to eco‐friendly straws was indirectly influenced by the interaction effect of a mother‐like spokesperson and fear appeal type mediated by ad believability.

Motivating consumer-to-business smartphone returns: Evidence from a factorial survey experiment

In light of short replacement cycles and low recycling rates of smartphones, establishing effective return mechanisms for unused smartphones is crucial to prolong product use phases and thereby reduce the environmental impact of smartphones. Consumer-to-business return options provide a novel, accessible way to return unused devices but require consumer acceptance to fulfill their ecological potential. However, thus far, disposition is a largely understudied aspect of consumer behavior. We address the need for research on disposition behavior and smartphone returns by examining influences on consumers' intentions to use consumer-to-business return options for smartphones in a factorial survey experiment with 1192 smartphone users in Germany. We find that environmental awareness and price consciousness are both associated with higher return intentions. Although financial rewards are generally preferred to non-financial rewards, non-financial rewards gain popularity among environmentally aware consumers and when lower financial rewards are offered. Neither marketing smartphone returns with different appeal types nor linking the smartphone return to purchasing a replacement device influence participants' return intentions. In contrast, return mechanisms and device condition do significantly affect return intentions in our experiment. We discuss our findings’ implications for practitioners offering consumer-to-business return options and formulate practical recommendations, in particular regarding the use of non-financial rewards, the integration of return and refurbishing services, and potential benefits of physical drop-off stations.