Apparent Total Tract Digestibility Of Energy Research Articles

Effects of different feeding levels during three short periods of gestation on gilt and litter performance, nutrient digestibility, and energy homeostasis in gilts.

The present study investigated the effects of different feeding levels during 3 short periods of gestation on gilt and litter performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, and energy homeostasis in gilts. A total of 18 gilts were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. All gilts were fed 1 common corn-soybean meal-based diet with the amount of 1.0 × maintenance energy intake (100 × BW (BW) kcal ME/d) throughout gestation except 3 periods of 7 d when dietary treatments were imposed on d 27, d 55, and d 83 of gestation. During the 3 short periods, gilts were fed 1 of 3 different feeding levels: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 × maintenance energy level (0.5M, 1.0M, and 2.0M, respectively). Results showed that gilts on 2.0M feeding level had higher ( < 0.05) weight gain from d 27 to 109 of gestation (37.05 vs. 15.34 kg) and greater ( < 0.05) BW change, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio during gestation periods 1 (d 27-34) and 3 (d 83-90) when compared with gilts on 0.5M feeding level. No differences ( > 0.10) in litter performance were observed among the 3 feeding levels. Additionally, the slopes of BW change in response to feeding levels in period 1 were 4.32 kg/0.5M change from 0.5M to 1.0M feeding level and 3.72 kg/0.5M change from 1.0M to 2.0M feeding level, respectively. There were quadratic ( < 0.05) effects of feeding levels on ATTD of dry matter and gross energy during periods 1 and 2 (d 55-62). Furthermore, fasting plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) in period 1 were greater ( < 0.01) in gilts on 0.5M feeding level than those on 2.0M feeding level. In conclusion, increasing feeding levels during 3 short periods increased primiparous sow performance during these short periods but did not affect litter performance. ATTD of energy and nutrients, and BW change efficiency were maximized for gilts on 1.0 M feeding level. The data also indicated that sows on the lowest feeding level were exposed to negative energy balance as evidenced by the higher plasma acyl ghrelin and NEFA concentrations.

Effects of Coated Compound Proteases on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids for Pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of coated compound proteases (CC protease) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen (N) and energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and nutrients in diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: 20.14±1.71 kg) were housed in individual metabolism crates and allotted into 2 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment according to weight in a randomized complete block design. The 2 diets were corn-soybean meal basal diets with (0.2 g/kg) or without CC protease supplementation. The CC protease supplementation increased (p<0.05) the digestible and metabolizable N and energy values and the digestibility and retention rate of N in the diet. The ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) in the diet supplemented with CC protease. In Exp. 2, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: 20.79±1.94 kg), fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were blocked by body weight into 2 groups with 6 pigs each. The diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. The CC protease increased (p<0.05) the AID of crude protein and some essential AA including arginine, isoleucine and leucine. The AID and ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) by supplemental CC protease, but the hindgut digestibility of nutrients was unaffected. Overall, the CC protease improved the ATTD of N and energy and AID of some indispensible AA and nutrients in the corn-soybean meal diet for pigs. Therefore, the CC protease supplement could improve the utilization of protein in the corn-soybean meal diet and thus contribute to lower N excretion to the environment.

Optimal lysine:DE ratio in growing pigs is independent of starch or fat as main energy source at two energy intake levels1

In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 28 growing boars (initial BW of 24.7 ± 1.5 kg) were used to examine the effects of energy source (high starch vs. high fat) and DE level (2.2 vs. 2.7 times the DE requirements for maintenance) on Lys requirements. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. A within-animal Lys titration technique was used to assess the responses to changes in Lys to energy ratio. The amount of apparent ileal digestible Lys in the diet decreased stepwise from 1.74 to 0.5 g/MJ DE in 8 equidistant steps of 3 d each. From 48-h urinary nitrogen excretion, the optimal Lys to energy ratio was estimated for each pig using a linear-plateau model. Feces were collected quantitatively over 27 d to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. The DE to ADG ratio, but not DE intake and ADG, tended ( < 0.1) to be 4% lower in the high-starch group than in the high-fat group. The ATTD of energy and CP tended ( < 0.1) to be lower (0.8% and 0.9% units, respectively) at the high DE level. The ATTD of energy was 2.2% units greater ( < 0.001) for pigs fed the high-starch diet, but the ATTD of CP was not affected by ES. Estimates for the intercept (21.2% to 22.8%), slope (57.4 to 59.6), transition point (0.84 to 0.86 g Lys/MJ DE), and plateau (70.6% to 72.3%) of the linear-plateau Lys titration curves were not affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, ES does not affect Lys requirements in growing pigs regardless the level of DE intake.

Effects of lactulose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, faecal microbial shedding, faecal score and faecal noxious gas emission in weanling pigs

A total of 120 weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc, weaned at day 21 after birth] with an average body weight (BW) of 7.95 ± 1.22 kg were used in 6-week experiment to evaluate the effects of lactulose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, faecal microbial shedding, faecal score and faecal noxious gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of four experimental diets according to initial BW. There were six replicate pens per treatment with five pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: NC, basal diet; PC, NC + 0.05% tiamulin; L1, NC + 0.1% lactulose; L2, NC + 0.2% lactulose. The experiment included two phases (days 1–14 and days 15–42). Pigs fed PC and L1 diets had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) than those fed NC diet during days 1–14. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was improved (P < 0.05) by PC and L1 treatments compared with NC treatment during days 15–42. During days 1–42, ADG and ADFI were higher (P < 0.05) in PC and L1 than that in NC. Pigs fed L1 diet increased (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy compared with those fed NC diet at week 2, and the ATTD of N in PC and L1 treatments was increased (P < 0.05) compared with NC treatment. The concentration of faecal Lactobacillus was increased (P < 0.05), and E. coli counts were decreased (P < 0.05) by L1 treatment compared with NC treatment. Pigs fed L1 and L2 diets had lower (P < 0.05) faecal score compared with those fed NC diet. Dietary supplementation of 0.1% lactulose decreased (P < 0.05) the faecal NH3 emission compared with NC treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.1% lactulose improved the growth performance, ATTD of energy and N, and concentration of faecal Lactobacillus, and decreased E. coli counts and excreta NH3 emission in weaning pigs.

Effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 on weanling pigs were influenced by dietary energy and crude protein density

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 supplementation, in different energy and crude protein density diets, on the growth performance, macronutrient digestibility, blood profile, fecal microbiota, and fecal noxious gas content of weanling pigs. A total of 140pigs, with an average BW of 6.1±0.35kg, were randomly allocated into four treatments, with two levels of E. faecium (0 or 1×109 cfu/kg of feed), and two levels of energy and crude protein density. The experiment lasted 28d. There were seven replicate pens per treatment with five pigs per pen. During d 15 to 28 and overall, average daily gain and gain:feed ratio were increased in pigs fed the high density (HD) and E. faecium diet (P<0.05). Pigs fed the diet with E. faecium showed greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen on d 14 and 28 than those fed the non-supplemented diet (P=0.033 and 0.030, respectively). The ATTD of energy in pigs fed the HD and E. faecium treatment was greater than in pigs fed the low density (LD) and non-E. faecium treatment (P<0.05). Supplementation with E. faecium in the HD diet increased the serum IgG concentration compared with the LD and non- E. faecium treatment (P=0.039). The fecal lactobacilli population was increased (P=0.009 and 0.013, respectively), and fecal NH3 content was decreased (P=0.013 and 0.032, respectively) on d 14 and 28 in pigs fed the E. faecium supplemented diet. Fecal E. coli counts were decreased on d 28, with the application of E. faecium (P=0.024). In conclusion, a HD diet containing 1×109 cfu E. faecium DSM 7134/kg of diet led to better growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs.

Effects of phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility in corn–soybean meal diets fed to growing pigs

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to determine whether the effects of phytase on amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility in pigs is influenced by the concentration of dietary P. Fourteen barrows (initial BW: 37.8 ± 4.7 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 diets and 7 periods. Six diets were formulated to contain inadequate (0.13%) or adequate (0.23%) concentrations of calculated available P and supplemented with 3 levels (0, 250, or 500 phytase units/kg of diet) of an Escherichia coli phytase (OptiPhos 2000, Enzyvia, Sheridan, IN). A N-free diet was also formulated to measure ileal endogenous AA losses. Standardized ileal digestibility of AA and apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total-tract digestibility of energy and P were measured. Interactions between the effects of available P and phytase on all measured parameters were significant (P

Effects of formulating growing pig diet with increasing levels of wheat‐corn distillers dried grains with solubles on digestible nutrient basis on growth performance and nutrient digestibility

Formulating swine diets containing fibrous coproducts based on net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acid (SID AA) values is recommended for optimizing pig performance. However, the effects of applying this approach to diets with increasing dietary levels of wheat-corn-derived distillers dried grains with soluble (wcDDGS) on pig performance have not been evaluated. Thus, 48 pigs with an average body weight [BW] of 25.5kg were used to determine the effects of increasing wcDDGS (1:1 wheat to corn ratio) content in grower diets on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients. Pigs were housed in pens of either 2 barrows or gilts balanced for BW and fed 4 diets within sex for 42days. Diets were a nutrient adequate corn-barley-soybean meal-based diet with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% wcDDGS, and were similar in calculated NE and SID AA values. Acid insoluble ash was used as the indigestible marker. Final BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) linearly decreased (p<0.05) and feed efficiency tended to decrease (p=0.07) with increased dietary wcDDGS. Overall average daily feed intake was not affected (p>0.10) by dietary treatment. The ATTD of dry matter and energy linearly decreased (p<0.01), whereas the ATTD of neutral detergent fibre linearly increased (p<0.01) with increasing dietary level of wcDDGS. Increasing dietary wcDDGS content did not affect (p>0.10) ATTD of Ca and P. In conclusion, increasing dietary wcDDGS content reduced growth performance and ATTD of energy in growing pigs. Thus, the risks of high dietary wcDGGS content may not be completely alleviated by formulating growing pig diets on the basis of NE and SID AA systems.

Effects of Fruit By-product Extracts Supplementation on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs

ABSTRACT A total of 96 pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial BW of 27.94 ± 0.92 kg were used in a 6-week experiment to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with fruit by-product extracts on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to four treatments : 1) CON (basal diet), 2) PRO (CON + 0.5% procyanidin), 3) HES (CON + 0.5% hesperidin), 4) TAN (CON + 0.5% tannin). There were six replications per treatment with four pigs per pen. Supplementation had no effect ( p >0.05) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and G/F. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and nitrogen was increased ( p <0.05) in the HES treatment relative to the PRO treatment. Pigs fed the HES and TAN diets had greater ( p <0.05) ATTD of energy than pigs fed PRO diet. The ATTD of ash was greatest( p <0.05) in HES treatments. In addition, the ATTD of calcium was greater ( p <0.05) in HES treatments than in CON and PRO treatments. Overall, the results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with 0.5% fruit by-products did not affect growth performance, but inclusion of 0.5% hesperidin increased nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.(

Digestibility energy and amino acids of canola meal from two species (Brassica juncea and Brassica napus) fed to distal ileum cannulated grower pigs1

Yellow-seeded Brassica juncea is a novel canola species targeted to grow in the southern Canadian prairies where thermotolerance, disease resistance, and adaptation to dry agronomic conditions are required. The support of its cultivation needs nutritional evaluation of its coproduct. The B. juncea canola meal (CM) contains less fiber than conventional, dark-seeded Brassica napus CM but also slightly less Lys. In a 6 × 6 Latin square, 6 distal ileum cannulated pigs (47 kg BW) were fed 6 diets to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, AID and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, and VFA content in digesta and feces. Pigs were fed 6 diets: basal [46% wheat (Triticum aestivum) and corn (Zea mays) starch], 4 diets with 46% wheat and either B. juncea or B. napus CM at 25 or 50%, and a N-free diet based on corn starch. The B. juncea CM had higher (P < 0.05) ATTD of energy than B. napus CM (68.6 vs. 60.3%) likely due to its lower fiber content. Ileal total VFA was lower (P < 0.001) in pigs fed B. juncea than B. napus CM diets. In pigs fed B. juncea CM, the molar ratio in digesta was lower (P < 0.001) for acetate and butyrate whereas the propionate ratio was lower (P < 0.001) in feces than in pigs fed B. napus CM diets. The CM species did not affect the AID of energy, SID of AA, and feces VFA content. The DE value was higher (P < 0.05) and content of SID Lys was lower (P < 0.05) for B. juncea than B. napus CM. In conclusion, availability of B. juncea CM, a coproduct of a canola species grown in Canadian prairie land, will increase flexibility in swine feed formulation.

Effect of Medium-chain Triglyceride (MCT) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Characteristics in Weanling Pigs.

One hundred and twenty weanling pigs in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) (6.91±0.99 kg; 21 d of age) and Exp. 2 (10.20±1.09 kg; 28 d of age) were used in two 42-d and 35-d experiments to evaluate the effect of medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and blood profile. In both of Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, the same dietary treatments were utilized as follows : i) negative control (NC), ii) positive control (PC), NC+antibiotics (40 mg/kg Tiamulin, 110 mg/kg Tylosin, and 10 mg/kg Enramycin, iii) MCT3, NC+0.32% (phase 1, 2 and 3) MCT, and iv) MCT5, NC+0.55% (phase 1), 0.32% (phase 2 and 3) MCT. In Exp. 1, the pigs fed MCT5 diets had higher (p<0.05) ADG compared to NC treatment during the first 2 wk. From d 15 to 28, the ATTD of energy was improved (p<0.05) by MCT3 compared to the PC treatment. No effect has been observed on the blood profiles [red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), immunoglobulin-G (IgG), lymphocyte concentration] measured in this study. In Exp. 2, the ADG were increased (p<0.05) by the MCT5 treatment than the PC treatment from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed PC treatment diet had lower ADFI (p<0.05) and better FCR (p<0.05) than NC treatment, whereas no differences were shown between MCT treatments and NC or PC treatment from d 15 to 35 and overall phase. The ATTD of DM and nitrogen were improved (p<0.05) by the effect of MCT5 related to the NC and PC treatment at the end of 2nd and 5th wk. The pigs fed MCT3 had higher (p<0.05) energy digestibility than PC treatment. No effects were seen in the blood profiles we measured (WBC, RBC, lymphocyte and immunoglobulin-G). In conclusion, the addition of MCT in the weanling pigs diet can improve the ADG and digestibility during the earlier period (first 2 wks), but had little effect on the blood characteristics.

Effects of viscosity and fermentability of dietary fibre on nutrient digestibility and digesta characteristics in ileal-cannulated grower pigs

Relative contributions of two functional properties, viscosity and fermentability of dietary fibre, on apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, N retention and SCFA concentration have not been established. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated pigs randomised in a double 4 × 4 Latin square were fed four diets based on maize starch and casein supplemented with 5 % of actual fibre in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: low-fermentable, low-viscous cellulose (CEL); low-fermentable, high-viscous carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); high-fermentable, low-viscous oat β-glucan (LBG); high-fermentable, high-viscous oat β-glucan (HBG). Viscosity and fermentability interacted to affect (P < 0·001) digesta viscosity and AID and ATTD of nutrients. These properties tended to interact to affect (P < 0·10) digesta passage rate and butyrate. Pigs fed the CMC diet had the lowest (P < 0·05) digesta passage rate and the highest (P < 0·001) AID of energy, crude protein and DM, and ATTD of energy and DM. Post-ileal DM digestibility was highest (P < 0·001) for pigs fed the CEL and HBG diets. Post-ileal DM digestibility had a negative, curvilinear relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·85 and 0·72, respectively; P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity had a less strong relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·45 and 0·36, respectively; P < 0·001). In conclusion, high-viscous, low-fermentable dietary fibre increases the proportion of a diet that is digested in the small intestine by reducing digesta passage rate.

Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed 30% Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS) and the Effects of Pelleting on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility

Four experiments with 2,020 nursery pigs (Triumph-4xPIC Camborough 22) were conducted at a commercial research site to evaluate the effects of including 30% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in late nursery diets on pig growth performance and to compare the effects of pelleted and meal diets containing 30% DDGS on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, 312 pigs (10.54±0.16 kg) were allotted to two diets: corn-soybean meal based control diet and a corn-soybean meal diet containing 30% DDGS. In Exp. 2, 337 pigs (16.70±0.14 kg) were used to validate Exp. 1 with similar diets. In Exp. 3, 665 pigs (11.77±0.12 kg) were allotted to diets containing 30% DDGS, but in different forms: meal or pellet. Fecal samples were collected during the final day of the trials to measure nutrient and energy apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). In Exp. 4, 706 pigs (18.40±0.18 kg) were allotted to the same diets as Exp. 3. In Exp. 1 and 2, there was no (p>0.05) effect of DDGS on ADG, ADFI or G:F. In Exp. 3, pelleting improved (p 0.05) in ADFI. The ATTD of most nutrients and energy were improved by pelleting (p 0.05) in ADFI. In conclusion, 10-23 kg pigs in late nursery phase can be fed up to 30% DDGS without having a detrimental effect on pig performance, and pelleting the diet will increase nutrient and energy availability.