Apparent Total Digestibility Research Articles

Grão de soja cru e inteiro na alimentação de bovinos: excreção de grão de soja nas fezes

O objetivo desse estudo foi de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis crescentes de grão de soja cru inteiro (GS) em dietas de bovinos de corte e de vacas leiteiras de alta e média produção sobre o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes, excreção e composição do grão de soja nas fezes. Para esse estudo foram realizados três ensaios em delineamento experimental de quadrado Latino 4 × 4, com 14 dias de adaptação e 4 dias de coleta de amostras. Os ensaios utilizaram as seguintes categorias animal: 1) 12 novilhos Nelore castrados (420±28,5 kg de peso vivo, 24 ± 3,5 meses) agrupados em três quadrados latinos; 2) 12 vacas Holandesas (580±23,5kg de peso vivo, 90 ± 14,6 DEL e 30±2,7 kg/d de produção de leite); e 3) 16 vacas Holandesas (558±43,8 kg de peso vivo, 228 ± 43,8 DEL, e 23±4,6 kg/d de produção de leite). As dietas experimentais nos ensaios 1 e 2 apresentavam 0, 8, 16 e 24% de inclusão de GS na dieta (com base na MS). O ensaio 3 apresentou dietas com inclusão de GS na MS da dieta de 0, 9, 18 e 27% (G0, G9, G18 e G27, respectivamente). A inclusão de GS diminuiu (p0,05) pela inclusão de altos níveis de GS. O ganho médio diário dos novilhos Nelore e a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (PLC) das vacas não foram influenciados (p>0,05) pela adição de GS nas dietas. O consumo e a excreção de GS aumentaram linearmente (p0,05), independente da concentração de GS na dieta. De acordo com os estudos avaliados, níveis crescentes de grão de soja cru e inteiro podem ser utilizados na dieta de bovinos sem que ocorra mal aproveitamento nutricional do grão de soja e prejuízos a produção do animal.

Methane Emission of Cattle Fed Urochloa brizantha Hay Harvested at Different Stages

<p>The objective of this trial was to assess the methane emission rate, as well as the digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters in animals fed <em>Urochloa brizantha</em> hay harvested at different stages of growth. Six Nellore rumen-cannulated steers (402.0 ± 51.62 kg) were assigned to a replicated 3×3 Latin square (18 experimental units). Treatments differed according to three growth stages of the forage: 15 - hay with 15 days of growth, 45 - hay with 45 days of growth and 90 - hay with 90 days of growth. Each experimental period lasted 21 days. From the 8<sup>th</sup> day, feces were sampled during 5 days to determine apparent total digestibility of dry matter and its fractions. Beginning on the 13<sup>th</sup> day and running for 7 days, methane production was evaluated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) tracer technique. On the 20<sup>th</sup> day, ruminal fluid was sampled prior to and after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours post-morning feeding for evaluating pH, ammonia-N and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). As the stage of forage growth for harvesting advanced in days, the digestibility coefficient of crude protein decreased and non-fibrous carbohydrate values increased. Methane production was affected not only by the stage of forage growth, but also by quality of its conservation after harvesting. There were significant differences among treatments when methane was expressed in g kg<sup>-1</sup> DMI, g kg<sup>-1</sup> OMI, % GE and % DE, with non-linear effect. The stage of forage growth did not influence ruminal pH, total concentration or molar proportion of SCFA, but decreased NH<sub>3</sub>-N concentration.</p>

Suplementação em sistema de creep-feeding de bezerros de corte lactentes e avaliação nutricional de matrizes de corte

<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the productive and nutritional performance of suckling calves fed only a mineral mix (MM) or different levels of multiple supplement and the milk yield and nutritional parameters of beef cows on <em>Uruchloa decumbens </em>pastures. Thirty-two suckling calves, with an average age of 3 months and average initial weight of 109.3 ± 0.84 kg, and their respective mothers, with an average initial weight of 447.2 ± 47.1 kg, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. The supplement contained approximately 25% crude protein (CP), and treatments consisted of the supply of different of multiple supplement levels for the calves. The levels of supply of the supplements were 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of the body weight for treatments N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. The animals from the control treatment (MM) received only an MM <em>ad libitum</em>. The average daily gain (ADG) of the calves was 731.2, 810.6, 822.7, and 895.2 grams for treatments MM, N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. Supplemented calves showed greater weight gain. The multiple supplement levels offered to the calves had a positive linear effect (P<0.10) on their ADG. The intakes in kg/ day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestible DM, digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher (P<0.10) for animals that received multiple supplements compared with those fed only an MM. The levels of supply of multiple supplements had an increasing linear effect on ether extract (EE) intake, and a quadratic effect was found on DM intake, forage DM, OM, forage OM, CP, NFC, digestible DM, and TDN. The total apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF, NFC, and TDN were higher (P<0.10) for the animals that received multiple supplements. With the levels of supply of multiple supplements, an increasing linear effect was observed on EE digestibility. Calf supplementation did not affect the performance, milk yield, or nutritional parameters of the cows (P>0.10).</p>

Suplementação em sistema de creep-feeding de bezerros de corte lactentes e avaliação nutricional de matrizes de corte

<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the productive and nutritional performance of suckling calves fed only a mineral mix (MM) or different levels of multiple supplement and the milk yield and nutritional parameters of beef cows on <em>Uruchloa decumbens </em>pastures. Thirty-two suckling calves, with an average age of 3 months and average initial weight of 109.3 ± 0.84 kg, and their respective mothers, with an average initial weight of 447.2 ± 47.1 kg, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. The supplement contained approximately 25% crude protein (CP), and treatments consisted of the supply of different of multiple supplement levels for the calves. The levels of supply of the supplements were 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of the body weight for treatments N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. The animals from the control treatment (MM) received only an MM <em>ad libitum</em>. The average daily gain (ADG) of the calves was 731.2, 810.6, 822.7, and 895.2 grams for treatments MM, N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. Supplemented calves showed greater weight gain. The multiple supplement levels offered to the calves had a positive linear effect (P<0.10) on their ADG. The intakes in kg/ day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestible DM, digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher (P<0.10) for animals that received multiple supplements compared with those fed only an MM. The levels of supply of multiple supplements had an increasing linear effect on ether extract (EE) intake, and a quadratic effect was found on DM intake, forage DM, OM, forage OM, CP, NFC, digestible DM, and TDN. The total apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF, NFC, and TDN were higher (P<0.10) for the animals that received multiple supplements. With the levels of supply of multiple supplements, an increasing linear effect was observed on EE digestibility. Calf supplementation did not affect the performance, milk yield, or nutritional parameters of the cows (P>0.10).</p>

Acid and re-esterified rapeseed oils as alternative vegetable oils for rainbow trout diets: Effects on lipid digestibility and growth

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of dietary acid and re-esterified rapeseed oils as alternatives to native vegetable oils (VO) on growth performance and feed utilization in rainbow trout. Acid oils are a free fatty acid (FFA)-rich by-product from the refining of VO and re-esterified oils are the final product of a chemical esterification process between acid oils and glycerol. Because re-esterified oils have a high content of mono- and di-acylglycerols (MAG and DAG), known for being good emulsifiers, a higher nutritive value than that of the native and the acid oils might be expected. A 72-day feeding trial where triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed eight experimental diets formulated to contain 15% of a native, a re-esterified and an acid rapeseed oil, in addition to a 5% of fish oil (FO), was carried out. Diets with the native or the re-esterified oils blended with the acid oil were also studied. A commercial fish oil was used for the control diet. Fish fed rapeseed acid and re-esterified oil diets (RA and RE, respectively) showed high fat and total fatty acid apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) (RA: 90.5±0.3%, RE: 92.5±1.0% for total fat and RA: 95.7±0.1%, RE: 95.8±0.2% for total fatty acids). However, the lowest total fatty acid ADC was that obtained in animals fed RA, which was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the rapeseed native oil diet (RN: 96.7±0.1%). No significant differences in final weight were obtained between fish fed RA (375.9±2.9g) and RE (381.5±11.1g) and those fed RN (393.7±6.1g), even though both values were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the control diet (411.1±3.3g). Nonetheless, fish fed diets including blends of the rapeseed acid and the re-esterified oils (RE/RA and RA/RE) had higher final weights (392.8±4.4 and 394.6±1.6, respectively) than those of RA and RE, although differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, RA and RE diets did not produce relevant changes in plasma parameters or in the morphology of liver and intestine of fish. Therefore, the inclusion of rapeseed acid and re-esterified oils along with a 5% of FO in aqua feeds does not seem to have negative effects on fat and fatty acid digestibility, growth, plasma parameter or morphology of liver and intestine in rainbow trout. However, before recommending their use, further studies regarding their effects on the final composition and quality of fillets should be carried out. Statement of relevanceRe-esterified and acid rapeseed oils could be included in diets for rainbow trout as economically advantageous sources with no negative results in fat and fatty acid digestibility, plasma parameters and morphology of liver and intestine.

Interaction of sunflower oil with monensin on milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows

Abstract Four ruminally fistulated multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the interaction between sunflower oil and monensin supplementation on intake, milk production, total apparent digestibility of the diet (TTAD), ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk fatty acid profile. The experimental diets consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: (1) control (no sunflower oil and no monensin; CON), (2) diet containing (dry matter (DM) basis) 42 g/kg sunflower oil (OIL), (3) control with monensin (16 mg/kg of DM; MON), and (4) diet containing (DM basis) 42 g/kg sunflower oil and 16 mg/kg monensin (MIX). Sunflower oil supplementation tended to decrease DM intake and yield of milk fat. Sunflower oil decreased milk urea N concentration likely as a result of better N utilization, suggesting that sunflower oil contributes to decrease deamination and amount of amino acids used for gluconeogenesis. There were interactions between monensin and oil supplementation for acetate, propionate, and the acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen as a result of lower proportion of acetate and higher proportion of propionate for cows fed MON compared to those fed CON. Molar proportions of butyrate and isobutyrate in the rumen were decreased by monensin and proportion of butyrate was increased by oil. There was no interaction between monensin and oil for milk FA profile. Sunflower oil supplementation decreased proportions of all short-chain and most medium-chain FA. Compared with cows fed no oil, those supplemented with sunflower oil had higher proportions of total trans FA and monensin had no effect. This study suggests that supplementing dairy cow diets containing a corn-based concentrate with a combination of monensin and sunflower oil adds no further improvements in milk FA profile to supplementing sunflower oil alone although the lack of effect on parameters with large numerical changes such as DM intake and milk yield should be confirmed using more animals.

The effect of inclusion level and basal diet on the determination of the digestible and metabolisable energy content of soybean oil and its digestibility when fed to growing pigs

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion level and type of basal diet on the digestible (DE) and metabolisable (ME) energy content of soybean oil and its digestibility when fed to growing pigs. Thirty-six barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weighing 34.2 ± 3.8 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement involving two basal diets and three levels of soybean oil (0%, 5% and 10%). One basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal. The other basal diet was based on corn starch and casein. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of faeces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial bodyweight per day. A 5-day total collection of faeces and urine followed a 7-day diet-adaptation period. The DE and ME contents of soybean oil were significantly affected by the dietary inclusion level (P &lt; 0.05), but not by the type of basal diet. The DE contents of soybean oil at the 5% and 10% inclusion level were 34.99 and 37.63 MJ/kg, respectively, for the corn–soybean meal basal diet and 33.72 and 35.21 MJ/kg, respectively, for the corn starch–casein basal diet. The respective corresponding values for ME were 33.91, 37.07, 33.06 and 34.83 MJ/kg. The DE values calculated from regression equation were 38.05 and 37.85 MJ/kg, respectively, for corn–soybean meal and corn starch–casein basal diet. The DE value calculated from regression equation was greater than the values determined from the difference method for corn starch–casein basal diet. The value of endogenous loss for acid-hydrolysed ether extract was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for corn–soybean meal basal diet than for corn starch–casein (13.06 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn–soybean meal basal diet and 1.37 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn starch–casein basal diet, respectively). The values of the true total tract digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of soybean oil determined from the corn–soybean meal basal diet were not different from those determined from the corn starch–casein basal diet (true total tract digestibility: 97.1% and 95.4%; apparent total tract digestibility: 95.8% and 95.3%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME values of soybean oil are affected by its inclusion level but not by basal diet. The type of basal diet did not affect the digestibility of soybean oil, but affected the endogenous loss of acid-hydrolysed ether extract for soybean oil.

Influence of ruminal Quebracho tannin extract infusion on apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in heifers

Six fully grown heifers (491kg body weight, standard deviation 35) fitted with ruminal cannulae received incremental dosages of a commercial Quebracho tannin extract (QTE) to investigate its effects on apparent total tract nutrient digestibilities, nitrogen balance, and purine derivatives excretion as an indicator of duodenal microbial crude protein flow. The basal diet comprised 2.6kg/d grass hay, 2.6kg/d concentrate feed, and 60g/d of a mineral premix (as-fed basis) and was offered in two equal meals. The QTE was administered at 0 (CON 1), 1, 2, 4, or 6% of the daily DM intake from the basal diet (i.e., 45g, 90g, 180g, and 270g/d; as-fed basis). For this, half of the daily QTE dosage was suspended in water and intraruminally infused during each feeding. All animals simultaneously received the same QTE dosage. Every period comprised 9d of adaptation and 6d of total urine and feces collection. Subsequent to highest QTE dosage, infusion was ceased and after 14d of adaptation, urine and feces were collected again for 10d (CON 2). The QTE infusions at ≥4% lowered apparent total tract organic matter digestibility (P≤0.045). The effects were more pronounced for neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber digestibilities which decreased from 0.718 and 0.626 without QTE to 0.590 and 0.493 at 6% QTE, respectively (P<0.001). Nitrogen excretion linearly decreased in urine (P=0.003) and linearly increased in feces (P<0.001) with incremental QTE dosages. Irrespective of the dosage level, nitrogen retention was higher with than without QTE infusion (P≤0.035). Urinary purine derivatives excretion declined from 103mmol/d at 1% QTE to 80mmol/d at 6% QTE (P<0.001), indicating a 36% decrease in estimated duodenal microbial crude protein flow. At QTE dosages of ≥4% of DM intake, reduced carbohydrate digestibility will lower energy supply to the host animal. The pronounced decrease in estimated microbial protein synthesis even at moderate QTE levels is unlikely to be compensated by the increase in rumen-escape protein. The QTE addition to ruminant diets might not improve protein supply and performance of cattle.

Effect of organic sources of minerals on fat-corrected milk yield of dairy cows in confinement

This study evaluated the effects of organic and inorganic sources of minerals in diets for mid-lactation dairy cows on milk yield and composition, intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances. Twenty Holstein cows averaging 146.83±67.34 days in milk and weighing 625.30±80.37 kg were used. The experimental design was a crossover. Diets were composed of corn silage (50%), ground grain corn, and soybean meal, differing with regard to the sources of trace minerals, plus an organic and inorganic mix. The organic mineral source increased milk fat and fat-corrected milk yield without changing milk yield, intake, or total apparent digestibility. Blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances were not affected by the sources of minerals. Organic sources of minerals improve milk fat yield without affecting other parameters.

Suplementos múltiplos para novilhas de corte a pasto no período seco: características nutricionais

The objective was to evaluate levels of multiple supplements supplied to beef heifers in low supply of pasture on intake and nutrients digestibility, pH and concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen, nitrogen balance, synthesis and microbial efficiency. Five Nellore heifers with initial body weight of 344.00 ± 21.10 kg and average initial age of 22 months were used. The following supplements were evaluated as fed to the animals: control (mineral supplement) and supplementation levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg/animal/day, composing the following percentages of body weight (BW): 0.55, 1.11, 1.66 and 2.22%, respectively. The experimental design was a Latin square with five replications and five supplements. Intakes of total dry matter, crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients, and total apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and no fiber carbohydrates increased linearly (P &lt;0.0001) and dry matter intake of forage decreased (P &lt;0.0001) with supplementation levels. Supplementation strategies promoted reduction on ruminal pH (P = 0.0343) and increased concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (P = 0.0004) before the supply of supplements, and after, this NH3-N presented quadratic behavior (P = 0.0023). Nitrogen intake, excretion of urea in urine and nitrogen excretion in feces increased linearly (P &lt;0.0001) according to supplementation levels. The supply of high levels of multiple supplements reduces forage intake and presents itself as an alternative to cattle maintained in a systems with low supply of pasture in the dry season.

Nellore cows and their calves during the lactation period: performance, intake, milk composition, and total apparent digestibility.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate intake and nutrient digestibility, performance, milk composition, and microbial efficiency of Nellore cows and their calves during lactation. Fifteen Nellore cows were fed corn silage and concentrate (85:15). After calving, calves were kept with their dams for 2months then separated and housed in individual pens adjacent to their dams. Cows were milked every 15days over 7months to estimate milk intake of the calves. During lactation, nutrient intake decreased (P < 0.01) for cows, while nutrient digestibility increased (P < 0.001). Starting 2months post-calving, calves were offered concentrate (5g/kg body weight (BW)) and roughage. An increase in DM digestibility was observed for calves in the third month of age, probably due to an associative effect between milk, concentrate, and roughage, which increased DM digestibility without increasing DM intake. Average daily gain (ADG) of the calves increased (P < 0.001) during lactation period. Microbial efficiency (g mCP/kg total digestible nutrients (TDN)) did not change (P > 0.05) in either cows or their calves during lactation period. However, nutrient digestibility decreased for calves during this period. Nellore cows produced milk with average of 4.58% lactose, 5.61% fat, and with milk protein increasing from 3.6 to 4.0% as lactation progressed.

Implication of milling methods, thermal treatment, and particle size of feed in layers on mineral digestibility and retention of minerals in egg contents

Feed production with different milling methods, thermal treatment, and particle size may influence mineral digestibility and retention in eggs. The present study investigated the impact of roller (R) and hammer (H) mills, mash (M) and expandate (E) with fine (F) and coarse (C) particle sizes, on apparent ileal absorption (AIA) and apparent total digestibility (ATD) and retention of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron in yolk, albumen, and shell. A total of 384 hens (Lohmann Brown), 19 weeks old, were assigned using a randomized design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Eight experimental diets were offered ad libitum during the whole experimental period and one week before for diet adaption. The AIA of magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron was higher in treatment R in comparison with treatment H (P < 0.01, P ≤ 0.03, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). The AIA of magnesium was higher in treatment M than treatment E (P < 0.01). The AIA of magnesium was higher in treatment C in comparison with treatment F (P ≤ 0.05) due to particle size. The ATD of copper and iron was higher in treatment R than treatment H (P < 0.01 and P ≤ 0.03, respectively). The ATD was higher for phosphorus and lower for iron in treatment F than treatment C (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.02. respectively). The copper concentration in yolk and albumen was higher in treatment C than treatment F (P < 0.01 and P ≤ 0.03, respectively). Besides a few overall interactions, the AIA and ATD of copper and manganese were lower in H+M group than R+M group (P ≤ 0.05). The ATD of iron was higher in the M+C group compared to the M+F group (P < 0.01), whereas the albumen zinc concentration was higher in the E+C group than E+F group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the feed produced by hammer mill had negative effects on AIA and ATD for trace elements in particular, but mineral concentrations in egg contents were mostly comparable for all treatments. Therefore, milling methods, thermal treatment, and particle sizes used in the present study can be used for layer feed formulation without negatively affecting egg quality.

Does sugar cane ensiled with calcium oxide affect intake, digestibility, performance, and microbial efficiency in beef cattle?

Two trials were conducted to evaluate how calcium oxide (CaO) as an additive in sugar cane silage affects animal performance and diet digestibility. Experiment 1 included 35 crossbred steers (Holstein×Nellore) with an average body weight (BW) of 350±18.3kg, which were distributed across a randomized block design with five treatments and seven replicates. The five treatments consisted of sugar cane ensiled with four different levels of CaO (0, 5, 10, and 15g/kg; fresh basis) and a standard diet of corn silage. The forage concentrate ratio was 50:50 and was formulated to be isonitrogenous (120g/kg DM). The dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily and individually. Indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used as an internal marker to estimate apparent nutrient digestibility. There was a quadratic positive effect (P=0.013) of the CaO levels on DMI (gDM/kgBW), organic matter (OM; P=0.032), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC; P=0.014) intake. The average daily gain (ADG) of steers that were fed corn silage diets was similar (P=0.11) to that of those fed sugar cane silage with 5g/kg of CaO. There was a positive linear effect of the percentage of CaO on the apparent total digestibility of DM (P=0.012), OM (P=0.001), crude protein (CP; P=0.022) and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF; P=0.015) of the diets. In Experiment 2, four ruminally and abomasally cannulated Nellore steers (184±10.2kgBW) were used with a 4×4 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of CaO levels on apparent total and ruminal digestibility of nutrients, ruminal characteristics, and microbial efficiency. The four treatments were composed of the same sugar cane silage diets used in Experiment 1. The aNDF intake decreased linearly (P=0.032) as the percentage of CaO increased. There was a linear positive effect of the percentage of CaO on the apparent total digestibility of DM (P=0.036), OM (P=0.007), CP (P=0.042), and aNDF (P=0.025). There were no effects of CaO levels on the ruminal pH values (P=0.52), ammonia concentration (P=0.22), or microbial efficiency (P=0.283). Adding CaO to sugar cane silage reduces the silage fiber. However, the addition of more than 5g/kg CaO to sugar cane at ensiling does not improve silage intake and animal performance. Additionally, the use of 15g/kg of CaO in sugar cane at ensiling decreases diet intake and growth of beef cattle.

Nutritional value of high moisture corn silage in the diet of Holstein cows

Five Holstein cows were distributed in a 5x5 latin square design to assess the effect of replacement levels of dry ground corn grain (DGCG) by high moisture corn silage (HMCS) on intake, total nutrient digestibility and plasma glucose, according to the following treatments: 1) 100% DGCG; 2) 75% DGCG and 25% HMCS; 3) 50% DGCG and 50% HMCS; 4) 25% DGCG and 75% HMCS; 5) 100% HMCS. The experiment lasted 70 days, divided into five phases of 14 days each. The digestibility was obtained using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the indicator. Fecal samples were collected twice daily and blood samples were collected on the last day of each period before the first meal (0h) and 2h, 4h, 6h and 12h after the meal. There was no effect (P&gt;0.05) on the intake of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch. The total apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF were not affected (P&gt;0.05) by the treatments, as well as the plasma glucose concentration. However, there was a decreased linear effect (P&lt;0.05) for the protein intake and increased linear effect (P&lt;0.05) for starch digestibility, as the level of HMCS was increased in the diets.

Effects of fermented and extruded wheat bran on total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, minerals and energy in growing pigs

A pig digestibility trial was conducted to investigate the effects of fermentation or extrusion of wheat bran included in a basal diet on coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) regarding dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), starch, energy (GE), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca). In the experiment, 9 growing pigs were allocated to a 3×3 Latin square design to measure the CTTAD of the basal diet containing different modified wheat bran variants, and therefore to demonstrate relative differences in the CTTAD among the diets as a result of wheat bran modification. The wheat bran was used in native form (NWB), as fermented bran ensiled with Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum (FWB) and as extruded wheat bran (EWB). Wheat bran variants were included at 200gkg−1 in a phosphorus deficient basal diet. The obtained results show that the CTTAD of DM was increased when feeding the diet with FWB (+2%, P<0.05) instead of NWB (0.87). Likewise the CTTAD of OM was also increased with FWB (+2%, P<0.05), compared to NWB (0.88). Also the CTTAD of CF was improved with FWB and EWB (+9%, P<0.05), related to NWB (0.58). The CTTAD of ash was improved with FWB (+14%, P<0.05) compared to NWB (0.60). Correspondingly, the CTTAD values of P and Ca were also elevated when feeding the FWB diet. P-digestibility was increased in the FWB feeding group compared to those groups fed with NWB (+35%, P<0.05) and EWB (+53%, P<0.05). Regarding the Ca digestibility, similar results were obtained (P<0.05). While the CTTAD of energy was increased in the FWB (+3%, P<0.05) and EWB (+2%, P<0.05) feeding groups compared to that of NWB (0.85), the N-balance and the CTTAD of starch were not affected by the treatments. Nevertheless, the CTTAD of EE was enhanced in the FWB treatment group (+40%, P<0.05), and was also improved by extrusion (+30%, P<0.05) compared to the NWB (0.50) treatment. In conclusion, fermented and extruded wheat bran exert some significant influence on the apparent total tact digestibility of several essential nutrients, minerals and energy when included in a basal diet, whereby fermentation seems to be the more potent strategy, as positive effects on the CTTAD of P and Ca could only be observed in the feeding group with FWB.

Effect of Forage to Concentrate Ratio and Dietary Crude Protein Level On Nutrient Intake, Apparent Total Track Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, Nitrogen Balance and UT-B Expression In Growing Baluchi Male Lambs

Effect of Forage to Concentrate Ratio and Dietary Crude Protein Level On Nutrient Intake, Apparent Total Track Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, Nitrogen Balance and UT-B Expression In Growing Baluchi Male Lambs

Digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia digestível em dietas para potros em crescimento

This study was conducted with eight colts Brasileiro de Hipismo breed, fed with five diets isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the aim of determining by the method of total fecal collection: the total apparent digestibility of nutrients as well as the values of digestible energy by comparing them with values from prediction equations of digestible energy. The diet 1: was composed of concentrated with corn and cotton meal; the diet 2: concentrated with corn and soybean meal, diet 3: concentrated with corn and yeast, diet 4: concentrated with oat and cotton meal and the diet 5: concentrated with oat and soybean meal. All diets contained Coast Cross hay and wheat bran. The test of digestion (total collection of feces) was made in metabolism cages adapted for horses for a period of five days. The diet had the lowest value of digestibility of dry matter was the diet of concentrated of oats and cotton meal. It was evident that one can not dispense with the need of using bomb calorimetry and the total collection of feces in the determination of digestible energy, because the calculations there was no equivalence of values between the results obtained in the experiment with the results obtained by the prediction equations.

Effect of energy sources on the apparent total tract digestibility and excretion of nutrients by bovine cattle

ABSTRACTObjective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows (730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p&lt;0.05) dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and organic matter intake and increased ether extract intake. There was no effect (p&gt;0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p&lt;0.05) for the soybean treatment. All energy sources influenced the excretion of crude protein. Conclusions. The energy sources used did not affect the digestibility of the diets and are indicated as high potential sources to be used in cattle.

Intake and digestion of wethers fed with dwarf elephant grass hay with or without the inclusion of peanut hay.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) hay in diets based on dwarf elephant grass (DEG, Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Kurumi) hay of different regrowth ages on forage intake and digestibility in wether lambs. The experimental treatments consisted of DEG hay with an interval of regrowth of 30 or 45 days offered as the only feed or in mixture with peanut hay (300 g/kg of total dry matter (DM)), which were tested in eight Texel × Suffolk crossbred wethers in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Both organic matter (OM) and digestible OM intakes were higher (P < 0.05) in animals receiving the legume forage. Total apparent OM digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) at an increased grass regrowth age. Ruminal OM digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with legume inclusion and at a higher grass regrowth age. The nitrogen (N) intake was higher (P < 0.05) in legume treatments and lower (P < 0.05) as the grass regrowth age increased, but retention of N was not affected by treatments. Duodenal flow of both, non-ammonia N and microbial N, were not affected by legume inclusion and were lower (P < 0.05) as grass regrowth age increased. The efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (ERMPS) was negatively affected (P < 0.05) by legume inclusion and was lower (P < 0.05) as the grass regrowth age increased. Supplementation of dwarf elephant grass hay cut at the vegetative stage with peanut legume hay improves nutritional supply to wethers due to an increase in the forage intake.

Impact of replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets with inactive dry yeast, a sugarcane by-product of ethanol distilleries and sugar mills

This study assessed the intake, total and partial apparent digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia concentration, nitrogen efficiency usage, and productive performance of beef cattle fed with different soybean meal replacement levels with inactive dry yeast (IDY 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000g/kg). The forage:concentrate ratio was 60:40 and the forage source was corn silage. Concentrates were formulated to comprise 220.0g/kg CP independent of treatments. In the first experiment (EXP 1), 35 Nelore bulls with an initial average weight of 370±42kg were distributed across a completely randomized design, with five treatments and seven replicates to assess nutrient intake and performance. EXP 1 lasted 98 days and was divided into a 14-day adaptation period and three experimental periods of 28 days each. In the second experiment (EXP 2), five castrated Nelore steers with an initial average weight of 320±39kg were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum and distributed in a 5×5 Latin square design, balanced for residual effect. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the total and partial digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and nitrogen efficiency of usage. EXP 2 lasted 90 days, divided into five experimental periods. Each period lasted 18 days and was divided into 10 days for adaptation to the diets and 8 days to collect samples. The intake of dry matter (DMI) decreased linearly (P=0.03) with increased dietary IDY levels. Conversely, the intake of neutral detergent fiber assayed with a heat-stable amylase and corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds [aNDFom(n)] in g/day (P=0.043), and the g/kg body weight (P=0.011) increased linearly as IDY was added to the concentrate. The experimental diets showed no effect (P>0.05) on the total and partial apparent nutrient digestibility. IDY had no effect (P>0.05) on ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, or dietary nitrogen efficiency. Additionally, IDY had no effect on productive performance variables, with the exception of average daily gain (ADG), which decreased linearly (P=0.028) as IDY was added to the concentrate. IDY addition resulted in decreases in DMI and ADG for beef cattle in feedlots (EXP 2). However, the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency were not affected. In addition, IDY did not reduce feed conversion or carcass gain. The high market price of soybean meal might make feasible its total replacement by IDY, even considering the possibility of a small reduction in ADG.