Rate Of Apparent Photosynthesis Research Articles

高等植物の光合成および呼吸速度測定の ための簡単な検容法 (2)

In a previous paper the author presented a new simple volumeter for measurement of photosynthesis and respiration rates with the use of a low power microscope. This was improved to permit the measurement without the microscope. Five to seven volumeters, one being thermobarometer, were used simultaneously. Photosynthesis rate is measurable within about 10minutes, and respiration rate within about 30minutes. This apparatus is useful in measurements not only indoors but also outdoors. Presented in this report are the data obtained from measurements made indoors and outdoors on 32 species of plants; that is 1 aquatic, 3 marine and 28 land plants. The apparent photosynthesis rates are generally larger than those previously observed under near-natural conditions. This may be due to the high concentration of CO2 (2.7%), high temperature (30°), and also the use of cut leaf strips permitting large gas exchange through the cut surface. In a leaf of Ficus elastica the photosynthesis rate was somewhat higher at the more apical and near-margin parts of the leaf than at the basal and near-midrib ones, respectively. No such difference was seen on the respiration rate.

Effects of radiation from 14CO2 absorbed by Pinus strobus L. seedlings during photosynthesis on their subsequent growth and metabolism.

Several times during the year, white pine seedlings were placed in a closed system and each plant was permitted to photo-assimilate 400–500 μCi of 14CO2. At various periods of time after photo-assimilation, the fresh weight, apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration, and distribution of absorbed 14C throughout the seedlings were determined. The location and magnitude of depressed growth caused by the radiation from the incorporated 14C varied with the time of year when photo-assimilation occurred.When 14CO2 photo-assimilation occurred in May and June, suppression of growth was the greatest in the new shoots, whereas when photo-assimilation occurred in the fall, the suppression of growth was more pronounced in the roots. Seedlings which photo-assimilated 14CO2 in the fall appeared normal during winter but their buds failed to develop into new shoots the following spring.It is also suggested that a decrease in the rate of apparent photosynthesis may be used as an indicator of radiation damage brought about by the incorporated 14CO2.

Growth Response of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to Different Light and Temperature Environments. II. Leaf Age and Photosynthetic Activity1

The variation in rate of apparent photosynthesis (PR) with leaf age in three populations of orchardgrass, grown in two different temperature environments, was investigated using a Warburg manometric technique. Fully expanded leaves maintained a high PR for 15 to 20 days but the rate rapidly declined thereafter. PR (oxygen evolution) per unit leaf area closely paralleled the synthesis and degradation of the chlorophyll pigments; PR per unit chlorophyll changed very little throughout the life of the leaf. These results were confirmed by the pattern of assimilation of C14O2 by leaves of different ages. The Portuguese ecotype had a significantly higher photosynthetic rate at 21 C than the cultivars ‘S.143’ and ‘Boone’ in both growth environments. Plants grown at 21 C day/13 C night temperatures had a significantly higher rate at 21 C than plants grown at 29 day/21 night temperatures, but when measured at 29 C plants grown in the higher temperature regime had a significantly higher rate of PR. The relative pattern of change of PR with leaf age was unaffected by the temperature at which the plants were grown.

Photosynthesis, Photorespiration and Respiration of Detached Spruce Twigs as Influenced by Oxygen Concentration and Light Intensity

AbstractThe effects of oxygen concentration and light intensity on the rates of apparent photosynthesis, true photosynthesis, photorespiration and dark respiration of detached spruce twigs were determined by means of an infra‐red carbon dioxide analyzer (IRCA). A closed circuit system IRCA was filled with either 1 per cent of oxygen in nitrogen, air (21 % O2) or pure oxygen (100 % O2). Two light intensities 30 × 103 erg · cm −2· s−1 and 120 × 103 erg · cm−2· s−1 were applied.It has been found that the inhibitory effect of high concentration of oxygen on the apparent photosynthesis was mainly a result of a stimulation of the rate of CO2 production in light (photorespiration). In the atmosphere of 100 % O2, photorespiration accounts for 66–80 per cent of total CO2 uptake (true photosynthesis). Owing to a strong acceleration of photorespiration by high oxygen concentrations, the rate of true photosynthesis calculated as the sum of apparent photosynthesis and photorespiration was by several times less inhibited by oxygen than the rate of apparent photosynthesis. The rates of dark respiration were essentially unaffected by the oxygen concentrations used in the experiments. An increase in the intensity of light from 30 × 103 erg · cm−3· s−1 to 120 · 103 erg · cm−2· s−1 enhanced the rate of photorespiration in the atmospheres of 21 and 100 % oxygen but not in 1 % O2. The rate of apparent photosynthesis, however, was little affected by light intensity in an atmosphere of 1 % oxygen.

Effect of soil moisture on the tree growth, yield and fruit quality of Jonathan apples. I

1. Tree growth, yield and fruit quality of Jonathan apples cultured in the large size pots were observed under four different conditions of soil moisture, such as“High”80-75%, “Medium”70-70%, “Low”45% and“Very low”30% of water holding capacity. And further observations were made on the morphological charactors of leaves and fruits, apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient content of leaves with changing soil moisture.2. Tree growth, especially top growth was markedly inferior with decreasing soil moisture, and yield and fruit size were also proportional to soil moisture.3. Skin color of fruits in the“High”plot was inferior considerably to that of the others, and sugar content of fruits decreased with increasing soil moisture. In the“Very low”plot, fruits had no crispness. From these points, it seems that dessert quality of fruits was most superior in the“Low” plot.4. Daily changes of fruit size and trunkgirth were checked in summer. Both of the fruits and the trunks shrunk during daytime and swelled again at night. The difference of fruit size between day and night became greater with increasing soil moisture, because the number of leaves per fruit increased conspicuously with increasing soil moisture.5. Leaves in the lower soil moisture plot were inferior in area, thickness, cell size and the extent of intercellular spaces, however, they were superior in the thickness of cuticle layer and the density of stomata to those in the higher one. Fruits in the lower soil moisture plot had a thick skin and a firm flesh filled compactly with small cells, which had a thick wall as compared with those in the higher one. There is no significant difference in the number of cells in flesh in each plot.6. In the“Very low”plot, many of the older leaves became yellow and abscised in summer.7. In the“Very low”plot, almost half of the fruits produced corky core owing to boron deficiency, and also, internal breakdown occurred in some fruits after the storage for two months.8. There was no significant difference in the rate of apparent photosynthesis between the“High”and “Medium”plots, but in the lower plots, it decreased apparently with decreasing soil moisture. The rate of transpiration is also proportional to soil moisture.9. As the result of leaf analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and B, the contents of P and B in leaves decreased considerably with decreasing soil moisture.

RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE CRANBERRY WITH EMPHASIS ON RATES AT LOW TEMPERATURES

The rate of apparent photosynthesis of cranberry leaves increased linearly over the temperature range of 3.5° to 25.0 °C when measured manometrically. The same general pattern was found when photosynthesis was measured using an oxygen analyzer. At 3.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 °C the rate of O2production by photosynthesis was greater than the rate of removal of O2by respiration. Although the excess of oxygen given off to the water is quite small, it is an important factor in winter survival of cranberry plants, especially the meristematic tissues, which are most susceptible to O2deficiency.

EFFECT OF TIME OF DAY, A PARASITIC FUNGUS, AND A GENETIC MUTATION ON RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY

The apparent rate of photosynthesis in the lowbush blueberry was measured, at four periods of the day, on leaf disks in Warburg flasks and with the use of Pardee's CO2 buffers. Significant differences were found in rates of O2 evolution at the four different periods. Oxygen evolution was greatest in the early morning when reducing sugars and starch levels were lowest. By early afternoon when starch and reducing sugar levels were much greater in the leaf disks the rate was the lowest.Leaf disks infected with Exobasidium vaccinii had a lower rate of apparent photosynthesis than normal leaves of the same clone. Disks cut from normal leaves of Vaccinium angustifolium had a higher rate of apparent photosynthesis than those of a variegated mutant. The leaves of the mutant were significantly smaller and seedlings of the mutant type grew more slowly than normal ones of the same cross. For these reasons lowbush blueberry plants of the mutant type or having the red-leaf disease are at a distinct disadvantage in nature.

Effect of Oxygen on Photosynthesis, Photorespiration and Respiration in Detached Leaves. I. Soybean

The effect of O(2) on the CO(2) exchange of detached soybean leaves was measured with a Clark oxygen electrode and infrared carbon dioxide analysers in both open and closed systems.The rate of apparent photosynthesis was inhibited by O(2) while the steady rate of respiration after a few minutes in the dark was not affected. Part of the inhibition of apparent photosynthesis was shown to be a result of increased photorespiration. This stimulation of photorespiration by O(2) was manifested by an increase in the CO(2) compensation point.The differential effects of O(2) on dark respiration (no effect) and photorespiration (stimulation) indicated that these were 2 different processes.Moreover the extrapolation of the CO(2) compensation point to zero at zero O(2) indicated that dark respiration was suppressed in the light at least at zero O(2) concentration.

EFFECT OF LEAF MATURITY, TEMPERATURE, CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CLONAL LINES OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY, VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT. UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The rate of apparent photosynthesis of the lowbush blueberry was determined in Warburg flasks using Pardee's CO2buffers. A marked increase in rate of O2evolution occurred as the temperature was raised from 13.0 to 29.5 °C. With a constant temperature of 25.0 °C the rate of O2evolution increased as the CO2concentration increased from 0.2 to 0.8%. The young and middle-aged leaves had a higher rate of apparent photosynthesis than the older leaves. The rate was higher at a light intensity of 1000 ft-c than at 650 ft-c at a CO2concentration of 0.4%. At the higher light intensity a lowbush blueberry clone selected on the basis of superior agronomic characteristics had a significantly higher rate of apparent pholosynthesis than an average clone.

The Effects of Low Level Moisture Stresses on the Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis in Corn1

Crop ScienceVolume 4, Issue 3 cropsci1964.0011183X000400030003x p. 249-253 Article The Effects of Low Level Moisture Stresses on the Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis in Corn1 Donald N. Baker, Donald N. BakerSearch for more papers by this authorRobert B. Musgrave, Robert B. Musgrave Former Graudte Student (now Soil Scientist, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA, Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, State College, Mississippi) and Professor of Agronomy, Cornell University.Search for more papers by this author Donald N. Baker, Donald N. BakerSearch for more papers by this authorRobert B. Musgrave, Robert B. Musgrave Former Graudte Student (now Soil Scientist, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA, Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, State College, Mississippi) and Professor of Agronomy, Cornell University.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1964 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1964.0011183X000400030003xCitations: 12 1 Contribution from Department of Agronomy, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, in cooperation with the Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA, Cornell Agronomy Publication Number 634. From material submitted by senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume4, Issue3May–June 1964Pages 249-253 RelatedInformation

Título en español.

Se determinó el grado de la fotosíntesis aparente y su relación con la intensidad de luz en cuanto a la variedad de café Borbón. Una curva para la saturación de luz sobre la fotosíntesis aparente del café demostró que la saturación se alcanzaba a un punto máximo de 2,000 pie-bujías y que el máximo de la fotosíntesis aparente se mantenía hasta los 6,000 pie-bujías, luego de lo cual se reducía. También se presenta evidencia para demostrar que altas intensidades de luz pueden causar una disminución transitoria de la actividad fotosintética.

Photosynthesis & transpiration of banana leaves as affected by severing the vascular system

Interrupting the vascular supply to young intact banana leaves caused a temporary increase in the rates of both apparent photosynthesis and transpiration, and a temporary decrease in leaf temperature. In young plants these phenomena were temporary, but in more mature plants having thick succulent pseudostems, these stimulations persisted for increasing lengths of time as more succulent tissue was included between the point of interruption and the leaf under measurement. When the vascular system of the leaf was cut at a point above the point of measurement, the rates of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration were not affected. Throughout the experiments, the curves representing the time courses of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration resembled each other closely. 9 references, 4 figures.

Effect of Low Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis Rates of Two Races ofOxyria

Alpine plants of Oxyria digyna have higher apparent photosynthesis rates at various carbon dioxide concentrations than arctic, sea-level plants of the same species. The ability to utilize carbon dioxide effectively at low concentrations may be involved in the survival of plants at high elevations.

The Effect of Light Intensity on Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis in Leaves of Sun and Shade Plants

American Journal of BotanyVolume 43, Issue 8 p. 557-561 Article THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON RATE OF APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN LEAVES OF SUN AND SHADE PLANTS R. H. Böhning, R. H. Böhning Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, OhioSearch for more papers by this authorChristel A. Burnside, Christel A. Burnside Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, OhioSearch for more papers by this author R. H. Böhning, R. H. Böhning Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, OhioSearch for more papers by this authorChristel A. Burnside, Christel A. Burnside Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, OhioSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1956 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1956.tb10533.xCitations: 44AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume43, Issue8October 1956Pages 557-561 RelatedInformation

Effects of a Series of Cycles of Alternating Low and High Soil Water Contents on the Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis in Sugar Cane

Effects of a Series of Cycles of Alternating Low and High Soil Water Contents on the Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis in Sugar Cane

The Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis of Some Broadleaf Evergreens

The Rate of Apparent Photosynthesis of Some Broadleaf Evergreens

The Effect of Air Supply on Apparent Photosynthesis

It has been recognized for a long time that the rate of absorption of C02 by a green plant shoot or leaf enclosed a vessel is affected by the rate at which air is supplied. Much attention has been given to the problem of maintaining a air supply ; that is, a C02 supply comparable to that found under natural conditions. The early literature reviewed and discussed by Heinicke and Hoffman (5), who presented results showing that the rate of photosynthesis below normal when the air supply less than approximately two liters per hour per square centimeter of leaf area. Verduin and Loomis (9) presented results from which they concluded that photosynthesis of corn leaves was affected surprisingly by 70% depletion of the C02 within the leaf chambers. Brown and Escombe (1) presented results which they interpreted as indicating an approximate proportionality between the rate of apparent photosynthesis and the mean C02 concentration. They pointed out that in all cases where the illumination of the leaf good, although the amount of intake of C02 into the leaf approximately proportional to the increased partial pressure, the photosynthetic work always somewhat excess of what might be expected from the increased amount of C02. ' ' They were obviously expecting strict proportionality and had overlooked some of the following facts. Proportionality implies a linear relationship. General linear relationship is described by the equation y = a + bx ; but strict proportionality exists only when a = 0 and y = bx. Apparent photosynthesis becomes zero at a measurable C02 concentration (the compensation point) ; therefore a ^ 0, and strict proportionality cannot exist. The data of Brown and Escombe actually contain very little information concerning the real relationship between photosynthesis and C02 concentration. They made only two observations on each plant, one at high C02 concentration and one at low concentration. Thus only two points were established for each plant, and a linear function can be derived from any two points whether established experimentally or selected at random. Further, a variety of functions other than linear can be fitted to any two points, for example, y = axn, y = a + 1/x. Data presented by Deneke (4) indicated that the rate of photosynthesis increased with the velocity of air over the leaves and apparently approached a maximum limit at an air velocity of approximately 100 meters per minute. He circulated air over a plant a closed system and measured the time required for a certain reduction of C02 content. One set of data, his figure 8, is reproduced here as figure 1. This and similar curves suggested to

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MAIZE AS INFLUENCED BY A TRANSPIRATION-REDUCING SPRAY

A study was made of the influence of a transpiration-reducing emulsion on the daily variations in the soluble carbohydrate content of Maize leaves. Using accumulation of sugars in the leaves as a measure of photosynthetic activity, the maximum accumulation of sugars in the sprayed plants on the day following application of the spray was 62.10% of that in the controls. Analysis of samples collected twenty days after treatment showed that the total sugar content of the leaves of the sprayed plants was about 18% greater than at the time of the earlier study. The relatively low rate of apparent photosynthesis in the sprayed plants probably can be attributed largely to a limited supply of carbon dioxide. The increased rate of production of carbohydrates shown by the sprayed plants on August 30 compared with the rate on August 10 may be explained in either one or both of two ways. A change in the permeability of the waxy covering to carbon dioxide may have occurred during the 20-day interval. Carbon dioxide may also have become more readily available as a result of shrinking or cracking of the spray film. Although conclusive data are not available, the most reasonable inference from themore » results is that the normal supply of carbon dioxide to the photosynthesizing cells of the control plants was not adequate to meet the requirements for maximum photosynthesis under the existing conditions. 12 references, 4 figures, 4 tables.« less

Effect of Depth of Immersion on Apparent Photosynthesis in Submersed Vascular Aquatics

The influence of the depth of immersion on the rate of apparent photosynthesis in submersed aquatic plants has an important bearing on the ecological distribultion of such species. Important inferences regarding the dynamics of photosynthesis, respiration, and perhaps other plant processes also can be drawn from the results of studies of this problems. Most investigations of the relation between depth of immersion and photosynthesis in sul)mersedl aquatics have been made with marine or freshwater algae. A few investigators, however, notably Ruttner ('26), Schomer ('34), Manning et al. ('38), and Meyer and Heritage ('41) have worked on this problem in vascular aquatics. This paper reports the results of an investigation upon five such species, several of which have not been used previously in such studies. The experimental technique employed in this work is believed to incorporate a number of improvements as compared with the procedure employed by previous investigators.