Apparent Ileal Digestibility Of Phosphorus Research Articles

Nutritional Value of Duckweed as Protein Feed for Broiler Chickens—Digestibility of Crude Protein, Amino Acids and Phosphorus

Duckweed is gaining attention in animal nutrition and is considered as a potential alternative protein source for broiler chickens. In order to evaluate the nutritional value of duckweed, three individual batches were investigated. They consisted of a mixture of Lemna minuta and Lemna minor (A, 17.5% crude protein), Spirodela polyrhiza (B, 24.6% crude protein) and Lemna obscura (C, 37.0% crude protein). Treatment diets contained 50% batch A, 50% batch B, and 25, 50 and 75% of batch C. All diets were fed to broiler chickens (Ross 308) from an age of 21 to 27 days. Diets with a share of 50 and 75% of batch C led to decreased feed intake (109.3 and 74.9 g/day, respectively) compared to the control. Standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids differed significantly between duckweed batches, at values for methionine between 49.9 and 90.4%. For all amino acids, batch A consistently had the lowest and batch C the highest digestibility. Batches had different tannin contents of 2943, 2890 and 303 mg/kg for batches A, B and C, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus differed significantly between all batches (50.8-78.9%). Duckweed can be used as a protein feed for broiler chickens. However, a defined and stable biomass composition optimized for the requirements of broiler chickens is needed.

Performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented and enzyme-supplemented canola meals

Two experiments were conducted to determine the performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in growing male broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented canola meal (SSFCM) and enzyme-supplemented canola meal (CM). In experiment 1 (performance trial), a total of 300-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to six dietary treatments with five replicate pens of 10 birds each. Diet 1 was based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) as reference, diets 2 and 3 contained 300 g/kg CM and 300 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 300 g/kg CM + phytase (PHY). Diet 5 contained 300 g/kg CM + xylanase (XYL). Diet 6 contained 300 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. PHY at 500 FTU/kg and XYL at 1000 U/kg were added to the respective diets. During the experimental period (1–21 d), birds fed SBM and SSFCM diets recorded improved FI (p < 0.05). Broilers fed CM diet with enzyme supplementation had improved FCR compared to SSFCM diet. In experiment 2 (digestibility trial), a total of 240-twenty-one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments with five replicate cages of eight birds each. Diet 1 was based on SBM, diets 2 and 3 contained 400 g/kg CM and 400 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY. Diet 5 contained 400 g/kg CM + XYL. Diet 6 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. The inclusion of SSFCM and enzyme-supplemented CM in diets did not improve the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids. The AID of calcium (Ca) was highest (p < 0.05) in SBM, CM and SSFCM. The AID of phosphorus (P) was increased (p < 0.05) in SBM and CM + PHY. Ca retention was higher (p < 0.05) in SSFCM and CM + PHY + XYL. Feeding SBM, SSFCM, CM + PHY and CM + PHY + XYL diets enhanced P retention. Further studies are required to establish the practical and nutritional implication of SSFCM on performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers.

Evaluation of interactive effects of phytase and benzoic acid supplementation on performance, nutrients digestibility, tibia mineralisation, gut morphology and serum traits in male broiler chickens

A total of 720 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allotted into nine treatments to evaluate the effects of different levels of phytase (Phy, 0.0, 500, and 1000 FTU/kg) and benzoic acid (BA, 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg) supplementation on performance, nutrients digestibility, tibia mineralisation, intestinal morphology and serum traits in broiler chickens fed nutrient deficient diets (NC). The experiment was done in a 3*3 factorial arrangements with a completely randomised design until 42 days of age. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved when Phy (at both levels) was added to NC diets (p ≤ .05). Phy at 1X and 2X increased serum P, decreased serum Ca and litter moisture content (1000 FTU/kg) at d 28 (p ≤ .05), Furthermore, Phy supplementation increased tibia length and ash content as well as apparent ileal digestibility of P and ileal villus height (VH) (p ≤ .05). Addition of BA at 0.5 g/kg to the diets increased litter moisture, serum Ca content, jejunal villus height and ileal villus width (VW) (p ≤ .05). However, the combination of Phy and BA supplementation decreased apparent ileal of Ca digestibility (at 2X), and increased VH/CD ratio of the jejunum (at 1X). In conclusion, Phy was effective in improving performance traits, bone mineralisation, apparent ileal nutrients digestibility, and intestinal morphology. BA had no impact on performance traits, bone mineralisation, and ileal nutrients digestibility but at recommended level (0.5 g/kg) increased VH and VW in the ileum and jejunum. Highlights Supplementation of nutrient deficient diet with phytase significantly improved body weight and body weightgain in male broiler chickens. Phytase supplementation increased serum phosphorus content and decreased serum calcium and litter moisture contents. Phytase supplementation increased tibia length and ash content, apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus and ileal villus height. Addition of benzoic acid to nutrient deficient diet increased litter moisture, serum calcium content, jejunal villus height and ileal villus width. Combination of Phytase and benzoic acid supplementations decreased apparent ileal digestibility of calcium, crypt depth of the ileum and increased villus width and villus height/crypt depth ratio of the jejunum and ileum, respectively.

Effect of a Multi-Carbohydrase and Phytase Complex on the Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Cannulated Growing Pigs.

Simple SummaryIt is well accepted that monogastric livestock lack phytase in their gastrointestinal tracts. Phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate, IP6) is the principal storage form of phosphorus (P) in many plant feeds, which can barely be used as a P source for animals. In addition, IP6 reduces the utilization of the proteins, amino acids, and minerals. Most of the IP6 is in the indigestible fibrous part of cereal grains, which also contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) that might also be beneficial for the availability of P, proteins, and amino acid. In this study, the multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) was tested to evaluate the effects on the ileal and total tract nutrients digestibility in growing pigs fed with low and high levels of phytate. The dietary supplementation of the MCPC improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and calcium (Ca), along with the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude fat, P, and Ca both in low and high phytate diet. Moreover, only a trend in enhanced protein digestibility was observed in the low phytate diet. In summary, the MCPC can be used in the diet of growing pigs which mainly promote the ADI and ATTD of P and Ca, which improve the efficiency of pig production.The current study evaluated the influence of a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) on the ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of eight barrows (initial BW = 30.7 ± 1.1 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum and randomly allotted to four groups. The experiment was conducted according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, each period lasting 10 days. Pigs were fed four experimental diets, which consisted of two basal diets (BD1, low phytate; BD2, high phytate) with or without MCPC containing at least 1800 U xylanase, 6600 U α-arabinofuranosidase, 1244 U β-glucanase, and 1000 U phytase per/kg corn–soybean meal with 15% corn distillers based diet. The high phytate diet reduced (p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein by 1.4% and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy by 1.7, 2.3, and 1.9%, respectively, and tended to decrease (p = 0.10) the ATTD of Ca by 17.3%, relative to the low phytate diet. The dietary supplementation of the MCPC increased (p < 0.05) the AID of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) by 34.2% and 31.1% for BD1 and 26.7% and 41.3% for BD2, respectively, and increased (p < 0.05) ATTD of crude fat, P, and Ca by 1.4%, 45.6%, and 9.6% for BD1 and 3.1%, 66.0%, and 52.7% for BD2, respectively. The MCPC supplementation did not significantly increase the AID and (or) ATTD of crude protein, organic matter, and starch. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of the MCPC could improve the AID of P and Ca and the ATTD of crude fat, P, and Ca.

Effects of deoxynivalenol and sodium meta-bisulphite on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

ABSTRACTDeoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin synthesised by the Fusarium, is known to affect the growth of pigs. This effect can be attenuated with sodium meta-bisulphite (SBS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SBS with antioxidant blend on nutrient digestibility in pigs fed a diet contaminated naturally with DON. Six crossbred castrated pigs fitted surgically with single-T cannulas in the distal ileum received one of four barley-corn-soybean diets with or without SBS. After 8 d of feeding, faeces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of the dry matter (DM), energy, nutrients and DON, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), energy and DON were evaluated. The AID of phosphorus, calcium and some amino acids was increased (p < 0.05) in the DON diets whereas the ATTD of DM and energy tended to decrease (p = 0.064 and p = 0.071). SBS reduced the AID of DM, energy, ADF, ether extract, phosphorus and DON (p < 0.05) but had no effect on the ATTD of DM, energy, fibre or DON. These results show that DON improved the AID of some nutrients but tended to reduce the ATTD of energy, which could explain, although anorexia is the main effect of DON on live weight gain, the reported negative effect of DON on pig growth. Finally, SBS with antioxidant blend had reduced AID of some nutrients and intestinal absorption of DON.

Efficacy of novel 6-phytase from Buttiauxella sp. on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed a corn-soy based diet

The current study evaluated the effect of different levels of a 6-phytase from Buttiauxella sp. expressed in Trichoderma reesei on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Twelve ileal cannulated pigs (initial BW=25kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a replicated 6×6 Latin square design to give 12 observations per treatment. The experimental diets consisted of a corn soybean meal-based control diet (NC), NC supplemented with 4 levels of phytase (i.e. 250, 500, 1000 and 2000FTU/kg) and a low-protein diet (5% casein) used to quantify endogenous amino acid (AA) losses. All diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were given their daily feed allowance at a rate of 45g/kg BW determined at the beginning of each experimental period. Each period lasted for 9d with 5d of adaptation to experimental diets followed by 2d of faecal and 2d of ileal digesta collection. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS. The final model had treatment as the main effect as pen and period effects were non-significant. Increasing levels of 6-phytase supplementation linearly increased (P<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy GE. Compared with NC, AID of phosphorus (P) increased (P<0.05) by 12.7, 46.6, 49.1 and 77.4% with 250, 500, 1000 and 2000FTU/kg of phytase, respectively along with AID of calcium (Ca) showing a tendency for improvement. Mean AID of indispensable and dispensable AA improved (P<0.05) by 2.3, 2.0 and 1.1% and 2.1, 1.2 and 1.2% for diets containing 500, 1000 and 2000FTU/kg of phytase, respectively. Mean standard ileal digestibility (SID) of indispensable and dispensable AA improved (P<0.05) by 1.7, 1.2 and 2.8% and 1.0, 0.2, and 3.6% for diets with 500, 1000 and 2000FTU/kg of phytase, respectively. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CP and GE responded linearly (P<0.05) to increasing levels of phytase. The ATTD of Ca and P increased (P<0.05) by 18.2, 30.4, 24.5 and 33.8% and 46.8, 98.4, 99.7 and 125.3% for diets supplemented with 250, 500, 1000 and 2000FTU/kg of the 6-phytase, respectively. In conclusion, the supplementation of diets with a Buttiauxella 6-phytase significantly enhanced the AID and ATTD of Ca, P and other nutrients in pigs, in a dose dependent manner.

Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. The effect of different dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations and ratios on nutrient digestibility

A total of 600 Ross 308-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 28 day digestibility study to investigate the interaction between dietary calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) on the digestibility of minerals and amino acids. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate except for Ca and nPP. Fifteen mash diets based on corn and soya bean meal with varying concentrations of Ca (6.4 to 12.0 g/kg) and nPP (2.4 to 7.0 g/kg) were used. Diets were clustered around total densities of Ca and nPP of 12, 13.5 or 15.0 (g/kg) and within each density, a range of five Ca : nPP ratios (1.14 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 2.0 : 1, 2.75 : 1 and 4.0 : 1) were fed. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the study. At day 28, birds were euthanised for the determination of apparent ileal mineral and amino acid digestibility. Data were modelled in R version 2.15 using a linear mixed-effects model and interrogation of the data was performed by fitting a low order polynomial function. At high Ca concentrations, increasing nPP led to an increase in the apparent digestibility of minerals. Apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P) was enhanced with increasing dietary nPP up to 5.5 g/kg beyond which no improvements were found. Maximal Ca digestibility was found in diets with >8.0 g/kg Ca with concomitant low concentrations of nPP. Diets with a broader Ca : nPP ratio improved the digestibility of Ca but were deleterious to the digestibility of P. In this study, apparent digestibility of amino acids was broadly unaffected by dietary Ca and nPP concentrations. However, interactions between Ca and nPP were observed for the digestibility of glutamine, tyrosine and methionine (all P<0.001). Nitrogen digestibility showed discrete optima around 10.0 and 5.0 g/kg nPP and Na digestibility was maximised around 8 to 9.0 g/kg Ca and 4.5 to 5.4 g/kg nPP. These data show that the ratio of Ca : nPP is more influential to mineral digestibility than the absolute dietary concentration of each macro mineral.