Apparent Exception Research Articles

Design of annulene-within-an-annulene systems by the altanisation approach. A study of altan-[n]annulenes.

The altanisation strategy, devised to design molecules with large and paratropic perimeter circulations, is applied to the family of [n]annulenes to give, altan-[n]annulenes, i.e. [n,5]coronenes. Analytical expressions are obtained for the eigenvalues of the Hückel Hamiltonian for altan-[n]annulenes, and used in conjunction with selection rules derived from the ipsocentric approach to predict patterns of global ring current in these systems. Density-functional calculations performed on seven altan-[n]annulenes, three neutral and four charged, give current-density maps in essential agreement with the predictions obtained at the unperturbed Hückel level. All but one of the systems show patterns with the tropicities expected for isolated annulenes, in line with the altanisation concept. The apparent exception is altan-[11]annulene-, the only singlet system with a well defined open-shell character in the studied set. The key role of open-shell character can be accommodated by appropriate choice of the occupation numbers of the initial Hückel molecular orbitals, where the anion altan-[11]annulene- is considered as an [11]annulene inside the [22]annulene anion.

Central Asian köshks from the Islamic period before the Mongol conquest: fortified, semi-fortified or unfortified?

In their external appearance, the Islamic-period köshks in Central Asia, especially the characteristic buildings with corrugated outer walls, dated broadly speaking from the 7th–8th century AD to the times of the Mongol conquest at the beginning of the 13th century, are apparently fortified. However, they lack a number of features characteristic of defensive buildings. Their interpretation as residential structures in this period is indisputed, hence their apparent defensiveness has been attributed to a line of evolution from pre-Islamic architecture of this type, which played a military role. A review of various defensive elements present in these structures, compared with buildings from an earlier period, highlights this process. An apparent exception is the Great Kyz Kala at Merv, Turkmenistan, which may have not lost its defensive capacity immediately, as recent research by the UCL Institute of Archaeology Ancient Merv Project has demonstrated.

The diachrony of velar coronalization in Mojeño (Arawakan)

Abstract The goals of the present paper are: to improve the reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño (PM) by reconstructing a synchronic morphophonological alternation; to provide a clearer picture of the relations between PM and some of its closest relatives and to better understand the historical development of the Trinitario dialect, arguably the least conservative of the attested varieties of Mojeño. I show here that an antecedent stage of PM, Pre-PM, was subject to a contextual merger (primary split or split-merger) of *k and *s, yielding a morphophonological alternation *k ~ *s in PM. Apparent exceptions to the Pre-PM change *k>s provide evidence for the reconstruction of a non-palatalizing contextual vowel, possibly *ɨ, that was merged with *i in PM and with e in Terena, possibly PM’s closest relative. A preliminary comparison of certain verb stem formatives and deverbal nominalizers in PM and Terena is also presented. Finally, I show that a context-dependent development involving k in the Trinitario dialect, this time a secondary split yielding the fricative ç, resulted in alternations k ~ ç, thus creating a second, diachronically separable layer of palatalization/coronalization in the phonology of Trinitario.

Impacts of epizootic ulcerative syndrome on subsistence fisheries and wildlife.

Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), caused by the water mould (Oomycota) Aphanomyces invadans, has spread throughout the world's major continents over the last 50 years, with the apparent exception of South and Central America. With over 160 susceptible fish species representing 54 families and 16 orders recorded to date, EUS is of international concern and infection with A. invadans is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) listed disease. This paper examines what little has been reported on the impacts of EUS on subsistence fisheries and wildlife, or what can be deduced about those impacts, and concludes that there is a need for systematic data collection on the size and socio-economic importance of subsistence fisheries. Such fisheries are often relied upon by the poorest communities, thus food and nutrition security impacts can be significant. Similarly, impacts on wildlife are poorly documented, emphasising the lack of, and the need for, research on and modelling of the ecosystem-level impacts of EUS and other aquatic animal diseases. The history of EUS and several other aquatic animal diseases also brings into question the effectiveness of current measures for controlling the international spread of aquatic animal diseases and calls for a re-think on how best to meet this ongoing challenge.

The Role of Negotiated Interaction in L2 Vocabulary Acquisition among Primary ESL Learners

The roles of input and output in interaction have always been seen as an entirety in the language-learning domain. Driven by three distinctive frameworks, earlier works suggested that the Interaction Hypothesis facilitates the Input Hypothesis and the Output Hypothesis in language development. This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of pre-modified input, negotiated interaction and output in second language (L2) vocabulary comprehension and acquisition. A sample of 45 primary school ESL learners in Malaysia with similar first language (L1) background was divided into three groups (GPIO–premodified input, GINW–negotiated input without output, GINP–negotiated input with output). Each group learned the target vocabulary items with pictures through different approaches based on the corresponding independent variables. Data from the pre-test and three post-tests were then subjected to t-tests and ANOVA. This study replicates the findings of de la Fuente (2002), which suggested that negotiated interaction benefited L2 vocabulary comprehension, and provides explanation for the apparent exceptions in the study. Analysis also reveals that a fusion of negotiated interaction and output production had positive effects on both receptive and productive acquisition. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions by incorporating interactive tasks aimed at young ESL learners in everyday classrooms for vocabulary acquisition. Keywords: Input; output; negotiated interaction; vocabulary acquisition; primary ESL learners

A Critical Review on Soil Chemical Processes that Control How Soil pH Affects Phosphorus Availability to Plants

Occasionally, the classic understanding of the effect of pH on P uptake from soils is questioned through the claim that maximum P uptake occurs at a pH much lower than 6.5–7. The purpose of this paper was to thoroughly examine that claim and provide a critical review on soil processes that control how soil pH affects P solubility and availability. We discuss how individual P retention mechanisms are affected by pH in isolation and when combined in soils, and how both real and apparent exceptions to the classic view can occasionally occur due to dynamics between mechanisms, experimental techniques (equilibration time, method of soluble P extraction, and pH adjustment), and plant species that thrive under acidic conditions. While real exceptions to the rule of thumb of maximum P availability at near neutral pH can occur, we conclude that the classic textbook recommendation is generally sound.

On prominence scale interactions in Hayu: a Harmonic Grammar account

This paper investigates prominence scale interactions in verbal agreement in Hayu (Kiranti). The agreement system is very complex in several ways. First, the person and the number scale interact in interesting ways, i.e. they need to be ranked in order to produce the correct output in cases of conflicting preferences; second, the general ranking seems to be reversed in one particular context. This pattern poses a challenge to existing analysis of scale-driven agreement. I propose a Harmonic Grammar-based analysis where an argument’s prominence is quantified. In this way, all interactions are correctly derived. The apparent exceptions fall out automatically as cumulative effects.

Syntactic Variation and Auxiliary Contraction: The Surprising Case of Scots

This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the re- striction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the LOCATIVE DISCOVERY EXPRESSION. We analyse these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas we describe patterns of variation in the acceptance of auxiliary contractions in locative discovery expressions which provide clues as to the role of syntax in conditioning auxiliary contraction. Adapting the proposal in Wilder (1997), where contracted auxiliaries are prosodically incorporated into the following predicate, we provide an account in which the differences across dialects with respect to contraction are explained in terms of the availability of different abstract structures.

Syntactic variation and auxiliary contraction: The surprising case of Scots

This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the restriction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the locative discovery expression. We analyze these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas, we describe patterns of variation in the acceptance of auxiliary contractions in locative discovery expressions that provide clues as to the role of syntax in conditioning auxiliary contraction. Adapting the proposal in Wilder 1997, where contracted auxiliaries are prosodically incorporated into the following predicate, we provide an account in which the differences across dialects with respect to contraction are explained in terms of the availability of different abstract structures.

Apparent exceptions to final devoicing in High Prussian: A metrical analysis

High Prussian, a variety of East Central German, has a segmentally opaque process of final devoicing: Only some forms with underlyingly voiced obstruents devoice at the end of a word. This phenomenon can also be observed in some morphological alternations where simplex forms show final devoicing but complex ones do not. This paper provides a metrical analysis of final devoicing and two related phenomena: spirantization, and an interaction of vowel length in high vowels and obstruent voicing. It is claimed that nondevoicing items contain disyllabic foot templates and that word-final consonants are then syllabified as onsets of empty-headed word-final syllables. The analysis demonstrates how evidence from West Germanic dialects can contribute to our understanding of the phonology of laryngeal features and to the role that metrical structure can play in shaping phonological alternations.*

FURTHER THOUGHTS ON SKINNER’S SELECTIONISM

Early in Skinner’s professional career, he took an important step away from the psychological essentialism that pervades the field of psychology: He observed that the relationship between behavior and its consequences was most orderly when his analytical units embraced the variability that is implicit in all selection contingencies. The view that variability is fundamental, not accidental, is the central difference between selectionism and essentialism. One reason for pursuing analogies among different levels of selection is the extraordinary power of contingencies of selection to explain adaptive complexity in nature. Apparent exceptions to the analogy between behavioral and evolutionary development can be interpreted in terms of directed variation. As an example of directed variation, Skinner’s explicit exposition of the analogy between shaping and natural selection in 1953 might have been inspired, in part, by the work of the British biologist, J. W. S. Pringle (1951).

Rule-governed Allomorphy Can Be Suppletive Also

DOCUMENT RESUME Tuggy, David Rule-Governed 1997-00-00 7p.; In: Work University of 706 Information Analyses (070) MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Contrastive Linguistics; Diachronic Linguistics; English; *Language Patterns; *Language Processing; Language Research; Linguistic Theory; *Morphology (Languages);,Phonology; Uncommonly Taught Languages *Nahuatl FL 024 713 Allomorphy Can Be Suppletive Also. Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, North Dakota Session. Volume 41; see FL 024 Suppletion is allomorphy that is produced by retrieving from the lexicon different phonological forms of the morpheme in question. A suppletive allomorph's use may conditioned by grammatical or phonological context, or a combination. Its use therefore has dual motivation: the fact that it is governed by grammatical rule, and that its use in certain contexts is learned. This accounts for the otherwise inexplicable persistence of rulegoverned allomorphy when the conditioning environment is destroyed through diachronic change, producing apparent positive exceptions to the rule. Examples include forms of the English verb be and forms of the Nahuatl third person singular object prefix, in which alternate forms are extremely common and occur in a very restricted set of morphophonological contexts.

On exceptional stress assignment in Latvian: the case of prefixes

ABSTRACTIn this article, we examine some previously understudied exceptions to the generalization that Latvian assigns stress to the left-most syllable in a prosodic word, specifically those that involve prefixation. We will show that these apparent exceptions in stress assignment follow from the internal structural properties of the word and are a result of attaching the prefix outside the domain where stress is assigned, which is up to the first functional head inside the hierarchy. Our treatment combines the syntactic structure of a neoconstructionist approach to word formation with an optimality theory formalization at the phonological level.

An agreement-based analysis of extraction from nominals

In this paper, I argue that the extended projection of N (xNP) is a phase that does not permit successive-cyclic movement via an edge position (cf. Bach and Horn 1976; Bosque and Gallego 2014). As has been observed previously, languages in which AP and xNP can be extracted from xNP typically involve an overt agreement relation between the extractee and the ‘host.’ I argue that the agreeing morpheme is itself theta-marked by the host N, and that this morpheme also establishes an interpretable Agree relation with the extractee. Given well-motivated assumptions about adjunction and Agree, this enables the extractee to be base-generated outside the host’s extended projection, and hence to be extracted without violating the Phase Impenetrability Condition. As well as accounting for the robust cross-linguistic correlation between overt agreement and extraction, not accounted for under successive-cyclic analyses, the proposed analysis accounts for the peripherality restriction on extraction, the possibility of deep extraction, and exceptions to these. Finally, I examine an apparent exception to the agreement/extraction generalisation, the mobility of PP and inherent-case dependents of N, arguing that this can be captured in terms of an Agree relation between the preposition and the head N.

Young masculinities, purity and danger: Disparities in framings of boys and girls in policy discourses of sexualisation

One of the reasons why it is ‘hard to explain’ the lack of attention to boys in discourses in sexualisation is that approached head-on, it appears that the focus on girls has no logic and is merely accidental. One might point to the research that is beginning to emerge on the increased visibility of the male body in visual cultures (e.g. Gill, 2009 ) and to boys’ fashion and embodiment (e.g. Vandenbosch and Eggermont, 2013 ). However, we propose that the tendency towards a problematisation of girls’ fashion and deportment and the invisibility of boys within policy and media discourses on ‘sexualisation’ is a systemic effect of constructions of gender and sexual subjectivity. In our society, we argue, signifiers of feminine purity operate as a form of symbolic capital, a construction that is not attributed to boys and which is integral scaffolding for the depiction of a subject as threatened by sexualisation. To illustrate our theorising regarding the ‘sexualisation of boys’, we shall examine an apparent exception to the rule: the Papadopoulos Review (2010), which explicitly attends to the sexualisation of boys and ends up re-emphasising rather than analysing the gendered and classed discourses of sexualisation. The Papadopolous Review indicates a moment at which a problematisation of the sexualisation of boys could have been triggered – since attention to both boys and girls was specifically part of the remit of the review – but was not, for specific sociological reasons to do with which subjects are assessed against the criterion of innocence.

Where\u2019s populism? Online media and the diffusion of populist discourses and styles in Portugal

Portuguese politics and mainstream media have been resistant to the recent spread of populism. This article examines the specific features of Portuguese politics and media that might explain the apparent exception, and puts it to test by analysing the prevalence of populist discourses and styles of communication in different types of online media. The sample is composed of mediated and unmediated messages on immigration and corruption, two issues that are commonly present in populist discourses by both right- and left-wing political actors. Overall, the content analysis shows that although populist discourses are not recurrent in politics and media, social media have amplified the visibility of this kind of discourses in Portugal.

The war powers of the British parliament: What has been established and what remains unclear?

Britain’s parliament has historically lacked formal war powers. Since 2003, however, MPs have voted five times on military action, including famously vetoing intervention in Syria in 2013. A new convention developed that—regardless of the legal position—governments should permit the House of Commons the opportunity to veto certain military deployments. This article explores what we now know—and what we do not—about the British War Powers Convention. It identifies apparent exceptions, including non-combat, Special Forces and drone operations. It highlights areas lacking clarity: for example, who decides what constitutes an ‘emergency’? It argues that most governments probably will allow the House of Commons to have its say before using force abroad, that a government politically able to bypass MPs without punishment need not fear involving them, while one unable to win support will be punished for avoiding a vote. Finally, the article considers the implications, both positive and negative, of parliamentary war powers for Britain.

Bi‐Morphemic Virtual Length in Yiddish

AbstractThis paper examines three apparent exceptions to general processes in the phonology and morphology of standard Yiddish. These are 1) the resistance of several potentially syllabic final consonants to syllabication; 2) the insertion of an extra consonant [n] in some infinitives; and 3) the absence of some diminutive patterns from some nouns. All three cases are resolved by showing that some phonetically short segments are in fact underlyingly long ones, created by morpheme concatenation. The analysis, conducted within Strict CV (Lowenstamm 1996), thus argues for virtual, or “non surface‐true” length.

Evolutionary Conservation of the Components in the TOR Signaling Pathways.

Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that controls multiple cellular processes upon various intracellular and extracellular stimuli. Since its first discovery, extensive studies have been conducted both in yeast and animal species including humans. Those studies have revealed that TOR forms two structurally and physiologically distinct protein complexes; TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is ubiquitous among eukaryotes including animals, yeast, protozoa, and plants, while TOR complex 2 (TORC2) is conserved in diverse eukaryotic species other than plants. The studies have also identified two crucial regulators of mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1), Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) and RAG GTPases. Of these, RAG regulates TORC1 in yeast as well and is conserved among eukaryotes with the green algae and land plants as apparent exceptions. RHEB is present in various eukaryotes but sporadically missing in multiple taxa. RHEB, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, appears to be extremely divergent with concomitant loss of its function as a TORC1 regulator. In this review, we summarize the evolutionarily conserved functions of the key regulatory subunits of TORC1 and TORC2, namely RAPTOR, RICTOR, and SIN1. We also delve into the evolutionary conservation of RHEB and RAG and discuss the conserved roles of these GTPases in regulating TORC1.

Mass Murder: American Unexceptionalism

Is mass murder exceptionally American? If so, can America’s relatively laissez-faire gun control laws be the cause? Could a narrow reading of the Second Amendment qualify as “reasonable” or “rational” because of the social costs of this apparent American exceptionalism?