Apparent Digestibility Of Minerals Research Articles

MINERAL UTILIZATION BY WEANLING AND GROWING PIGS FED DIFFERENT CASSAVA PLANT MEAL PRODUCTS AND MAIZE

The study aimed at evaluating the apparent mineral digestibility of weaning and growing pigs fed cassava plant meal (CPM) and maize-based diets to determine its utilization. Three Cassava plant meal products (CPMPs) were developed comprising of tender stem harvested 5 cm from the top of the plant, unpeeled cassava root (UCRM), and cassava leaves collected after the roots were harvested. They were sundried for 5–7 days and milled. The CPMP I contained 66.67 % UCRM, 27.78 % cassava leaf meal (CLM), and 5.63 % tender stem meal, CPMP 2 contained 71.43 % UCRM, 23.80 % CLM and 4.77 % tender stem meal while CPMP 3 contain 75 % UCRM, 20.83 % CLM and 4.17 % tender stem meal. Sixteen weaner pigs and sixteen growing pigs weighing (9.70±0.57 kg) and (18.50 ±1.30 kg) were randomly allotted to developed CPMPs and maize. The animals were kept in metabolic cages for 7 days and fed 100 % experimental diets. Water was supplied ad libitum while feed was supplied at 4% of their weight. The fecal samples were collected daily, weighed, oven-dried, and analyzed for proximate composition. The sexperiment lasted 21 days. The result of mineral digestibility by weaning pigs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for all minerals except copper. Mineral digestibility of growing pigs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for all the minerals while CMP 3-fed pigs showed superiority in the utilization of calcium (51.83 %), Mg (53.97 %), and Manganese (97.15 %) compared to other CPMPs. The study concluded that CPM product 3 minerals such as Ca, Mn, Cu, Mg and P are best digested and utilized by weaner and grower pigs compared to CPM Products 1 and 2.

Effects of Corn Supplementation into PKC-Urea Treated Rice Straw Basal Diet on Hematological, Biochemical Indices and Serum Mineral Level in Lambs.

Simple SummaryIn Malaysia, livestock farms have used palm kernel cake as the main source of feed for livestock. The low cost and good content of crude protein in palm kernel cake makes it an appropriate food for sheep, but feeding huge amounts of palm kernel cakes (PKC) for a long period may expose them to copper toxicity. This study suggests supplementing a certain amount of corn as a source of energy into PKC basal diets estranged of toxicity to maintain the health status of lambs compared with other treatments, in terms of the hematological and biochemical parameters of lambs.Twenty-seven Dorper lambs were used to determine the effect of supplementing corn as a source of energy into the palm kernel cake (PKC) urea-treated rice straw basal diet on the blood metabolic profile and metals in lambs. The lambs were randomly allotted to three experimental treatments according to their initial body weight for a 120 day trial. Dietary treatments were: T1 (control diet) = 75.3% of PKC + 0% corn, T2 = 70.3% of PKC + 5% corn, and T3 = 65.3% of PKC + 10% corn. The results of this study indicated that copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentration intake, retention, and its absorption from the gut and apparent mineral digestibility were highly significant for the levels of corn supplementation. The biochemical and hematological parameters remained within normal levels with the treatments, but the white blood cell, eosinophil count, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were significantly higher in T3. Treatment 3 significantly increased the concentration of Se and Fe, while Zn was reduced in the blood serum of lambs on day 120. The result shows that the inclusion of corn has no effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters of lambs after incorporating corn into the PKC-based diet at 5% and 10%.

Apparent Digestibility of Minerals from Several Ingredients for Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, Juveniles

AbstractBased on the importance of tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, for Latin American aquaculture and the digestibility of minerals for the production of sustainable aquafeeds, we designed a series of trials to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc from six protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal 60 (CGM60), cottonseed meal 40, fishmeal (FM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), and meat and bone meal (MBM); four cereal grain products: corn, wheat middlings, broken rice (BR), and rice bran (RB); and dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Considerable variation in the ADCs of minerals was observed among the feed ingredients. In general, CGM60, PBM, and RB tended to show the highest ADC values, while SBM, MBM, DCP, and BR showed the lowest ADC values. ADC‐P was markedly lower in animal protein sources and the phosphate source (DCP), while high P digestibility was observed for plant protein sources and cereal grain products. Interestingly, tambaqui seems to be able to digest and absorb minerals from plant ingredients more efficiently than animal proteins and DCP. In light of the correlation between nutrient levels and the ADCs of minerals, physiological mechanisms that regulate mineral uptake, and the nutritional ecology of the species, we hypothesize that tambaqui are able to digest minerals from plant proteins with high efficiency.

The effect of dietary microbial phytase on mineral digestibility determined throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the growing pig fed a low-P, low-Ca corn-soybean meal diet

The study aimed to determine the impact of dietary microbial phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of minerals, other than P and Ca, throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the growing pig. Thirty-two entire male pigs (approximately 22kg bodyweight) were allocated equally to three dietary treatments. All diets were corn-soybean meal diets deficient in P and Ca and were either not supplemented with microbial phytase or supplemented with microbial phytase at 1107 and 2215U/kg respectively. Titanium dioxide was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. The pigs received their respective diets for 42 days and faecal samples were collected over days 40–42. On day 43, stomach chyme, terminal jejunal and terminal ileal digesta were collected post-euthanasia. Na, K, Mg, Fe, S, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined in the diets, chyme, digesta and faecal samples and apparent mineral digestibility was determined at the gastric, jejunal, ileal and total tract levels. Apparent mineral digestibility was different (P<0.01) across gastrointestinal tract locations. However, dietary microbial phytase supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on the apparent digestibility of any of the minerals examined at any of the gastrointestinal tract locations.

Nutritional geometry of calcium and phosphorus nutrition in broiler chicks. The effect of different dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations and ratios on nutrient digestibility

A total of 600 Ross 308-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 28 day digestibility study to investigate the interaction between dietary calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) on the digestibility of minerals and amino acids. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate except for Ca and nPP. Fifteen mash diets based on corn and soya bean meal with varying concentrations of Ca (6.4 to 12.0 g/kg) and nPP (2.4 to 7.0 g/kg) were used. Diets were clustered around total densities of Ca and nPP of 12, 13.5 or 15.0 (g/kg) and within each density, a range of five Ca : nPP ratios (1.14 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 2.0 : 1, 2.75 : 1 and 4.0 : 1) were fed. Birds had free access to feed and water throughout the study. At day 28, birds were euthanised for the determination of apparent ileal mineral and amino acid digestibility. Data were modelled in R version 2.15 using a linear mixed-effects model and interrogation of the data was performed by fitting a low order polynomial function. At high Ca concentrations, increasing nPP led to an increase in the apparent digestibility of minerals. Apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P) was enhanced with increasing dietary nPP up to 5.5 g/kg beyond which no improvements were found. Maximal Ca digestibility was found in diets with >8.0 g/kg Ca with concomitant low concentrations of nPP. Diets with a broader Ca : nPP ratio improved the digestibility of Ca but were deleterious to the digestibility of P. In this study, apparent digestibility of amino acids was broadly unaffected by dietary Ca and nPP concentrations. However, interactions between Ca and nPP were observed for the digestibility of glutamine, tyrosine and methionine (all P<0.001). Nitrogen digestibility showed discrete optima around 10.0 and 5.0 g/kg nPP and Na digestibility was maximised around 8 to 9.0 g/kg Ca and 4.5 to 5.4 g/kg nPP. These data show that the ratio of Ca : nPP is more influential to mineral digestibility than the absolute dietary concentration of each macro mineral.

Effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on apparent digestibility of minerals and trace elements in rats

ObjectiveKetogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets reduce growth and bone mineral density in children with epilepsy and in rats. Part of this effect might be due to a reduced availability of calcium in high-fat diets. The aim of this study was to determine mineral digestibility by total collection method in LCHF diets compared with a chow diet and a standard high-fat diet (HFD, high in fat and carbohydrates). MethodsTwelve-wk-old male Wistar rats were pair-fed isoenergetic amounts of either six different LCHF diets based on tallow and casein (crude fat 75%–50%, crude protein 10%–35%), with chow or with a HFD diet. Mineral-to-energy ratio was matched in all diets. Circulating parathyroid hormone was measured by immunoassay. ResultsThe apparent digestibility of calcium was reduced in all HFDs (high-fat diets, LCHF diets and the HFD diet) by at least 30% compared with the chow diet (P < 0.001). Fecal calcium excretion correlated positively with fecal fat excretion, presumably because of formation of calcium soaps. Apparent digestibility of phosphorous was higher in all HFDs. This resulted in a decrease of the ratio of apparently digested calcium to apparently digested phosphorous in all HFDs below a ratio of 1:1. Plasma parathyroid hormone was not affected by any diet. ConclusionThe alteration of apparent calcium and phosphorus digestibility may affect the impact of HFDs on bone metabolism.

Fresh and preserved green fodder modify effects of urinary acidifiers on urine pH of horses

Hay stabilises urine pH in horses. It is unknown whether this is an effect of structure or of chemical composition. In this study, four ponies (230-384 kg body weight [BW]) were fed six different diets with either a structure or a composition similar to hay with and without acidifiers in a cross-over experimental design in amounts to maintain body weight with the following main compounds: Fresh grass (GRASS), alfalfa hay (ALF), grass cobs (COBS), grass silage (SIL), straw (STR) or extruded straw (STRe) for 2 to 10 days. Urine pH was measured in all trials, blood pH, blood base excess and bicarbonate as well as mineral balance were determined in GRASS, ALF, STR and STRe. In the trials with straw and extruded straw, urine pH decreased significantly (STR control: 7.8 ± 0.23, acidifier: 5.2 ± 0.38) when acidifiers were added, whereas in all other diets that were based on fresh or preserved green fodder, pH did not decrease below 7. Blood pH was similarly affected by diet and acidifiers. Acidifiers had little effect on the pre-prandial blood pH, only in diet STR there was a significant reduction in relation to control. Post-prandial blood pH was significantly reduced by acidifiers in all diets. Blood bicarbonate and base excess showed corresponding effects. Faecal and renal mineral excretion and apparent mineral digestibility were not systematically affected by diet or acidifiers except for chloride. Chloride added as inorganic chloride salt had an even better apparent digestibility than chloride originating from feed. Because only green plant material stabilised acid base balance, chlorophyll and its metabolites are discussed as potential mediators of the effect of green fodder on acid base balance.

Effect of Dietary Inulin and Phytase on Mineral Digestibility and Tissue Retention in Weanling and Growing Swine1,2

The effect of dietary phytase and the prebiotic inulin on apparent mineral digestibility, bone mineralization, and tissue mineral contents was evaluated in weanling and growing pigs. In Exp. 1, inulin and phytase were incorporated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 levels of phytase [0 and 1000 phytase units (FTU)/kg] and 3 levels of chicory inulin (0, 3, and 6%). Weanling pigs (17 d of age; 5 or 4 pigs per pen) with an initial BW of 6.0 ± 0.6 kg were evaluated for 35 d postweaning. Macromineral digestibility was calculated using chromic oxide as an index in fecal samples collected during the final week of the experiment in replicates 1 through 4. On d 36, 1 pig per pen was killed and the heart, liver, kidney, and left tibia were excised and weighed. Inulin did not have any effect on growth performance measurements. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) BW on d 35 and ADG and ADFI during the 21-to-35-d and 0-to-35-d periods. Inulin did not result in increased tissue mineral concentrations on a per unit (mg/kg) or total tissue basis. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of Zn in the liver, Mn and Zn in the heart, and Mg and Mn in the kidney. Phytase also increased (P < 0.05) total P, Mg, S, Mn, Se, and Zn in the liver as well as tibia ash. Phytase increased the digestibility of Ca (P < 0.01) and P (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 was conducted with growing pigs (initial BW, 41 ± 5 kg) to evaluate 2 levels of inulin (0 or 6%) and 2 levels of phytase (0 or 1000 FTU/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial with 6 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Total urine and feces were collected for 10 d from each of 24 barrows after a 21-d acclimation period. Inulin inclusion resulted in reduced Ca digestibility (P < 0.05). Phytase increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of both Ca and P. These results indicate that dietary inulin does not affect the overall mineral status or growth performance of pigs, whereas phytase increases the utilization of Ca and several microminerals, in addition to P, and also increases growth performance. Inulin and phytase do not appear to interact to affect pig growth or mineral status.

Influence of different dietary calcium levels on the digestibility of Ca, Mg and P in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni)

Calcium and phosphorus are very important minerals in reptile nutrition, but many diets are still not balanced. To achieve optimal growth, including a healthy skeleton and a strong shell, a well-balanced supply with these minerals is prerequisite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility in Hermann's tortoises of diets with different calcium levels with special emphasis on the digestibility of minerals. Eight adult Hermann's tortoises of the veterinary faculty in Zurich were used. The animals were housed indoors at a mean temperature between 23 degrees C and 26 degrees C. The animals were fed a diet, which consisted of vegetables, herbs and different supplementation of calcium carbonate. Daily faecal samples of all tortoises were collected from day 8 to day 12. A proximate analysis was performed and the HCl-insoluble ash was used as an indigestible natural indicator (marker) for the determination of the apparent digestibility of minerals. The calcium content of the mixed feedstuffs of diet I was 0.64% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 3:1. In diet II the Ca content was 1.29% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 6:1. The digestibility of Ca in diet I was 57%. The other examined minerals, Mg and P, had a digestibility of 46% and 58% respectively. In diet II the digestibility of Ca was 79%, of Mg 52% and of P 52%. The results of this study indicated, that higher Ca concentrations in the diet led to an increased apparent digestibility of Ca and Mg.

Effects of two phytases on the ileal apparent digestibility of minerals and amino acids in ileo-rectal anastomosed pigs fed on a maize–rapeseed meal diet

Phosphorus (P) from plant-derived feedstuffs is mainly in the form of phytic-P, which has a very low bioavailability in monogastric animals. The non-absorbed phytic-P may contribute to P pollution, reduce mineral bioavailability and might reduce protein digestibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recommended levels of Ronozyme® P CT 5000 (750 U/kg — RP) and Natuphos® 5000 (500 U/kg — Nat) on the ileal apparent digestibility of total P, phytates (Phy), calcium (Ca), total nitrogen (N), energy, and amino acids (AA) in 60-day-old ileo-rectal anastomosed pigs. In a double Latin square design they were fed ad libitum either a maize–rapeseed meal based diet or this diet supplemented with RP or with Nat. RP and Nat increased the digestibility of P by 148% and 162%, of Phy by 84% and 76%, and of Ca by 44% and 50%, respectively. The total N digestibility was increased by 4% with RP ( P < 0.01) and by 1% with Nat. A numerically increase of the digestibility of most of the AA was observed for Nat and of all AA for RP. Threonine digestibility was significantly increased by RP ( P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that phytases are able to increase the availability of proteins.

Influence of phytase added to a vegetarian diet on bone metabolism in pregnant and lactating sows

The purpose of the study was to find out if the supplementation of phytase to a diet of gestating and lactating sows has any effects on performance and bone parameters of the animals. Forty primiparous gilts were assigned into four groups: group A with phytase [4.2 g total phosphorus (P)/kg (gestation) and 4.5 g total P/kg (lactation)], group B without phytase (with phytase supplementation in diet for rearing) and same P content as group A, group C without phytase and higher P contents [5.0 g total P/kg (gestation) and 5.5 g total P/kg (lactation)] and group D with the same diet as group B (no phytase during the rearing). A 6-phytase was used in this trial (750 FTU/kg diet). The four diets were fed during gestation and lactation. Faeces were collected to determine apparent digestibility of minerals. Blood samples were taken to analyse minerals and bone markers. After weaning the sows were slaughtered and the bones of one hind leg were prepared to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the tibia. Bone ash and mineral content of the phalanx III were determined. Mean P concentrations in serum decreased during gestation and lactation. But there were no significant differences between the groups. Bone formation marker bone-specific alkaline phosphatase decreased at the beginning of lactation whereas bone resorption marker serum crosslaps increased. The BMD and BMC of the tibia were slightly higher in the groups fed higher concentrations of P and phytase. The ash and mineral contents of the phalanx were the highest for the group fed the highest concentration of P. The apparent digestibility of P increased during gestation mostly in group A (57%--> 69%). In conclusion, high P content and addition of phytase to the diet induced a slightly higher ash content of the bones. It is of high importance, that sows during gestation absorb enough P, to avoid lamenesses and sudden fractures. As not many studies with phytase have been performed during gestation and lactation in sows yet, we can recommend, that phytase as supplement can be used to keep P in the diet at a lower level without negative consequences for bone health.

The use of yttrium oxide and the effect of faecal collection timing for determining the apparent digestibility of minerals and trace elements in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) feeds

The effectiveness of the external marker yttrium oxide (Y 2O 3) and sampling period for determining the apparent digestibility (AD) of minerals and trace elements within Atlantic salmon feeds were compared. Yttrium oxide was compared at inclusions of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 g kg -1 wet weight of the feeds. Samples were analysed for a range of mineral and trace elements via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy after wet decomposition with concentrated nitric acid. Feed marked with 1 g kg -1 provided the greatest recovery, and provided analytical values within an optimal range, and therefore, the effect of faecal sampling period on AD of mineral and trace element was then compared using the feed marked with 1 g kg -1 Y 2O 3. Faeces were collected over three different time periods within a 24 h period: 4 x 6 h, 2 x 12 h and 1 x 24 h. Magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, iron and chromium displayed significant differences in AD relating to sampling period. An inclusion level of 1 g kg -1 Y 2O 3 and faecal sampling over at least an 18 h period after feeding proved to be the most effective method of determining AD of mineral and trace element in Atlantic salmon feed. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Apparent Digestibility of Minerals by Lactating Cows from a Total Mixed Ration Supplemented with Poultry Litter

Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a multiple-component, conventional Israeli TMR (control) and from a TMR containing 10% poultry litter (DM basis) was examined. Ten cows in early lactation were divided into two groups of similar performance (39kg of milk/d) and fed for ad libitum intake the two TMR for 28 d. Poultry litter contributed, as a percentage of total requirements, 44.4% of Ca, 41.0% of P, 32.0% of S, 22.8% of Mg, and 25.9% of K. Apparent digestibility of the macroelements was higher for cows fed the TMR supplemented with poultry litter than for those fed the control TMR. Apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 22.3% for Ca, 29.4% for Mg, 39.1% for P, and 62.2% for S; the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 30.1% for Ca, 45.6% for Mg, 45.3% for P, and 65.6% for S . Poultry litter contributed the entire requirements of Zn, Mn, and CO; 56% of Cu; and 32% of Se. The apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 15.6% for Cu, 39.6% for Zn, 8.51% for Mn, 42.8% for Co, and 41.6% for Se, and the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 27.9% for Cu, 54.0% for Zn, 17.8% for Mn, 37.0% for Co, and 63.9% for Se. Poultry litter is a good source of macro- and microelements for lactating cows and, at 10% of the TMR, could ensure against mineral deficiencies.