Hidrocystoma Research Articles

Dermoscopy of apocrine hidrocystomas: a morphological study

The dermoscopic morphology of apocrine hidrocystomas remains to be elucidated. To evaluate the morphological findings of apocrine hidrocystomas under dermoscopic observation. Dermoscopic examination of 22 cases of apocrine hidrocystomas was performed to evaluate specific dermoscopic criteria and patterns. The most frequently occurring dermoscopic features were found to be: (i) A translucent to opaque, homogeneous area which occupies the whole lesion in all apocrine hidrocystomas (100%). The colour of this homogeneous area was skin-colored in 31.8% of our cases; yellow, in 31.8% and blue, in 22.7% of apocrine hidrocystomas. (ii) Vascular structures were identified in 81.8% of our cases; arborizing vessels, in 68.2% and linear-irregular vessels in 9.1% of our cases; and (iii) Whitish structures were identified in 22.7% of the lesions. The results of our study reveal that the presence of a homogeneous area that occupies the whole lesion and arborizing vessels is the most common dermoscopic pattern in apocrine hidrocystomas (68.2%). Apocrine hidrocystomas, above all in its pigmented variant, may represent a dermoscopic pitfall, being difficult to differentiate clinically and dermoscopically from basal cell carcinomas.

A case of an apocrine hidrocystoma treated by sublabial approach

Apocrine hidrocystomas are uncommon cystic proliferations of the apocrine secretory glands. Maxilla is an unexpected involvement site for these tumors. Our study represents the first case of an apocrine hidrocystoma of the maxilla excised by an intraoral (sublabial) approach, being the first to define the radiologic findings of apocrine hidrocystoma on this region. This case is an extremely rare type in terms of the unusual symptomatology, location and size of the tumor. In this article, clinical presentation, surgical findings, histopathological features and treatment of this rare lesion were discussed.

Recurrent giant orbital apocrine hidrocystoma

Sir, We report a case of recurrent giant hidrocystoma that demonstrates the importance of intact excision of these lesions.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of eccrine hidrocystoma

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of eccrine hidrocystoma

Apocrine Hidrocystoma of the Cheek

Apocrine Hidrocystoma of the Cheek

Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas in a patient of sarcoidosis

A 45-year-old female patient known case of sarcoidosis presented in skin department with chief complaint of skin-colored papulonodular lesions over face with exacerbation in summer season since last 4 years. On examination lesions were multiple, firm and skin colored. Biopsy was done showing features of eccrine hidrocystoma. Patient was treated with electrocautery and showed improvement.

Pigmented Tumour of the Eyelid with Unexpected Findings

A 63-year-old patient presented with a small painless nodular tumour of his left lower eyelid which had increased in size over the last few weeks. The tumour was excised by wedge resection and submitted for ophthalmopathologic examination. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic lesion of apocrine origin with focal proliferations. The proliferative cells appeared pleomorphic and displayed marked atypia. Staining with Ki67 revealed a significant mitotic activity supporting the diagnosis of an apocrine adenocarcinoma of Moll. As the lesion displayed in most parts characteristics of a benign apocrine hidrocystoma, a thorough and critical histopathological examination is required in such cases to avoid missing an early malignant transformation.

Apocrine Hidrocystoma Masquerading as a Posttraumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak<subtitle>Case Report and Literature Review</subtitle>

Otolaryngologists frequently care for patients with injuries that violate multiple aspects of the facial skeleton and skull base. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a common complication after skull base trauma. Two percent of head injuries and 12% to 30% of all basilar skull fractures result in CSF leak. 1 In a retrospective review 2 of 820 fractured temporal bones, 122 CSF fistulae were noted. Posttraumatic CSF leaks originate most commonly from frontal or ethmoid sinus fractures or appear after longitudinal temporal bone fracture. 3 Typically,CSFleakpresentsasclearnasaldrainageormeningitis.Wedescribeacaseofswelling in the midface under a radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap that was used to reconstruct the palate, midface, and skull base. Initial evaluation of this painless, slow induration 1 year after enucleation of orbital remnants was highly suspicious for a skull base CSF leak, mucocele, or encephalocele. Surgical exploration and final pathologic analysis revealed an unusual presentation of a dermatologic entity: apocrine hidrocystoma.

Apocrine secretion in lacrimal gland cysts (dacryops): a common but underrecognized phenomenon

We present six cases (five females, one male; aged 26-81 years) of dacryops, also known as lacrimal gland cyst, all of which occurred at the outer canthal area below the upper eyelid. All presented clinically as a painless cystic lesion that was white to blue in color. Microscopically, in addition to typical features of dacryops, which is characterized by a partially cystic proliferation that includes a double layer of columnar to cuboidal epithelial cells associated with lobules of lacrimal gland tissue, we identified evidence of apocrine secretion (i.e. apical snouts projecting into the lumen), either in the cystic component of the proliferation or in contiguous lacrimal duct, in all cases. One example was unusual. It manifested, in addition to typical cyst formation, with areas of ductal and probably acinar hyperplasia. We conclude that apocrine secretion in dacryops is a common and underrecognized phenomenon. Dacryops should be distinguished from apocrine hidrocystoma, a lesion commonly encountered in the periorbital area in the practice of dermatopathology.

Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas of uncommon presentation

Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas of uncommon presentation

Eccrine hidrocystoma successfully treated with topical synthetic botulinum peptide

Eccrine hidrocystoma successfully treated with topical synthetic botulinum peptide

Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas treated with botulinum toxin A

Multiple eccrine hidrocystomas treated with botulinum toxin A

A Reappraisal of Eyelid Eccrine and Apocrine Hidrocystomas: Microanatomic and Immunohistochemical Studies of 40 Lesions

To establish reliable criteria for diagnosing eyelid eccrine and apocrine hidrocystomas. Retrospective clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Twenty-two specimens of normal portions of eyelids were evaluated to establish the distribution and microanatomy of eccrine and apocrine glands. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed on these tissues and on 40 lesions in 33 patients diagnosed with eccrine or apocrine hidrocystomas by unaided light microscopy. Eccrine glands were not present in the eyelid margins, the lower half of the upper eyelid pretarsal skin, or the pretarsal lower eyelid skin. Apocrine glands were restricted to the eyelid margins and canthi where the cysts were located. GCDFP-15, CK7, and α-SMA immunoreacted with the eccrine secretory coils but not their ducts; apocrine gland secretory spirals also stained positively for these markers throughout their extended courses, but not their short terminal ducts. Positivity was found in 37 of 40 hidrocystomas for α-SMA and 19 for GCDFP-15; lesions tested for CK7 displayed positivity. Alpha-SMA-, CK7-, and/or GCDFP-15-positive apocrine hidrocystomas were the only type discovered in this series and arose from glandular secretory spirals within the marginal, perimarginal, or canthal skin. Three lesions did not stain for α-SMA, initially suggesting an absent myoepithelium and therefore an eccrine ductal origin; they manifested CK7 positivity, however, another characteristic of the apocrine secretory spiral but not ducts. Our findings disprove the contention that eccrine predominate over apocrine hidrocystomas in the eyelids.

Expression of Stem-Cell Markers (Cytokeratin 15 and Nestin) in Primary Adnexal Neoplasms-Clues to Etiopathogenesis

The overlap in histopathologic features and immunoprofile of eccrine and apocrine neoplasms confounds basic issues relating to lineage of these entities. We evaluated expression of follicular stem-cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 15 and nestin, in 78 benign and 23 malignant adnexal neoplasms. CK15 and nestin expression were noted in 39 of 78 (50%) and 36 of 78 (46%) cases in the benign group, respectively (8 cutaneous mixed tumor, 10 hidradenoma papilliferum, 9 apocrine cystadenoma, 11 cylindroma and/or spiradenoma, and 9 poroma/dermal duct tumor). CK15 and nestin expression were noted in 11 of 23 (48%) and 7 of 23 (30%) cases in the malignant group, respectively (6 microcystic adnexal carcinoma, 7 porocarcinoma, and 9 eccrine carcinoma). Except 1, both markers were negative in 4 syringocystadenoma papilliferum, 10 hidradenoma, 1 syringofibroadenoma, 10 syringoma, 1 eccrine adenoma, 8 poroma/dermal duct tumor, 5 eccrine hidrocystoma, and 1 apocrine carcinoma. Given that follicular germinative cells give rise to the folliculosebaceous apocrine unit, expression of CK15 and nestin in the majority of cutaneous mixed tumor, hidradenoma papilliferum, apocrine cystadenoma, and cylindroma/spiradenoma is suggestive of an apocrine origin/differentiation of these neoplasms. Reinforcing this and a novel finding of our study is the preferential expression of nestin in myoepithelial cells of these lesions.

Giant multi-loculated apocrine hidrocystomas

Giant, multi-loculated hidrocystomas represent a rare variant of the common, benign hidrocystoma. Hidrocystomas are generally 1-3 mm and rarely exceed 10 mm. We describe a case of giant multi-loculated hidrocystomas 1-2 cm in size that were located near both upper and lower eyelids. Multiple modalities have been used to treat hidrocystomas, including excision, pulsed-dye laser, electrodesiccation, curettage, tricholoracetic acid, botulinum toxin, and anticholinergics.

Pigmented Apocrine Hidrocystoma of the Caruncle

To describe the clinical and immunopathologic features of the first convincing apocrine hidrocystoma of the caruncle that happened to be pigmented. Case report with clinical evaluation, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and paraffin-embedded tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemical markers. Ultrasound biomicroscopy identified a cyst occurring in a 56-year-old white woman. Histopathologically, it was lined by an inner eosinophilic columnar epithelium that was gross cystic disease fluid protein-15-positive and evinced apical decapitation secretion and periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules. Fontana- and MART-1-positive melanin granules were demonstrated. There was an outer layer of smooth muscle actin-positive myoepithelial cells. An adjacent apocrine gland was discovered with identical staining characteristics but without melanin granules. Classical apocrine gland cysts can exceptionally develop in the caruncle. The light dispersion of cytoplasmic melanin found in the lining cells may have contributed to the cyst's clinical pigmentation, which is otherwise generally regarded as the result of the Tyndall effect, wherein blue wavelengths of light reflect from a colloidal solution of lipofuscin and cell debris.

Liesegang rings in an apocrine hidrocystoma: a case report and review of literature

Liesegang rings represent an in vivo chemical precipitation phenomenon representing a potential diagnostic pitfall for misdiagnosis as parasitic infections. These acellular patterns of lamellar concretions are rare in human tissue. The authors report a case of Liesegang rings observed within an intradermal apocrine hidrocystoma and review the literature for reports of these structures, with particular emphasis on mucocutaneous lesions.

Three Cases of Apocrine Hidrocystoma

Three Cases of Apocrine Hidrocystoma

Multiple eyelid apocrine hidrocystoma in a domestic short-haired cat : clinical communication

A 12-year-old domestic short-haired cat was referred for evaluation of periocular masses. The tail had similar masses and was amputated previously by the referring veterinarian. On examination, multiple pigmented nodules, 3-15 mm in diameter, were found in the periocular skin, primarily involving the palpebral eyelid margin. A wedge excisional biopsy revealed small cuboidal cells forming multiple tubular and cystic structures indicative of apocrine cystadenomas, similar to apocrine hidrocystomas described in humans. The nodules were lanced followed by liquid nitrogen cryofreezing.

Hidrocistomas múltiplos apócrinos: um diagnóstico clínico confuso

This is a case report followed by a short review of literature of apocrine hidrocystomas. A 67 year old lady came to this clinic with multiple translucent, asymptomatic papulocystic lesions on the face which got worse in summer. A biopsy showed a single cystic cavity lined by two layers of small cuboial epithelial cells was seen. Apocrine differentiation characterised by decapitation secretion was seen. A diagnosis of multiple apocrine hidrocystomas was made. Treatment can be attempted with individual excision of lesions or lasers. Topical atropine and scopolamine too have been tried with variable success. Our patient did not wish any treatment once the benign nature of the condition was confirmed.