Apocrine Cystadenoma Research Articles

Two Crases of Apocrine Cystadenoma Arising on the Foot and Toe

Two Crases of Apocrine Cystadenoma Arising on the Foot and Toe

Immunohistochemical analysis of human milk fat globulin 1 and cytokeratin expression in median raphe cyst of the penis.

Because median raphe cyst of the penis shares histological findings with apocrine cystadenoma, some cases were thought to be erroneously reported as apocrine cystadenoma of the penis. Further, there is some controversy as to whether the entity, apocrine cystadenoma of the penis, exists or not. Nine cases of median raphe cyst which were clinically unequivocal from their location on the ventral aspects of the penis, were analysed immunohistochemically by using an antibody against human milk fat globulin 1 (HMFG) and a panel of monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies. HMFG expression was not observed in eight out of nine cases of median raphe cyst of the penis, and the remaining case showed a faint expression of HMFG focally in its luminal surface, while conventional apocrine cystadenoma in extra-genital area expressed HMFG definitively in our previous study. Our results suggest a possibility that apocrine cystadenoma of the penis is very rare or not present. Therefore, we thought that HMFG expression should be examined in the cases in which apocrine cystadenoma on the penis is reported.

Immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin expression in apocrine cystadenoma or hidrocystoma.

Apocrine cystadenoma is a benign sweat gland tumor which consists of various histologic types of epithelium: epithelium with decapitation secretion, pseudostratified epithelium, and flattened epithelium. Immunophenotypes, especially the expression of cytokeratins, in 8 cases of this tumor were examined immunohistochemically, because the nature or differentiation of each epithelium is not well known. The following antibodies were used as primary antibodies: those against involucrin, smooth muscle actin, and human milk fat globulin respectively, and 15 kinds of monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies. Although the staining pattern varied from case to case according to the proportion of each epithelium, these epithelia, except for the flattened epithelium, revealed invariable staining patterns. The staining pattern in the epithelium with decapitation secretion and the pseudostratified epithelium was similar to that in the secretory portion including myoepithelial cells and the junction of the excretory ductal portion with the secretory portion, respectively. However, the flattened epithelium, probably due to intraluminal pressure, showed various staining patterns similar to that in each portion of the apocrine gland. Based on the above observations, we confirmed that apocrine cystadenoma was a complex tumor differentiating into each portion of the apocrine gland, i.e. the dermal duct, the junction of the excretory ductal portion with the secretory portion, and the secretory portion.

Apocrine cystadenoma, apocrine hidrocystoma, and eccrine hidrocystoma: three distinct tumors defined by expression of keratins and human milk fat globulin 1.

Eccrine hidrocystomas and apocrine cystadenomas are morphologically related cystic sweat gland tumors. To elucidate their cellular differentiation we examined by immunohistochemistry the expression of keratins and of human milk fat globulin 1 in 12 of each of these tumors, diagnosed using established conventional histological criteria. All tumors diagnosed as apocrine cystadenomas by these criteria were characterized by a keratin pattern of secretory type. In addition, they expressed human milk fat globulin 1. Tumors diagnosed as eccrine hidrocystomas expressed a keratin pattern of excretory type. A part of the tumors with an excretory keratin pattern expressed human milk fat globulin, while others did not. Some presumed eccrine hidrocystomas expressed the very same antigens as apocrine cystadenomas. Thus, our study reveals three distinct types of tumors, in contrast to the conventional distinction of only eccrine hidrocystomas and apocrine cystadenomas. Apocrine cystadenomas differentiate towards the secretory coil of apocrine sweat glands. Presumed eccrine hidrocystomas may represent cystic tumors of the eccrine sweat duct, or they may represent cystic tumors of the apocrine duct. Thus, the name hidrocystoma should be used without further specification of an eccrine or apocrine nature, unless certainty is reached by immunohistochemical characterization. Also, hidrocystomas often prove to be histologically misdiagnosed apocrine cystadenomas because of a flattened cyst wall secondary to increased intraluminal pressure.

Coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin intermediate filaments in benign and malignant sweat gland tumors.

The coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin intermediate filaments has been immunohistochemically evaluated in 124 benign and malignant sweat gland tumors of various types in comparison to normal sweat glands. In addition, all neoplasms have been stained by an antibody to alpha-smooth muscle actin. Epithelial cells reacted with the pan-cytokeratin antibody lu-5. In normal sweat glands, vimentin immunoreactivity was restricted to myoepithelial cells and to some cells of the coiled duct. In benign sweat gland tumors (n = 88), coexpression of vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin was frequently found in basal cells of neoplasms considered to differentiate towards the secretory coil of the eccrine or apocrine gland. These included eccrine spiradenoma, apocrine cystadenoma, hidradenoma papilliferum, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and cylindroma. Thus, in these tumors, vimentin-reactive cells corresponded to myoepithelial cells. Vimentin-positive cells were also found in 14 of 36 sweat gland carcinomas, including 1 case of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, 1 case of porocarcinoma, 4 cases of eccrine adenocarcinoma, 1 case of mucinous eccrine carcinoma, and 5 cases of apocrine adenocarcinoma. Co-expression of vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin was observed in some cells of eccrine and apocrine adenocarcinomas. Therefore, in these neoplasms, some vimentin-positive cells appear to represent myoepithelial cells. In contrast, vimentin-positive cells in all other malignant tumors did not express alpha-smooth muscle actin. Our results indicate that coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin may be frequently found in a variety of benign and malignant sweat gland tumors. In the majority of these neoplasms, vimentin-positive cells correspond to myoepithelial cells. Because vimentin is not specific for myoepithelial cells, additional stains for alpha-smooth muscle actin should be performed to prove the myoepithelial nature of vimentin-positive cells.

Anogenital “Sweat” Glands

A new variant of cutaneous glands is described that occurs in the anogenital region, with its highest concentration in the interlabial sulcus of the vulva. The glands are characterized by a wide coiled tube from which originate acini, diverticula, and short branches; a lining of a compact simple columnar epithelium with prominent cytoplasmic snouts protruding into the lumen; and a broad mantle of loose fibromyxoid to dense collagenous connective tissue. Occasionally, true lobuli are formed resembling those of mammary glands. A close relationship to eccrine glands was evidenced by intermediate variants and the occasional observation of typical eccrine segments in otherwise characteristic anogenital glands. The glands revealed periodic changes of epithelium and stroma. Their strict localization around the derivatives of the embryonic cloacal entrance suggests a possible role in sexual functions. Their characteristic histology links and explains a series of disorders of the anogenital region in women (including functional vulvar mammary glands after pregnancy, fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, hidradenoma papilliferum, and some cases of adenocarcinoma, including Paget's disease) and in men [including fibroadenoma or apocrine cystadenoma, and cases of Paget's disease].

Immunohistochemical Study of Lysozyme in Various Benign Sweat Apparatus Tumors

We investigated the existence of lysozyme in various sweat apparatus tumors by adopting the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Positive reactions for lysozyme were found in four cases of apocrine cystadenoma, hidradenoma papilliferum, and an apocrine sweat apparatus benign tumor resembling "apocrine spiradenoma", all of which derive from apocrine sweat apparatus. On the other hand, in ten cases of syringoma, eccrine hidrocystoma, clear cell hidradenoma, eccrine spiradenoma, and eccrine poroma, which derive from eccrine sweat apparatus, no positive stainings for lysozyme were obtained. In four out of five cases of mixed tumor of the skin, the apocrine type exhibited positive results. Two cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum were negative for lysozyme. The investigation of lysozyme in various sweat apparatus tumors is useful in determining the direction of differentiation in these tumors.

Multiple Bilateral Apocrine Cystadenomas of the Lower Eyelids: Light and Electron Microscopic Studies

An 88-year-old man presented with 13 apocrine cystadenomas of both lower eyelids of at least 10 years' duration. The cysts were remarkable for possessing a superior dome of either creamy or yellowish material (probably reflecting the lipid-rich decapitation secretion), surmounting a clearer fluid inferiorly, as well as for being restricted to the eyelid margins where the glands of Moll are located. Light microscopy disclosed a double-layered cuboidal cellular lining, which focally became more plump or hobnailed, exhibited apical decapitation secretion, and was occasionally thrown into papillary folds. Electron microscopy demonstrated cellular debris and segments of interrupted plasmalemmas within the cystic cavity, intercellular widenings constituting canaliculi, cytoplasmic election-dense secretory granules, flocculent mucous vacuoles, and swirls of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Basal cells were focally interspersed between the secretory cells and the basement membrane, and occasionally manifested spotty myofilamentary differentiation. These findings are supportive of an origin of the lesions from the secretory rather than the ductal portion of the glands of Moll. They corroborate conclusions drawn from dermatologic investigations that the cysts are an essentially proliferative process as opposed to the result of passive ductal dilatation.

Apocrine cystadenoma in a child

Apocrine cystadenoma is a benign cystic tumor derived from apocrine sweat glands. About 100 cases of apocrine cystadenoma have been described in the literature. The condition usually occurs in middle-aged persons, and until now, the youngest patient described with the condition was 17 years old. Ours is currently the youngest patient, to our knowledge, to be described in a case report of apocrine cystadenoma. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 4-year-old boy had had a tumor on the right upper eyelid with slight ptosis on the right side since soon after his birth. The tumor had become slowly enlarged with gradual progression of the ptosis. On his initial visit to us in 1979, he complained of visual disturbance of the affected eye. The patient was hospitalized. Examination disclosed that the lesion was located on the right upper eyelid and measured 14 × 15 mm. It was light blue and was slightly

Apocrine Cystadenoma in a Child

Apocrine cystadenoma is a benign cystic tumor derived from apocrine sweat glands. About 100 cases of apocrine cystadenoma have been described in the literature. The condition usually occurs in middle-aged persons, and until now, the youngest patient described with the condition was 17 years old. Ours is currently the youngest patient, to our knowledge, to be described in a case report of apocrine cystadenoma. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 4-year-old boy had had a tumor on the right upper eyelid with slight ptosis on the right side since soon after his birth. The tumor had become slowly enlarged with gradual progression of the ptosis. On his initial visit to us in 1979, he complained of visual disturbance of the affected eye. The patient was hospitalized. Examination disclosed that the lesion was located on the right upper eyelid and measured 14 × 15 mm. It was light blue and was slightly

Apocrine Cystadenoma

An apocrine cystadenoma was examined with the electron microscope. Two types of cells were identified: secretory cells and basal (myoepithelial) cells. The secretory cells showed abundant granules that had the features of lipid droplets. The lumen of the cyst contained fragments of cytoplasm that appeared to be detached from the apical portions of the secretory cells. This feature suggests an apocrine type of secretory mechanism involving decapitation of the apical parts of the cells. A merocrine type of secretion was also seen. The basal myoepithelial cells showed abundant cytoplasmic filaments, most of which appeared to be tonofilaments. These cells had fewer myofilaments than those seen in normal apocrine gland cells. Annulate lamellae were not seen in this case.

AN APOCRINE TUMOR OF THE GROIN

ABSTRACTA tumor on the groin of a twentyseven year old woman was reported. It consisted of hamartomatous apocrine sweat structures, apocrine cystadenoma and adenoid basal cell epithelioma interconnected within a single connective tissue capsule. To our knowledge, this tumor is the first case of an apocrine tumor having this location and histology with each component representing differentiation of the duct and/or the secretory portion of the apocrine gland to differing degrees in a single lesion. It was hypothesized that the cystadenoma and the basal cell epithelioma had both originated from the latent apocrine hamartoma.

Apocrine Cystadenoma of the Penile Shaft

What is to our knowledge the first apocrine cystadenoma reported on the penile shaft is described. Of 96 previously reported apocrine cystadenomas, more than 90% were located on the face, ears, or scalp; the remainder occurred on the chest, axilla, or prepuce. Apocrine cystadenoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary blue, gray, or flesh-colored cystic nodules in those areas.

Apocrine cystadenoma of the penile shaft

Apocrine cystadenoma of the penile shaft

Neoplasms in Galagos

Two of 26 adult galagos (Galago crassicaudatus panengiensis) at the California Primate Research Center developed neoplasms. One had a fibrosarcoma of the skin that metastasized to mesenteric lymph nodes. The other had a benign apocrine cystadenoma and lipomas in the skin.

Apocrine cystadenoma. A report of two cases occurring on the prepuce.

SUMMARY.— Two apocrine cystadenomas occurring on the prepuce are described. The relationship of this tumour to hidradenoma papilliferum in the female is discussed.

Apocrine Cystadenoma

Apocrine cystadenoma is a benign nevoid tumor of the skin occurring most commonly on the face. The tumor appears as a domeshaped translucent nodule. In more than half of the cases the lesion is pigmented, resembling a blue nevus, pigmented nevus, or pigmented basal cell epithelioma. It must be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of the pigmented lesions on the face.