Apicultural Products Research Articles

Development and approbation of a full-ration apicultural products based concentrated feed for the lagomorphs

The current situation in the Russian economy and international politics is very difficult, the problem of import substitution is acute. Therefore, the purposes of our research are to develop a functional full-ration concentrated feed for the lagomorphs based on the local low-budget environmentally friendly natural raw materials as well as biologically active ingredients, to elaborate a method of its manufacture and use, to test and to study its impact on biological and economically positive indicators of rabbits. The article presents the results of studies conducted on the rabbits of the Soviet chinchilla breed. Chemical composition and nutritional value of a traditional and a functional concentrated feed has been studied, a comparative analysis has been done. The effect of a functional concentrated feed use on the weight of some internal organs of rabbits as well as on the main exterior indicators, zootechnical indicators, and the quality of rabbit meat has been defined.

Environmental remediation of canga and iron mining waste pile using bee pasture of Baccharis dracunculifolia

Mining is an economic activity known for its significant potential to generate socio-environmental impacts. In the case of iron ore mining in the Iron Quadrangle of Minas Gerais, the areas most frequently affected are typically ferruginous fields, due to vegetation suppression for pit opening and the deposition of waste rocks. Owing to their unique characteristics, these regions exhibit a high degree of endemism, with species adapted to the specific environmental conditions, making them suitable candidates for use in ecological restoration projects. Baccharis dracunculifolia is a native plant with significant potential for inclusion in such projects due to its ability to colonize degraded areas and its interactions with pollinators, such as the honeybee Apis mellifera. Consequently, environmental restoration efforts can be integrated with apicultural production, providing a sustainable alternative for the productive use of previously degraded land. The objective of this research is to identify and compare the physical and chemical properties of soils from iron mining waste piles and canga for potential use in environmental restoration with B. dracunculifolia as a bee pasture. Analyses included particle size distribution, bulk density, moisture content, pH, and chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results indicated that both environments demonstrated similar properties across all tests, supporting the use of native plants such as B. dracunculifolia in ecological restoration projects. Furthermore, the establishment of bee pastures composed of this species in degraded areas can help diversify the income streams of local communities near mining operations, thereby reducing their dependency on mining activities.

Antibiotics in honey: a comprehensive review on occurrence and analytical methodologies.

Honey is a food of great nutritional importance and has always been used for human consumption. The production of honey and other beekeeping products depends on the proper functioning of this extremely important sector, as it has a direct impact on other sectors such as agriculture. The decline in bee colony numbers has been linked, among other factors, to bacterial diseases affecting bees, including American and European foulbrood, and Nosema spp. disease. In this matter, prophylactic or therapeutic use of veterinary drugs in apiculture is common but can lead to their accumulation in bees and in honey. Consumption of contaminated honey can have adverse effects such as allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, and teratogenicity. Commission Regulation (EU) N ⍛ 37/2010 sets MRLs for antibiotics in various foods, but these limits are not set for api-products. The lack of harmonized rules has led some countries to set recommended concentrations and minimum performance limits. Nonetheless, to achieve this goal, development of accurate and precise analytical methodologies is crucial. In recent years, the analysis of antibiotics in honey has led to the development of methods in an extensive range of families, including aminoglycosides, amphenicols, lincosamides, macrolides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and nitrofurans. This review work entails an in-depth exploration of occurrence studies, extraction methodologies, and analytical techniques for the determination of antibiotics in apiculture products. It was found that the most used extraction methods include solid-phase extraction, dispersed solid or liquid phase extraction and QuEChERS. Due to the complexity of the honey matrix, samples are often diluted or acidified using McIlvaine buffer, H 2O, MeOH, acidified ACN and TCA solution. This is usually followed by a purification step using SPE cartridges or PSA. Golden analytical methodologies include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) with Orbitrap or Q-ToF detectors.

Underexplored food safety hazards of beekeeping products: Key knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research.

These days, a growing consumer demand and scientific interest can be observed for nutraceuticals of natural origin, including apiculture products. Due to the growing emphasis on environmental protection, extensive research has been conducted on the pesticide and heavy metal contamination of bee products; however, less attention is devoted on other food safety aspects. In our review, scientific information on the less-researched food safety hazards of honey, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis, and beeswax are summarized. Bee products originating from certain plants may inherently contain phytotoxins, like pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, matrine alkaloids, grayanotoxins, gelsemium alkaloids, or tutin. Several case studies evidence that bee products can induce allergic responses to sensitive individuals, varying from mild to severe symptoms, including the potentially lethal anaphylaxis. Exposure to high temperature or long storage may lead to the formation of the potentially toxic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Persistent organic pollutants, radionuclides, and microplastics can potentially be transferred to bee products from contaminated environmental sources. And lastly, inappropriate beekeeping practices can lead to the contamination of beekeeping products with harmful microorganisms and mycotoxins. Our review demonstrates the necessity of applying good beekeeping practices in order to protect honeybees and consumers of their products. An important aim of our work is to identify key knowledge gaps regarding the food safety of apiculture products.

Antibiotics in honey: a comprehensive review on occurrence and analytical methodologies.

Honey is a food of great nutritional importance and has always been used for human consumption. The production of honey and other beekeeping products depends on the proper functioning of this extremely important sector, as it has a direct impact on other sectors such as agriculture. The decline in bee colony numbers has been linked, among other factors, to bacterial diseases affecting bees, including American and European foulbrood, and Nosema spp. disease. In this matter, prophylactic or therapeutic use of veterinary drugs in apiculture is common but can lead to their accumulation in bees and in honey. Consumption of contaminated honey can have adverse effects such as allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, and teratogenicity. Commission Regulation (EU) N⍛ 37/2010 sets MRLs for antibiotics in various foods, but these limits are not set for api-products. The lack of harmonized rules has led some countries to set recommended concentrations and minimum performance limits. Nonetheless, to achieve this goal, development of accurate and precise analytical methodologies is crucial. In recent years, the analysis of antibiotics in honey has led to the development of methods in an extensive range of families, including aminoglycosides, amphenicols, lincosamides, macrolides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and nitrofurans. This review work entails an in-depth exploration of occurrence studies, extraction methodologies, and analytical techniques for the determination of antibiotics in apiculture products. It was found that the most used extraction methods include solid-phase extraction, dispersed solid or liquid phase extraction and QuEChERS. Due to the complexity of the honey matrix, samples are often diluted or acidified using McIlvaine buffer, H2O, MeOH, acidified ACN and TCA solution. This is usually followed by a purification step using SPE cartridges or PSA. Golden analytical methodologies include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) with Orbitrap or Q-ToF detectors.

Comparison of transfer of different sulphonamides from contaminated beeswax to honey.

No maximum residue limits in honey have been legislated in the EU for antimicrobial substances such as sulphonamides, and they are not permitted, therefore, for treating honey bees unless in a cascade system. Since sulphonamides are used illegally in apiculture to treat foulbrood, their residues can be found in honey and other apiculture products, including beeswax. The study aimed to assess the contamination of honey from beeswax containing residues of 10 sulphonamides (sulphadimethoxine (SDM), sulphadoxine (SDX), sulphamonomethoxine (SMM), sulphamethoxazole (SMX), sulphameter (SMT), sulphamethazine (SMZ), sulphamerazine (SMR), sulphadiazine (SDA), sulphathiazole (STZ) and sulphacetamide (SCA)). Wax-based foundations fortified with 10 sulphonamides at 10,000 μg/kg were evaluated for sulphonamide concentrations and then placed in a beehive so that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) could build honeycombs with them. Frames of capped honey were taken out of the hives one month later and honey was sampled from them. The honeycombs were subsequently incubated in a laboratory at 35°C for five months, and honey was sampled monthly. The honey sulphonamide concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and compared to the wax-based foundation concentrations. The maximum transfers to honey of the initial amount of SDM, SDX, SMM, SMX, SMT, SMZ, SMR, SDA, STZ and SCA in the wax-based foundations were 42.6, 34.3, 31.7, 30.1, 29.5, 25.2, 18.7, 16.1, 9.5 and 8.6%, respectively. This study demonstrated that every tested sulphonamide could migrate from beeswax in antimicrobial-tainted honeycombs to honey, SDM having the highest migration potential and SCA the lowest.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase B inhibitory activities of Australian bee pollen.

Bee pollen is an apicultural product collected by honeybees from flower stamens and used as a functional food worldwide. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the functions of Australian bee pollen. Australian bee pollen extracts and their main components were tested for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) inhibitory activities. These enzymes are key neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson's disease and depression. Myricetin (5), tricetin (6), and luteolin (7) exhibited high COMT inhibitory activities (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 23.3, 13.8, and 47.4 µM, respectively). In contrast, 5, 7, and annulatin (8) exhibited MAOB inhibitory activities (IC50 = 89.7, 32.8, and 153 µM, respectively). Quantitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that 5 was abundant in Australian bee pollen extracts. Our findings suggest that 5 contributes to the COMT and MAOB inhibitory activities of Australian bee pollen.

Preliminary data on glyphosate, glufosinate, and metabolite contamination in Italian honey samples.

Glyphosate and glufosinate are among the most widely used pesticides in agriculture worldwide. Their extensive use leads to the presence of their residues on crops and in the surrounding environment. Beehives, bees, and apiculture products can represent potential sources for the accumulation of these substances and their metabolites, and the consequences for bee health, as well as the level of risk to human health from consuming contaminated food, are still unclear. Furthermore, information on the contamination levels of honey and other beehive products by these compounds remains poorly documented. This study is part of a broader research effort aimed at developing specific analytical methods for monitoring the level of these contaminants in bee products. The methodology employed enabled the acquisition of preliminary information concerning the levels of glyphosate and glufosinate contamination in honey samples obtained from various retailers in Italy to assess compliance with the limits established by Regulation 293/2013. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the 30 honey samples revealed quantifiable levels of glyphosate in eight samples, with contamination ranging from 5.4 to 138.5 ng/g. Notably, one sample of the wild-flower type showed residue levels nearly three times the maximum residue limit. Additionally, trace levels of glyphosate contamination were detected in another ten samples. It is noteworthy that glufosinate and its metabolites were not detected in any of the analyzed samples within the established method's detection ranges.

Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Apilarnil, Royal Jelly, and Propolis Collected in Banat Region, Romania

Bee products have a millennia-old tradition in human apitherapy, thanks to their numerous curative properties. The aim of this study was to perform a physicochemical characterization, including the percentage of water content, dry matter, pH, acidity, impurity content, protein, ash, and macro and micro minerals, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of apiculture products, including apilarnil, royal jelly, and propolis. Samples were collected from our apiary in the Banat region of Romania in 2022 as well as from the market. Apilarnil and royal jelly were analyzed in pure and freeze-dried form, and propolis in pure and tincture form. Our results show that there is a large variability in the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the three bee products studied, depending on the form of presentation and source of origin. In the case of commercial bee products, the best results were obtained in terms of chemical composition, including the content of macro and micro nutrients. All the samples analyzed showed acidity, pH, and impurity content values within the limits allowed by the quality standards. Apilarnil from our own apiary recorded the highest values for antioxidant activity, followed by propolis tincture and fresh propolis from own apiary.

Innovation Technologies in Sport Nutrition

The article provides findings of the research dealing with innovation technologies in sport nutrition using unconventional sources, i. e. apiculture products in order to raise immune-response of sports people. Four experimental groups were chosen: the 1st group included people taking a certain composition of honey with pollen in ratio 5 : 100; the 2nd group – people taking a mixture of honey with bee-glue in ratio 2 : 100; the 3rd group – people taking honey with royal jelly in ratio 1 : 100 and the 4th group – control one. As a result of innovation technology application, i.e. using unconventional raw material a serious rise in immune-response of sports people was observed due to their food status. The authors’ research gives an opportunity to widen the range of using innovation technologies in order to improve functional properties of food for sport nutrition.

Pesticide residues in bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly - A review of the literature and dietary risk assessment.

Due to pollinator decline observed worldwide, many studies have been conducted on the pesticide residue content of apicultural products including bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly. These products are consumed for their nutraceutical properties, although, little information is available on the human health risk posed by pesticides present in them. In our research, studies dealing with the pesticide contamination of the above-mentioned hive products are reviewed. Dietary exposures were calculated based on the recommended daily intake values and concentration data reported by scientific studies. Potential acute and chronic health risk of consumers were evaluated by comparing the exposure values with health-based guidance values. Available data indicate that a wide range of pesticide residues, especially acaricides may accumulate in bee bread, propolis and beeswax, up to concentration levels of more thousand μg/kg. Based on our observations, tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos and amitraz are commonly detected pesticide active substances in beehive products. Our estimates suggest that coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos can accumulate in beeswax to an extent that pose a potential health risk to the consumers of comb honey. However, it appears that pesticide residues do not transfer to royal jelly, presumably due to the filtering activity of nurse bees during secretion.

Honey bee maternal effects improve worker performance and reproductive ability in offspring.

Maternal effects are an evolutionary strategy used to improve offspring quality. In an example of maternal effects in honey bees (Apis mellifera), mother queens produce larger eggs in queen cells than in worker cells in order to breed better daughter queens. In our current study, morphological indexes, reproductive tissues, and the egg-laying ability of newly reared queens reared with eggs laid in queen cells (QE), eggs laid in worker cells (WE), and 2-day-old larvae in worker cells (2L) were evaluated. In addition, morphological indexes of offspring queens and working performance of offspring workers were examined. The thorax weight, number of ovarioles, egg length, and number of laid eggs and capped broods of QE were significantly higher than those of WE and 2L, indicating that the reproductive capacity of QE group was better than that of other groups. Furthermore, offspring queens from QE had larger thorax weights and sizes than those from the other two groups. Offspring worker bees from QE also had larger body sizes and greater pollen-collecting and royal jelly-producing abilities than those of other two groups. These results demonstrate that honey bees display profound maternal effects on queen quality that can be transmitted across generations. These findings provide a basis for improving queen quality, with implications in apicultural and agricultural production.

A four-decade profile of apicultural demographics and production in New Zealand, 1980-2020.

The demand for honey and pollination services has continued to grow in many countries worldwide, including New Zealand. This has influenced changes in the demographics of the managed population of honey bees (Apis mellifera). We examined historical data to describe how the apicultural demographics in New Zealand have changed temporally and geographically in the four decades to 2020. We also describe trends in honey production and the economic value of pure honey exported from New Zealand between 2000 and 2020. Our findings suggest that commercial apiculture has been key to the intensification of beekeeping in New Zealand during the study period. This is supported by evidence showing pronounced expansion of beekeeping operations among those with more than 1,000 colonies. The intensification has resulted in the density of apiaries increasing threefold across New Zealand during the four decades. While higher numbers of colonies per area produced higher volumes of honey, there was no corresponding improvement in production efficiency. Honey yields per apiary or colony, as indicators of production efficiency, appear to decline from the mid-2000s. The volume of pure honey export increased over 40-fold, a magnitude approximately ten times higher than that of production increase. This reflects a substantial increase in returns from honey exports, mostly driven by the price of mānuka honey. Our findings add to a pool of information to support evidence-based decision making to enhance honey bee health and develop the apicultural industry in New Zealand.

Pesticide Residues and Metabolites in Greek Honey and Pollen: Bees and Human Health Risk Assessment.

Bees encounter a plethora of environmental contaminants during nectar and pollen collection from plants. Consequently, after their entrance into the beehives, the transfer of numerous pollutants to apicultural products is inevitable. In this context, during the period of 2015-2020, 109 samples of honey, pollen, and beebread were sampled and analyzed for the determination of pesticides and their metabolites. More than 130 analytes were investigated in each sample by applying two validated multiresidue methods (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). Until the end of 2020, 40 determinations were reported in honey, resulting in a 26% positive to at least one active substance. The concentrations of pesticides ranged from 1.3 ng/g to 785 ng/g honey. For seven active substances in honey and pollen, maximum residue limits (MRLs) exceedances were observed. Coumaphos, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, amitraz metabolites (DMF and DMPF), and tau-fluvalinate were the predominant compounds detected in honey, while several pyrethroids such as λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin were also found. Pollen and beebread, as expected, accumulated a higher number of active substances and metabolites (32 in total), exhibiting almost double the number of detections. Although the above findings verify the occurrence of numerous pesticide and metabolite residues in both honey and pollen, the human risk assessment in the majority of the cases does not raise any concerns, and the same applies to bee risk assessment.

On station performance evaluation of local honey bee colonies traits (Apis mellifera scutellata) in Gedeo zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, despite the potential of apicultural resource, production and productivity are relatively low. This could be due to many factors like management, environmental factors and races of honeybees. The aim of this study was to evaluate productive potentiality trait of local honeybee colonies for further colonies multiplication purpose. We obtained 20 selected strong honeybee colonies from local beekeepers within traditional hives and transferred into movable frame hive at Dilla site. All the transferred colonies were managed properly to establish themselves and acquire uniform strength. These colonies were evaluated for different parameters such as hygienic behavior, brood, pollen and nectar area, swarming and absconding tendency at different season. The result indicated that the mean percent removal per colony varied from 86.57 (February) to 99.62 (August). The highest brood rearing activity was observed in September and March that covered up to 148.9±14.16 unit areas while the least was observed during November (1.19 ±0.43) unit area. Maximum pollen and nectar area was found in October (97.5±12.40) unit area and April (81.88±9.47) unit area. While minimum pollen area (5.25±7.13) unit area and nectar (1.10±0.1) area was occupied in November. In general, the study showed that A. m. scutellata honeybees are good in hygienic behavior and brood rearing performance under optimum management practices in the study area. On average 25% of absconding was observed at study site over the last two years of the study period at the time of pollen and nectar shortage mainly November and May Therefore, it is recommended to investigate its detail behavioral aspects whether it is due to environmental or genetically factor for future selection and improvement.

On station performance evaluation of local honey bee colonies traits (Apis mellifera scutellata) in Gedeo zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, despite the potential of apicultural resource, production and productivity are relatively low. This could be due to many factors like management, environmental factors and races of honeybees. The aim of this study was to evaluate productive potentiality trait of local honeybee colonies for further colonies multiplication purpose. We obtained 20 selected strong honeybee colonies from local beekeepers within traditional hives and transferred into movable frame hive at Dilla site. All the transferred colonies were managed properly to establish themselves and acquire uniform strength. These colonies were evaluated for different parameters such as hygienic behavior, brood, pollen and nectar area, swarming and absconding tendency at different season. The result indicated that the mean percent removal per colony varied from 86.57 (February) to 99.62 (August). The highest brood rearing activity was observed in September and March that covered up to 148.9±14.16 unit areas while the least was observed during November (1.19±0.43) unit area. Maximum pollen and nectar area was found in October (97.5±12.40) unit area and April (81.88±9.47) unit area. While minimum pollen area (5.25±7.13) unit area and nectar (1.10±0.1) area was occupied in November. In general, the study showed that A. m. scutellata honeybees are good in hygienic behavior and brood rearing performance under optimum management practices in the study area. On average 25% of absconding was observed at study site over the last two years of the study period at the time of pollen and nectar shortage mainly November and May Therefore, it is recommended to investigate its detail behavioral aspects whether it is due to environmental or genetically factor for future selection and improvement.

Antioxidant potential and protective effects of bee pollen extract against Salmonella induced hepatic and renal toxicity in BALB/c mice

Apicultural products comprise honey, bee pollen, propolis, bee wax and royal jelly which are known for their medicinal and health promoting properties. Among these, bee collected pollen allure much attention for its high nutritional properties. Here, we have investigated the protective role of bee pollen against Salmonella typhimurium induced biochemical alteration in BALB/c mice. Experimental animals (BALB/c mice) were divided equally into 10 different groups including normal and treated. Oxidative stress was induced by injecting Salmonella typhimurium (0.2 mL of 2×104 CFU/mL) intraperitoneally in mice. Bacteria induced sufficient alterations in serum enzymes within 5 days. Aqueous extracts of bee pollen of different crops (250 mg/kg) were administrated orally to control and experimental mice for 21 days. Then, hepatic and renal enzymes were measured with the help of standardized kits. Results of this study have revealed that bacterial infection increases the levels of the hepatic and renal enzymes levels (P <0.001) but after treatment with bee pollen extracts, altered levels of enzymes were normalized up to the normal levels. This normalization was highest with bee pollen of Helianthus annus. Administration of bee pollen alone did not produce any negative effects in mice.

Quantificação de constituintes fenólicos de extratos de própolis vermelha de diferentes concentrações por HPLC

Red propolis is an apicultural product of high chemical complexity from the mangrove regions of the northeastern coast of Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic composition of ethanolic extracts of red propolis obtained by maceration with different concentrations and extraction cycles in order to indicate the ideal conditions to maximize the extraction of phenolic compounds. Extracts with 10, 20 and 30 g.100mL-1 were obtained and the phenolic constituents (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, coumaric, ferulic, catechin, kaempferol, pyrocatechin, quercetin, naringenin, daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A) were identified and quantified by HPLC. The extracts showed higher concentrations of flavonoids compared to phenolic acids. Among the flavonoids, Naringenin was found in higher concentrations followed by Formononetin, two important biomarkers of red propolis. Caffeic acid was the phenolic acid present in highest concentration. High chemical complexity was observed in the extracts, with high concentrations of compounds considered bioactive. According to what was observed, it is indicated the production of the extract with 20 grams and two cycles of extraction or with 30 grams and three cycles.

Apicultural products, environmentally friendly due to organic extra nutrition

At the apiary of the small innovative enterprise “Zhivprom,” Carpathian bees were studied to find out the producibility of apicultural products that are environmentally friendly due to natural concentrates of organic humic and fulvic acids as extra nutrition. For the experiment, 30 bee colonies of the Carpathian breed were selected and divided into 2 groups according to the pair-analogue principle, taking into account their origins, strength, age of queens and similar amounts of food reserves. In mid-March, 30 bees from each colony were selected from each hive to extract their rectums for morphometric measurement and determination of their excrement filling. In February and March, there was a considerable increase in the consumption of the feeding, with organic acids candy being consumed much better. The concentrates of organic acids of natural origin helped to increase the egg production of queen bees and the strength of the colony. The concentrates had no toxic effect on bees and, due to its natural origin, can be recommended as a feed additive in organic beekeeping.

Chemical Profiles of Korean Bee Pollens and Their Catechol-O-methyltransferase Inhibitory Activities.

Bee pollen is an apicultural product collected by honeybees from flower stamens and is consumed to help maintain a healthy diet. In this study, the chemical profiles of 11 Korean bee pollens were investigated using molecular networking analysis. This analysis elucidated the presence of two major clusters, hydroxycinnamoyl acid amides (HCAAs, molecular network 1 (MN1)) and flavonoid glycosides (MN2), in the bee pollen samples. The inhibitory properties of the bee pollens and the isolated HCAAs toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease and depression, were determined. N1,N5,N10-(E)-tricaffeoylspermidine ((E,E,E)-1) exhibited the highest activity of the four compounds isolated, with an IC50 value 16 μM, and inhibited COMT competitively. Quantitative analysis of HCAAs showed that the amounts of N1,N10-dicaffeoyl-N5-p-coumaroylspermidine (2) and N10-caffeoyl-N1,N5-di-p-coumaroylspermidine (3) contributed to the observed differences in the COMT inhibitory activities of Korean bee pollens. This study may lead to the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression using bee pollens.