Apiaceae Species Research Articles

Coleopterans Associated with Plants that form Phytotelmata in Subtropical and Temperate Argentina, South America

A list of the most common plants that form phytotelmata and their associated coleopterans (aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial) from the northeastern subtropical and temperate area of Argentina, South America with biological and behavioral observations is presented in this study. Species of Poaceae (n = 3), Bromeliaceae (5), Apiaceae (6), Araceae (2), Urticaceae (1), Marantaceae (1), Arecaceae (1), Dipsacaceae (1) and Cyperaceae (1) were identified as phytotelmata. Aquatic species of Scirtidae (2), Dytiscidae (2), and Hydrophilidae (4), semi-aquatic Chelonariidae (2), and terrestrial species of Carabidae (3), Staphylinidae (5), Histeridae (1), Elateridae (1), Cantharidae (1), Cleridae (1), Tenebrionidae (1), Meloidae (1), Anthicidae (1), Chrysomelidae (3), Curculionidae (7) and Apionidae (1) were identified from six species of Eryngium L. (Apiales: Apiaceae), two species of Guadua Kunth (Poales: Poaceae), Aechmea distichantha Lemaire (Poales: Bromeliaceae), and from fallen leaves of Euterpe edulis Martius (Arecales: Arecaceae) from the temperate and subtropical area. The highest species richness was recorded in Eryngium phytotelmata. Fifteen species of beetles inhabit Eryngium cabrerae Pontiroli, 11 in E. horridum Malme, 7 in E. stenophyllum Urban, 4 in E. aff. serra Chamisso and Schlechtendal., 3 in E. elegans Chamisso and Schlechtendal, 2 in E. eburneum Decne and E. pandanifolium Chamisso and Schlechtendal. From bamboo, 6 species of coleopterans were collected from Guadua trinii (Nees) Nees ex Ruprecht and 4 from G. chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño and Peterson. Three species of aquatic coleopterans were recorded from A. distichantha and only one from E. edulis.

Chemical constituents of the essential oil of Ferulago carduchorum Boiss. et Hausskn. and Levisticum officinale Koch

The volatiles obtained by hydrodistillation and methanol extraction of the aerial parts of Ferulago carduchorum Boiss. et Hausskn. and Levisticum officinale Koch., two Umbelliferae species of Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil and the extract obtained by hydrostillation and extraction of F. carduchorum were characterized a high amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons (93.8% and70%, respectively). The main components of the oil and extract were (Z)-β-ocimene (12.7% and 20.0%), terpinolene (13.1% and 6.0%), α-Phellandrene (12.7% and 8.3%) and β- Phellandrene (10.9% and 8.8%), respectively. The water distilled oil and methanol extract of the air-dried Levisticum officinale, were also both rich in monoterpene (85.8% and 52.9%, respectively). In the oil, α-terpinyl acetate (40.5%) and β-Phellandrene (16.7%) were the main constituents, whereas in the extract, β-Phellandrene (23.0%), naphthalene (20.6%) and γ-terpinene (12.1%) were the major components.

Nondestructive Raman Analysis of Polyacetylenes in Apiaceae Vegetables

Food plants from the Apiaceae family have been found to demonstrate health-promoting properties. Polyacetylenes are bioactive compounds that are considered to contribute substantially to the beneficial properties of Apiaceae plants. This study applied a Raman mapping technique in the investigation of polyacetylene spatial distribution in fresh roots of some Apiaceae species. Fresh root sections were measured directly without any preliminary preparation. For three Apiaceae species, that is, parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa L.), celeriac ( Apium graveolens var. rapaceum L.), and parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), the presence of polyacetylenes was confirmed due to the detection of strong and well-separated Raman signals of symmetric -C ≡ C-C ≡ C- stretching vibration in the range of 2200-2300 cm(-1). The spectra were used for generation of two-dimensional maps applying the integration and cluster analysis methods. The Raman maps visualized the distribution of total polyacetylenes as well as individual compounds. Heterogeneous and tissue-specific occurrence of polyacetylenes in roots is shown.

Evaluating aggressiveness and host range of Alternaria dauci in a controlled environment

The aggressiveness of Alternaria dauci isolates was investigated in greenhouse conditions. Twenty‐seven isolates were pre‐selected from a large collection to represent high diversity according to geographic or host origins and intergenic spacer (IGS) polymorphism. IGS sequence analysis revealed that isolates were grouped within three different clusters. Eleven isolates were selected and inoculated on a susceptible carrot cultivar. Three criteria (mean lesion number, mean necrotic leaf area and mean disease index) were used to assess the aggressiveness of isolates. Continuous variation in aggressiveness was shown and no clear division into isolate classes was evident. For the host range study, two isolates were inoculated under greenhouse conditions onto nine cultivated Apiaceae species, two wild Daucus species and six cultivated non‐Apiaceae species representing six botanical families. Lesions varying in severity were observed on all dicot species (Apiaceae and non‐Apiaceae), but no symptoms developed on the two monocots studied (leek and sweetcorn). Plant species were also differentiated on the basis of expanding lesions (cultivated and wild carrot, dill and fennel) or non‐expanding lesions (other dicot species). Typical A. dauci conidia were observed after in vitro incubation of leaves with symptoms. Fungal structures were isolated from lesions and A. dauci was confirmed on the basis of conidial morphology and specific conventional PCR results. Genotyping of individual isolates performed with microsatellite markers confirmed the presence of the inoculated isolate. The results clearly showed that, in controlled conditions, the host range of A. dauci is not restricted to carrot.

Kuramosciadium (Umbelliferae): A New Genus from the Uzbekistanian Part of the Western Tian Shan Mountains

Abstract Kuramosciadium corydalifolium , a new genus and species of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) from the Kurama Ridge (Western Tian Shan Mountains) in Uzbekistan is described and illustrated. The new taxon is not closely related to any other genus in the flora of Middle Asia or adjacent countries. The analyses of fruit morphology and anatomy and nrDNA ITS sequence data reveal a distant affinity to Ligusticum s. l. and Cnidium s. l. and their allies in the traditional family classifications. In particular, Kuramosciadium is most similar to Sphaenolobium, Paulita, and Seselopsis. The new genus differs from its morphologically closest relative, Sphaenolobium, in its monocarpic life-form, unbranched rootstock, bipinnate leaves with almost sessile segments, brownish (not light yellow) petals, distinctly unequal umbel rays, narrow mericarp commissure, and winged dorsal ribs of mericarps. Kuramosciadium corydalifolium appears to be a rare, narrowly endemic, and its natural populations need protection.

Étude palynologique de quatre espèces d'Apiacées alimentaires et médicinales (Coriandrum sativum L., Eryngium creticum Lam., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss) au Liban

In Lebanon, Coriandrum sativum L., Eryngium creticum Lam., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss are cultivated and gathered for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Fine pollinic morphology was studied for four samples taken out of each of the four species, in order for attempting to highlight distinctive characters in light microscopy and SEM. Main pollinic characters were carried out in order to determine the morphology of pollen grains, tectum stereostructure and their variations (average, minimum, maximum values) in dimensions of the polar axis (P), the equatorial diameter (E) and the rate P/E, which allows a better characterization. Significant morphological differences, between the four species of Apiaceae, in the tectum along the polar and interapertural zones, as well as in the exine thickness, are brought to the fore for the first time and statistically defined.

Biological characterization and complete genomic sequence of Apium virus Y infecting celery

A celery isolate of Apium virus Y (ApVY-Ce) from diseased plants in a commercial field in California was characterized. The experimental host range of the virus included 13 plant species in the families Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae. Almost all infected plant species showed foliar chlorosis and distortion or severe stunting and systemic chlorosis. ApVY-Ce was transmitted to all 10 host species in the Apiaceae by green peach aphids. It reacted with the potyvirus group antibody and Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) antiserum. The complete genomic sequence of ApVY-Ce was determined to be 9917 nucleotides, excluding the 3′ poly(A) tail, and it comprises a large open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3184 amino acid residues. Its genomic organization is typical of potyviruses, and contains conserved motifs found in the genus Potyvirus. Comparisons with available genomic sequences of other potyviruses indicate that ApVY-Ce shares 26.1–52.9% identities with species of the existing genera and unassigned viruses in the Potyviridae at the polyprotein sequence level. Extensive phylogenetic analysis based on the 3′-partial sequences confirms that ApVY-Ce is most closely related to CeMV and is a distinct species of the genus Potyvirus.

Tentative LC-MS-MS identification of flavonoids and phenolic acids from Scandiceae tribe (Apiaceae) Species

Tentative LC-MS-MS identification of flavonoids and phenolic acids from Scandiceae tribe (Apiaceae) Species

Ferula brevipedicellataandF. duranii(Apiaceae), Two New Species from Anatolia, Turkey

Two new species in Apiaceae, Ferula brevipedicellata Peşmen ex M. Sağıroğlu & H. Duman and F. duranii M. Sağıroğlu & H. Duman are described and illustrated from East and South Anatolia, Turkey, respectively. The diagnostic morphological characters are discussed; notes on the ecology of the new species are presented and electron micrographs of the mericarp surfaces of F. brevipedicellata are provided. A somatic metaphase plate of F. duranii shows a chromosome number of 2n = 22.

Essential oil composition of nine Apiaceae species from western United States that attract the female Indra Swallowtail butterfly ( Papilio indra)

Aletes acaulis, Cymopterus hendersonii, Cymopterus panamintensis var. acutifolius, Lomatium rigidum, Lomatium scabrum var. tripinnatum, Musineon tenuifolium, Sphenosciadium capitellatum, Tauschia arguta and Tauschia parishii are among the twenty-two species of the Apiaceae family to which female Indra Swallowtail butterflies ( Papilio indra: Lepidoptera) are attracted for oviposition. Because plant volatile oils are known to be attractants for female butterflies, the percent composition of the essential oils of each species was studied. Amongst the nine host plants 168 essential oil components were identified representing between 84% and 99% of the oils. Principal Components Analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on the essential oil compositions of the larval host plants against four non-larval host plants separated the hosts from the non-hosts into distinct clusters. Volatile components of the oils common to the nine species of Apiaceae are correlated with the expression of physiological attraction behavior by the butterfly.

Microspore embryogenesis in Apiaceae

Haploid technology is used to develop uniform, true-breeding lines, as well as to accelerate crop improvement programs. Among 20 Apiaceae species screened for response to doubled haploidy, 11 generated microspore-derived embryos, and all but one of the latter yielded doubled haploid plants. Donor plant conditions, basal media, and culture conditions were evaluated for their efficacy on inducing microspore-derived embryos. Growing donor plants at temperature conditions of 10/5 or 15/10°C promoted microspore embryogenesis in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), whereas, growing donor plants at a temperature regime of 10/5°C, along with the use of a cold extraction method, enhanced embryogenesis in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). The culture of fennel and dill microspores in an NLN basal medium and caraway (Carum carvi L.) in AT-3 basal medium promoted the highest frequencies of embryo induction.

Phytochemical composition of the essential oils from three Apiaceae species and their antibacterial effects on food-borne pathogens

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) of three Apiaceae species, including Bunium persicum , Cuminum cyminum and Carum copticum , extracted by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry. The main components of EOs of B. persicum were γ-terpinene (44.2%), cuminaldehyde (16.9%), γ-terpinen-7-al (10.5%), and ρ-cymene (8%). The major constituents of Cu. cyminum were cuminaldehyde (30.2%), ρ-cymene (14.1%), γ-terpinene (12.8%), and safranal (9.4%), while those of Ca. copticum were thymol (48.4%), ρ-cymene (21.8%) and γ-terpinene (21.3%). The antibacterial effects of the EOs were assessed on several food-borne pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis , and Listeria monocytogenes . The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oils were 0.03–0.5, 0.18–3.0, and 0.37–3.0 mg/ml, respectively, for Ca. copticum , B. persicum and Cu. cyminum . Moreover, the combination of B. persicum and Cu. cyminum EOs confirmed synergistic and additive activities against the pathogens.

Sium ternifolium (Apiaceae), a new species from Korea

A new species of Apiaceae, Sium ternifolium from Mt. Chiak-san National Park, Gangwon-do province, Korea, is described and illustrated. This new species is closely related to S. serra (Fr. & Sav.) Kitag., having such characters as long acuminated apex of leaflets, 3-6 slender rays, but distinguished from the latter by its lower height, the absence of involucral bracts, and tri-foliated leaves.

A new species of Polemanniopsis (Apiaceae) from Namibia

A new species of woody Apiaceae, Polemanniopsis namibensis B-E. Van Wyk, A. Burke & C. Mannheimer, is described. The species is allied to Polemanniopsis marlothii but differs in the much smaller habit of (up to 0.6 m vs 1.5–4 m in Polemanniopsis marlothii), the white or greyish colour of the twigs (brown in Polemanniopsis marlothii), the 3-foliolate leaves (predominantly 5-foliate in Polemanniopsis marlothii), the smaller inflorescences with persistent involucral bracts (caducous in Polemanniopsis marlothii) and anatomical details of the leaves. The species is endemic to Namibia and is known only from a localised area in the southern Namib desert near Lüderitz, where it is relatively common.

Essential oil composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of some Mongolian endemic plants from species Apiaceae

Essential oil plants have been used for a long time in traditional medicine. The Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a cosmopolitan family. The family has about 35 species, 73 kibds in Mongolian region. The chemical composition of essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Coriandrum sativum L., Anethum graveolens L., Cicuta virosa L. were determined by GC/MS-analysis. Among the 31 components obtained from Foeniculum vulgare Mill, α-phellandrene (9.56%), limonene (13.42%), anethol (51.32%) were found as major components. Fifteen components from the oil of Coriandrum sativum L. were identified and of those components, linalool, γ-terpinene and α-pinene as major constituents were obtained in yields of 60.70%, 14.50% and 10.39%, respectively. The oil from Anethum graveolens L. was characterized by its richness and it contains carvone (40.60%), α-phellandrene (21.03%) and limonene (10.39%) among the 13 components comprising of the total oil. β-Pinene (15.71%), geranyl acetate (15.48%), (Z)-β-ocimene (9.20%) among the 30 constituents found in the oil of Cicuta virosa L. were found to be the main components. Essential oils were investigated for activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtitilis by using an agar dilution method. Interestingly, Coriandrum sativum L. oil even showed more high antimicrobial activity against methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA4) strains. Antioxidative activities (IC50) of ethanol extracts from four Umbelliferae species have been studied by the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging test. All the studied extracts showed antioxidant capability and Anethum graveolens L. extract exhibited the strongest activity. The scavenging activity of the extracts in decreasing order was: Anethum graveolens L. >Foeniculum vulgare Mill >Coriandrum sativum L. >Cicuta virosa L.

Morphological and physiological dormancy in seeds of Aegopodium podagraria (Apiaceae) broken successively during cold stratification

AbstractA low-temperature requirement for dormancy break has been observed frequently in temperate-climate Apiaceae species, resulting in spring emergence of seedlings. A series of experiments was performed to identify dormancy-breaking requirements of Aegopodium podagraria, a nitrophilous perennial growing mainly in mildly shaded places. In natural conditions, the embryos in seeds of A. podagraria grow in early winter. Seedlings were first observed in early spring and seedling emergence peaked in March and April. Experiments using temperature-controlled incubators revealed that embryos in seeds of A. podagraria grow only at low temperatures (5°C), irrespective of a pretreatment at higher temperatures. Seeds did not germinate immediately after embryo growth was completed, instead an additional cold stratification period was required to break dormancy completely. Once dormancy was broken, seeds germinated at a range of temperatures. Addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) had a positive effect on embryo growth in seeds incubated at 10°C and at 23°C, but it did not promote germination. Since seeds of A. podagraria have a low-temperature requirement for embryo growth and require an additional chilling period after completion of embryo growth, they exhibit characteristics of deep complex morphophysiological dormancy.

Evidence from fruit structure supports in general the circumscription of Apiaceae subfamily Azorelloideae

The fruit anatomy of 51 species of Apiaceae, representing all 23 genera of the traditional tribe Mulineae (now recognized as Apiaceae subfamily Azorelloideae) and their putative relatives, was studied in detail. Most genera (Asteriscium, Azorella, Bolax, Bowlesia, Dichosciadium, Dickinsia, Diplaspis, Diposis, Domeykoa, Drusa, Eremocharis, Gymnophyton, Hermas, Homalocarpus, Huanaca, Laretia, Mulinum, Oschatzia, Pozoa, Schizeilema and Spananthe) have a combination of woody endocarps with the innermost layer of fibers arranged longitudinally and fruits that are either isodiametric or dorsally compressed (never laterally compressed), with lateral ribs or wings that are usually larger than all other ribs or wings. This combination of anatomical characters is unique to most of subfamily Azorelloideae. Choritaenia, and Klotzschia, however, lack prominent lateral ribs or wings, and also differ in other anatomical features, suggesting the exclusion of these taxa from the Azorelloideae. Carpological characters were found to be helpful in refining the circumscription of the subfamily.

Pseudoridolfia, nouveau genre d'Apiaceae découvert au Maroc

A morphological study of a new species of Apiaceae and a molecular systematic analysis based on ITS sequences has led to the description of the new genus Pseudoridolfia that is related to Foeniculum, Ridolfia and Anethum. The new species, P. fennanei, occurs in the Tetraclinis articulata formations of the semi—arid valleys located on the northern fringe of the Central Plateau of Morocco.

Apoptotic activities of ethanol extracts from some Apiaceae on human leukaemia cell lines

Apiaceae are a family of medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine. The apoptotic activities of seven ethanol extracts from fruits of seven species of Apiaceae, Eryngium planum, Archangelica officinalis, Pastinaca sativa, Heracleum sibiricum, Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Levisticum officinale against ML-1--human acute myeloblastic leukaemia, J-45.01--human acute T cell leukaemia, EOL--human eosinophilic leukaemia, HL-60--human Caucasian promyelocytic leukaemia, 1301--human T cell leukaemia lymphoblast, C-8166--human T cell leukaemia, U-266B1--human myeloma, WICL--human Caucasian normal B cell, and H-9--human T cell, were investigated.

Determination of coumarins and flavonoids in fruits of Apiaceae

Many species of Apiaceae were used in folk medicine, as spices in cookery, but also as official medicinal drugs [1, 2]. In this work, fruits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.), celery (Apium graveolens L.), aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.), were investigated on presence of coumarins and flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography was used as identification method. Coumarin determination was performed by TLC on silica gel GF254 with toluene:ether (1:1) as mobile phase and detection by fluorescence before and after spraying with ethanolic KOH (5%). Flavonoids were identified by TLC on cellulose-covered plates with n-buthanol: formic acid: glacial acetic acid: water (60:15:15:20) as mobile phase and detection by fluorescence before and after spraying with 1% W/V methanolic diphenylboryloxyethylamine. We detected scopoletine in samples of parsley and celery with corresponding Rf values 0.25, and umbelliferone in samples of aniseed and celery with Rf values 0.45, followed isobergapten in parsley with Rf 0.75 and isopimpinellin in celery and in dill with Rf 0.55. In samples of fennel, aniseed and dill we detected quercetin with Rf 0.70, and in samples of fennel and celery rutine with Rf 0.13. [3]