Aphrodisiac Properties Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, In Vitro Antioxidant, In Vivo Antidiabetic, and Pro-Sexual Effects of Salvia balansae Noë Ex Coss. Flower Extract in Diabetic Male Rats.

Our study assessed the phytochemical composition and the effects of Salvia balansae flower aqueous extract (FAE) on sexual dysfunction in diabetic rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, quantification of phytochemicals by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method, and in vitro antioxidant capacity of FAE extract were elucidated. For the in vivo study, diabetes was induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40mg/kg), and treated diabetic rats were given FAE at 200mg/kg. Rats were subjected to a sexual incentive motivation test (SIM) and a mating behavior test, and then serum testosterone levels and sperm quality were analyzed. Our study indicates that FAE contained a large amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, and 13 constituents were quantified; cynaroside (3.8mg analyte/g extract) was the main compound, followed by rosmarinic acid (3.145mg analyte/g extract), thus confirming its high antioxidant capacity. FAE treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved sexual motivation and copulatory behavior, increased testosterone levels, and enhanced sperm quality in diabetic-treated rats compared to diabetic untreated rats. The present work demonstrates the therapeutic potential of S. balansae flowers in enhancing reproductive function in diabetic rats, potentially through its antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and aphrodisiac properties.

Ex-vivo antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory properties and computational analysis unveil the molecular mechanism of cardiac and penile phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition by bacterial strain HOKA1 extract as an aphrodisiac's agent.

The study uses in-vitro antioxidant, ex-vivo enzyme kinetics and in-silico approach using standard protocols to understand their inhibitory mechanism better. The study revealed that bacterial strain HOKA1 isolated from Oniru beach, grown in nutrient agar supplemented with sodium chloride (30%NaCl). Moreso, the bacterial strain HOKA1 extract showed better antioxidant capability and greatly reduced the penile and cardiac cGMP with the highest penile and cardiac concentration between 0.013 and 0.183μM/Min as compared to the sildenafil citrate (0.00-0.203μM/Min). Moreover, the kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) effects revealed that bacterial strain HOKA1 extract inhibited PDE-5 activities better than sildenafil citrate. The GC-MS analysis revealed twenty-nine bioactive compounds in the extract, and these compounds could provide comprehensible supporting evidence for the antioxidant and inhibitory potential of the strain HOKA1 extract on PDE-5 activity. Molecular docking study revealed majority of the GC-MS-identified bioactive constituents from the HOKA1 extract showed high binding energy or lower bonding affinities (-6.8 to -3.3kcal/mol) compared to reference drug sildenafil citrate (-9.6kcal/mol), except campesterol (-10.0kcal/mol); also, ergostane (-9.9kcal/mol). The results of 100ns simulation (RMSF, RMSD, Rg and H-bond) show extraordinary stability of PDE-5 with campesterol and ergostane, so also complimentary binding energy of MM-PBSA (campesterol -65.92±4.09kcal/mol; ergostane -57.23±4.70kcal/mol) indicating their probability of acting promising PDE-5 inhibitors. Therefore, the study revealed that bacterial strain HOKA1 extract showed a better aphrodisiac property, and its bioactive compounds (campesterol and ergostane) should be considered in upcoming rational development and design of more active selective PDE-5 inhibitors, making a treatment for erectile dysfunction.

Multifaced Nature of Yohimbine-A Promising Therapeutic Potential or a Risk?

A natural compound derived from the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree-yohimbine, has a rich history of use in traditional medicine and is currently being explored for its potential therapeutic applications. This indole alkaloid primarily acts as an antagonist of α2-adrenergic receptors. Initially recognized for its purported aphrodisiac properties, yohimbine has been investigated for a wide range of applications, including sports or the treatment of erectile dysfunction and metabolic disorders. However, toxicological concerns exist, particularly at higher doses. Ongoing researches help to fully assess yohimbine's efficacy and safety profile and to explore strategies for enhancing its bioavailability and reducing toxicity. This review examines the multifaceted nature of yohimbine, delving into both its promising therapeutic potential and the associated risks.

Aphrodisiac Effects of Ethanolic Extract from White Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. var. officinarum) on Male Wistar Rats

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition marked by difficulty maintaining a penile erection, often linked to reduced nitric oxide (NO) production. This study investigates the aphrodisiac properties of ethanolic white ginger extract (Z. officinale Rosc. var. officinarum) in male Wistar rats. Sixteen male and sixteen female rats were divided into four groups: two groups received 25% and 50% ginger extract, one served as a negative control, and the other as a positive control using sildenafil. Ginger rhizomes were dried, powdered, and extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Behavioral parameters, including introduction (approach to females), climbing, and coitus, were observed to evaluate sexual activity. The group treated with 50% ginger extract showed the highest frequency of introduction and climbing, while the sildenafil group exhibited the highest coitus frequency. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences in sexual behavior across the groups. The study suggests that white ginger extract, especially at higher concentrations, may have aphrodisiac effects by enhancing sexual behavior in male rats. This could be due to its bioactive compounds affecting hormone levels or the nervous system. The findings propose white ginger as a potential natural treatment for ED, with further research required to explore its implications in humans.

Metabolome classification of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia jack) and its commercial products via UHPLC-QTOF-MS-MS and its protective effect against 5-flurouracil-Induced testicular toxicity in male rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is a chief herbal medicine that is well recognized for its aphrodisiac properties, available in various commercial products worldwide. Aim of the studyThe aim of this work is to identify the different classes of secondary metabolites present in Tongkat Ali commercial products versus authenticated root, and to assess its root extract mitigative effect against 5-flurouracil (5FU)-induced testicular toxicity. Materials and methodsHigh-resolution UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolites analysis was utilized on the ethanolic Tongkat Ali extract (TAE) parallel to three Mlayasian commercial products, followed by a multivariate data analysis to understand the variability among UHPLC-MS metabolites datasets. Adult male rats were treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) ± Tongkat Ali extract. Semen parameters, serum testosterone, LH, and FSH, and testicular oxidative stress biomarkers like malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. ResultsThe main categories of secondary metabolites identified through UHPLC-MS/MS profiling were quassinoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, lignans and coumarins. Long Jack Plus® ELP-2 clustered alongside authentic roots ELR on the negative side, while Naturelle® ELP-1 and Nu-Prep-LEAKI® ELP-3 were positioned on the opposite side. The OPLS-DA model was used to identify markers for preparations from authentic roots, with commercial products enriching in ailanthone epoxide. In vivo results showed that 5FU reduced sperm parameters by 42%, while TAE improved sperm quality by 35–43% and 58–74% at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. Testosterone, reduced by 74% with 5FU, increased 2.3- to 3.2-fold with TAE. TAE also reduced MDA by 31–62%, NF-κB by 32–55% and increased Nrf2 by 1–2 folds. ConclusionThe manuscript presents a comparative metabolomics study and in vivo investigation into the potential of Tongkat Ali root to improve testicular function in male rats intoxicated with 5FU, an area not previously explored. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms.

A systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, and curative aptitude of echinacoside-a phenylethanoid glycoside.

Echinacoside (ECH), a naturally occurring water-soluble phenylethanoid glycoside, is one of the primary bioactive compounds present in several plant species, such as Echinacea, Cistanche, Plantago, Rosa, Buddleja, and Rehmannia. Research has revealed that these plants, rich in ECH, have diverse traditional uses and pharmacological activities, like anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, anti-allergic, anti-ageing, anti-skin glycation, analgesic, wound healing, and aphrodisiac properties. Among other activities, ophthalmic, haematopoiesis, pulmonary, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, and anti-viral effects of ECH have been reported. Chemically, the compound comprises caffeic acid glycoside containing a trisaccharide that includes two glucose and one rhamnose unit. These units are linked through glycosidic bonds to a caffeic acid and a dihydroxyphenylethanol (hydroxytyrosol) residue, which are connected to the central rhamnose. The biosynthesis of ECH has been reported to start with forming L-phenylalanine and tyrosine precursors via the shikimic acid pathway. The structure-activity relationship of ECH has shown that various functional groups in the structure, particularly phenolic hydroxyl groups, are crucial for antioxidant activities. Similarly, in silico studies have revealed that ECH binds to different receptors, like Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), etc., to affect various pharmacological activities. The ECH contents in the reported plants often own these multifaceted properties, highlighting their importance in clinical research. Evident from its therapeutic efficacy, there is a huge potential for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of actions of ECH, which underscores the need for more research in this area. Thus, this review is a compendium of the latest literature to analyse the existing knowledge on ECH, encompassing its distribution, traditional uses, extraction, chemical constituents, biosynthesis, pharmacological activities, structure-activity relationship, and in silico studies, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Carb‐Loaded Passion: A Comprehensive Exploration of Carbohydrates in Shaping Aphrodisiac Effects

AbstractThe present overview discusses the putative aphrodisiac properties of carbohydrates. It comprehensively investigates the intricate interplay between the physiological systems that govern sexual arousal and the consumption of carbohydrates in the diet. One method to achieve this is by examining the historical origins of aphrodisiacs in various civilizations. It highlights the significance of carbohydrates as essential macronutrients and explores their function in crucial biochemical processes associated with libido and sexual response. In order to understand the impact of dietary carbs on sexual health, the study examines the correlation among sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, and blood glucose levels. To understand how particular diets high in carbohydrates can improve sexual arousal, performance and desire the analysis looks at scientific research informing that some diets have aphrodisiac properties. The present research examines the influence of carbohydrates on mood, stress levels, and overall well‐being to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological underpinnings of sexual function. The points elucidated in this analysis enhance the understanding of the complex interrelationships between dietary components, specifically carbs, and sexual health. Results have implications for lifestyle modifications aimed at improving sexual well‐being. The information contained here will also be beneficial to individuals and healthcare professionals who are looking for evidence‐based approaches to improve their sexual well‐being.

An in-depth exploration of ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological potentials: unveiling Withania somnifera

Researchers have extensively studied Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a woody shrub renowned for its multifaceted medicinal attributes such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, and tonifying properties, because of its medicinal and traditional values. However, comprehensive information about its medicinal uses and pharmacological implications is scattered across various sources. Thus, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological attributes, consolidating information from diverse data sources. Systematic investigations have revealed the presence of diverse phytochemicals in W. somnifera, including major alkaloids, withanolides, flavonoids, tannins, oils, phytosterols, and amino acids. Extracts, fractions, and bioactive compounds derived from W. somnifera exhibited potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-analgesic, anti-cancer, antivenom, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities. W. somnifera serves as a valuable source of phytochemicals with diverse biological activities, offering significant therapeutic benefits globally. However, further studies are needed to assess potential side effects. Additionally, while several isolated compounds have demonstrated notable bioactivities, future research should focus on elucidating their mechanistic features to facilitate their integration into drug discovery endeavors.

Aphrodisiac Potential of the Ficus religiosa Bark Extract in Male Wistar Rats

Medicinal properties of Ficus religiosa bark. are well documented. Its reproductive system related activities are mentioned in Ayurveda system of medicine. However, studies evaluating its Aphrodisiac properties and the underlying mechanisms are lacking. We investigate Aphrodisiac activity of Ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa bark by using animal models such as physical methods mount and intromission frequencies and latencies, orientation behaviour tests, histological studies, sperm count, total cholesterol level and total serum testosterone level, were also estimated. The phytoconstituents were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The male albino rats were orally administered with the test extract and standard drug sildenafil citrate for 21 days. Aphrodisiac activity was assessed using physical methods mount and intromission frequencies and latencies, orientation behaviour tests on 1, 7, 14 and 21. On the 22th day, The effect of the extract on body weight, reproductive and increase in perm count, total cholesterol and testosterone level were determined. significantly increased the MI, IF and with reduction in Mounting Latency, Intromission. Thus, our study concludes that the ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa bark shows Aphrodisiac activity.

Exploration of Indonesian Herbal Plants as Aphrodisiac agents and Testing their Activity in Animal Testing

Indonesia's abundant natural resources have spurred interest in exploring certain plants believed to possess aphrodisiac properties that can enhance male libido and reproductive health. This research endeavor is designed to delve into the extraction of compounds from various plant species, followed by a comprehensive analysis of their chemical constituents. Subsequently, aphrodisiac activity assessments are conducted on male rats, focusing on key parameters such as mating frequency, climbing behavior, and coital activities. Additionally, this investigation encompasses the determination of the percentage of relative testicular weight in relation to body weight and histopathological examination of testicular organs. The findings emanating from the extracts of Piper retrofractum (PRE), Solanum melongena fruit (EE), Ocimum basilicum leaves (OBLE), Watermelon albedo (WAE), and Zingiber officinale Var Rubrum rhizoma (ZRE) reveal the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Notably, EE, administered at a dosage of 30mg, yields the most prominent aphrodisiac effects in the test subjects, as evidenced by heightened mating frequency, climbing activity, and coital behaviors. Furthermore, the relative testicular weight following treatment with 30mg of PRE closely resembles the impact observed with sildenafil at a dosage of 10 mg/kgbw.

Stimulatory effect of eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots on dopamine secretion in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line

Eurycomanone has been identified as the major bioactive compound contributing to Eurycoma longifolia (EL) aphrodisiac activity, however, its mechanism of action remains obscured. Presently, eurycomanone was isolated from EL root extract and its molecular structure was identified. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was differentiated into human dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Exogenous dopamine levels from the differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were quantified following the treatment of 5, 10, 15 μM of eurycomanone and 10 μM clorgyline as positive control. Dopamine secretion was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, compared to the vehicle control (p < .01) in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Dopamine concentration stimulated by 15 μM eurycomanone was significantly higher than clorgyline (p < .05), an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A that suppresses dopamine catabolism. In conclusion, eurycomanone stimulated dopamine release of human SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells, which could be one of the mechanisms that underpin the aphrodisiac properties of the plant.

&lt;i&gt;Shilajeet&lt;/i&gt;: Classical &lt;i&gt;Ayurveda&lt;/i&gt; Texts to Current Research - A Review

Shilajeet is popular worldwide for its medicinal, anti-aging, aphrodisiac, and many other properties. However, it has a wide and long history of use, and its availability, identification, and characterization are some of the most difficult conundrums, even for the related traditional medicine experts on scientific parameters. Information about it is scattered in various classical texts and research publications. This review gives a detailed description from various sources about the natural origin of Shilajeet, its availability, collection, classification, identification, purity, and analysis criteria, classical organoleptic characteristics and classical qualitative tests, physicochemical characteristics, organic composition, and elemental composition. Further, the properties of Shilajeet, research scopes, and the need and purpose of working on this drug from Indian medicine have been discussed.

Five Underutilized Ecuadorian Fruits and Their Bioactive Potential as Functional Foods and in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review.

The Ecuadorian Amazon harbors numerous wild and cultivated species used as food, many of which are underutilized. This review explores the bioactive potential of five such fruits-Borojó (Alibertia patinoi); Chonta (Bactris gasipaes); Arazá (Eugenia stipitata); Amazon grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia), a wild edible plant; and Cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum)-and their applications against metabolic syndrome. This study highlights their health-promoting ingredients and validates traditional medicinal properties, emphasizing their significance in improving health and mitigating the effects of the Western diet. These fruits, integral to Ecuadorian cuisine, are consumed fresh and processed. Chonta is widely cultivated but less prominent than in pre-Hispanic times, Borojó is known for its aphrodisiac properties, Cocona is traditional in northern provinces, Arazá is economically significant in food products, and Amazon grape is the least utilized and researched. The fruits are rich in phenolics (A. patinoi, E. stipitata) and carotenoids (B. gasipaes, E. stipitata), which are beneficial in controlling metabolic syndrome. This study advocates for more research and product development, especially for lesser-known species with high phenolic and anthocyanin content. This research underscores the economic, cultural, and nutritional value of these fruits, promoting their integration into modern diets and contributing to sustainable agriculture, cultural preservation, and public health through functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Testing the aphrodisiac effects of Sterculia quadrifida (faloak) bark powder on male white rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: Sterculia quadrifida R.Br has been widely known and, empirically, has been widely used as an herbal ingredient to overcome sexual disorders in men. Objective: This study aims to assess the quality, stability, and aphrodisiac properties of faloak bark solution preparations (from plants R.Br Sterculia quadrifida) found on Timor Island, specifically on male white rats of the Wistar strain. Method: This research is a type of experimental research. The activity test used two variations of the formula (50%, 100%) extract, positive and negative control tests. Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA (p &lt; 0.05). Result: The test results of extract quality and stability, including moisture content, resting angle, flow speed, dissolving time, organoleptic test, pH, specific gravity, clarity, and homogeneity, met the requirements. The analysis results found significant differences in each test group (p &lt; 0.05), and there were substantial differences between the negative control group and the positive control group, formula one and formula two. Conclusion: The preparation of the solution of Sterculia quadrifida R. met the established quality and stability. The results of the aphrodisiac test of the effect of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br on the parameters of introduction and climbing activity showed significant activity compared to the negative control group.

Enhancement of production of glycoalkaloids by elicitors along with characterization of gene expression of pathways in Solanum xanthocarpum

Solanum xanthocarpum fruits are used in the treatment of cough, fever, and heart disorders. It possesses antipyretic, hypotensive, antiasthmatic, aphrodisiac and antianaphylactic properties. In the present study, 24 elicitors (both biotic and abiotic) were used to enhance the production of glycoalkaloids in cell cultures of S. xanthocarpum. Four concentrations of elicitors were added into the MS culture medium. The maximum accumulation (5.56-fold higher than control) of demissidine was induced by sodium nitroprusside at 50 mM concentration whereas the highest growth of cell biomass (4.51-fold higher than control) stimulated by systemin at 30 mM concentration. A total of 17 genes of biosynthetic pathways of glycoalkaloids were characterized from the cells of S. xanthocarpum. The greater accumulation of demissidine was confirmed with the expression analysis of 11 key biosynthetic pathway enzymes e.g., acetoacetic-CoA thiolase, 3- hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl synthase, β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase, squalene-2,3- epoxide cyclase, cycloartenol synthase, UDP-glucose: solanidine glucosyltransferase and UDP-rhamnose: solanidine rhamno-galactosyl transferase. The maximum expression levels of UDP-rhamnose: solanidine rhamno-galactosyl transferase gene was recorded in this study.

Aphrodisiac properties of Craterispemum schweinfurthi Leaf Extract in Lead Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Aphrodisiac properties of Craterispemum schweinfurthi Leaf Extract in Lead Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Clitoria Guianensis (Aubl.) Benth Var. Guianensis: A Comprehensive Review of its AntiInflammatory and Wound Healing Properties

Introduction: This article proposes a comprehensive systematic review to analyze the potential of Clitoria guianensis as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent. The emphasis on diversifying research methods aims to deepen understanding of its medicinal properties, especially in the context of anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The plant, belonging to the genus Clitoria and native to Brazil, is recognized for its aphrodisiac properties and is used as a sexual stimulant, tonic, and energizer. Studies highlight the presence of bioactive compounds, such as isoflavones, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Methodology:The study was based on the Systematic Literature Review Protocol (SLRP), establishing a framework for comprehensively reviewing scientific literature. The objective was to identify the medicinal properties of C. guianensis in Brazil, focusing on its potential anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Results: The results of this scientific review aim to substantiate the consideration of C. guianensis as a potentially beneficial plant in tissue regeneration processes.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seed: A Review

Fenugreek, scientifically known as Trigonella foenum-graecum, is a versatile annual leguminous plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is cultivated worldwide and serves numerous purposes as a spice, herb, food, and medicine. Fenugreek is resilient and can thrive in various environments, including those with drought conditions. The plant is abundant in active constituents such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Additionally, it is an excellent source of dietary fiber, protein, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and vitamins A, B1, B2, and C. Fenugreek has a rich history in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda, Unani, and Tibetan medicine. Studies have shown that it possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, carminative, aphrodisiac, and emollient properties. Moreover, its seed polysaccharide content has made it useful in the food industry as a stabilizer, adhesive, and emulsifying agent. This article provides an overview of the history, cultivation, nutritional components, nutraceutical role, safety, and toxicological properties of fenugreek. Its main aim is to summarize the benefits of this "golden seed" and its associated aspects.

Extraction, Isolation and Neuropharmacological Potential of Peristrophe bicalyculata (R.) Nees

Because of their widespread availability, low cost, low risk, and lack of side effects, medicinal herbs play a crucial role in traditional medicine all throughout the world. For medicinal purposes, Peristrophe bicalyculata (R.) is being used today. Nees as a nerve system tonic. Plant roots have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, and aphrodisiac properties. This plant root may provide health advantages, making it suitable for nutraceutical and functional food compositions. This research examined P. bicalyculata (R.) neuropharmacological effects on memory enhancement to treat cognition-related illnesses and learning and memory disorders. In phytochemical investigation, P. bicalyculata (R.) Nees ethanolic extract has higher phytoconstituents. Spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate bioassay detection showed that P. bicalyculata (R.) Nees ethanolic extract inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. TLC and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) were performed on P. bicalyculata (R.) Nees ethanolic extract. TLC and HPTLC spots are well resolved, indicating active ingredients in the extract. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic content of P. bicalyculata (R.) Nees ethanolic extract was measured. Ex-vivo tests like lipid peroxidation testing reveal the extract is antioxidant. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of P. bicalyculata (R.) Nees has memory-enhancing, antidepressant, and neuroprotective properties due to its anticholinesterase potential, effect on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, and antioxidant profile. More research is needed on its safety, effectiveness, and mechanism of action for therapeutic use.

Therapeutic potential of Nankhawah/Ajwain (Tracyspermum ammi Linn): A comprehensive review article

Background: Trachyspermum ammi Linn., commonly known as ajwain, is a widely recognized spice and medicinal plant originating from Egypt but cultivated across regions such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Belonging to the Apiaceae family, this species offers diverse pharmacological benefits due to its rich chemical constituents.&#x0D; Objectives: This review aims to summarize the traditional and contemporary applications of Trachyspermum ammi, focusing on its ethnobotanical description, chemical composition, and pharmacological aspects.&#x0D; Methodology: The literature search encompassed scientific databases and publications covering the historical usage, chemical profiling, and biological activities of Trachyspermum ammi.&#x0D; Results: Trachyspermum ammi exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, and anthelmintic properties. Traditionally, it has been employed to treat conditions such as flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal tumors, abdominal pain, piles, bronchial issues, lack of appetite, galactogogue, asthma, and amenorrhea as it possesses properties of Muhallil, Mudirr-i-Bawl-o-Hayd, Dafa e Tafun, Jali, Habis etc. Modern research supports these claims while also revealing its potential in treating kidney stones, abortion, and aflatoxin detoxification.&#x0D; Conclusion: Trachyspermum ammi holds great promise as a natural resource for novel therapies, owing to its extensive array of bioactive components and established pharmacological effects. Further investigation into its mechanisms of action and optimization of extraction techniques could lead to more efficient utilization of this valuable medicinal plant.&#x0D; Keywords: Ajwain, Nankhawah, Trachyspermum Ammi Linn, Mudirr-i-Bawl-o-Hayd, Hazim, Thymol, Appetizer.