Aphid Research Articles

Insecticidal effects of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil against Spodoptera littoralis and Aphis gossypii insect pests

The detrimental effects of agricultural pesticides on human and environmental health necessitate the development of alternatives to conventional pesticides. In the laboratory, the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and aphid (Aphis gossypii) insects were used to evaluate the insecticidal activity of bio-oil derived from olive cake. The application of bio-oil by leaf dipping against S. littoralis demonstrated no mortality at a concentration of 1 % bio-oil. In contrast, the bio-oil showed better results against A. gossypii by slide dip method with LC50 = 1310.40 mg/l and LC90 = 3117.40 mg/l. The combined activity of bio-oil and the biopesticide Beauveria bassiana (bio-oil/B.b) was comparable, with LC50 = 1386.94 mg/L and LC90 = 3142.05 mg/L. The field application (two sprays) of bio-oil, bio-oil/B.b, and a commercial insecticide (alpha super) on aphids revealed a reduction of 52 %, 74.33 %, and 74.67 % in the first spray and 59.67 %, 63.33 %, and73.67 % in the second spray for, bio-oil, bio-oil/B.b, and super alpha respectively. The bio-oil and bio-oil/B.b had significantly less effect on the population densities of two predators (predator mite Amblyseius swirskii and aphid lion Chrysoperla carnea) than the insecticide used. Analyses of bio-oil by gaschromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified 30 compounds possibly have pesticidal activity. The most abundant compounds are 9 octadecenoicacid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 6 octadecenoic acid, methyl ester and Phenol, 2methoxy. The pyrolysis byproduct (bio-oil) of olive cake biomass contains bioactive compounds that can be used as biopesticide.

Biochemical markers of oxidative stress in triticale seedlings exposed to cereal aphids

Biochemical markers of oxidative stress in triticale seedlings exposed to cereal aphids

Inter-gall dispersal in a socially parasitic aphid

Inter-gall dispersal in a socially parasitic aphid

Resistance Evaluation of G, CG, or M Series Apple Rootstocks to Soil-borne Diseases (Phytophthora Root Rot, White Root Rot, and Southern Blight) and Woolly Apple Aphid

Resistance Evaluation of G, CG, or M Series Apple Rootstocks to Soil-borne Diseases (Phytophthora Root Rot, White Root Rot, and Southern Blight) and Woolly Apple Aphid

SYNTHESIS AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON DISTYRYL-SUBSTITUTED HETEROCYCLIC INSECTICIDES

The toxicity of four pyridine-containing neonicotinoid analogues as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, has been evaluated. The four pyridine compounds are 2-((2-oxopropyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile ( 2 ), 2-acetyl-3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b ]pyridine ( 3 ), ethyl 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)acetate ( 4 ), and ethyl 3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b ]pyridine-2-carboxylate ( 5 ). By screening the insecticidal activity for compounds ( 2-5 ) against the cowpea aphid nymphs after 24 h of treatment, the LC 50 values were 0.133, 0.687, 0.171, and 0.771 ppm, respectively, and after 48 h of treatment, the LC 50 values were 0.016, 0.111, 0.029, and 0.058 ppm, respectively. Also, by screening the insecticidal activity for compounds ( 2-5 ) against the cowpea aphid adults after 24 h of treatment, the LC 50 values were 1.655, 5.611, 0.421, and 7.957 ppm, respectively, and after 48 h of treatment, the LC 50 values were 0.116, 0.431, 0.062, and 0.539 ppm, respectively. These results proved that the presence of different functional groups in the structure of the aforementioned compounds furnished a range of biological activities as promising insecticides. The insecticidal activity results against cowpea aphid for these compounds showed a good biological activity using acetamiprid insecticide as a reference.

Synthesis and characterization of some distyryl-derivatives for agricultural uses

Three distyryl-containing compounds, namely, 2-((cyanomethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile ( 2 ), 3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b ]pyridine-2-carbonitrile ( 3 ) and 2-((2-cyanoethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile ( 4 ) have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The three compounds contain the pyridine moiety and are considered neonicotinoids analogues. Because neonicotinoids were considered the most effective pesticides, the biological activity of the distyryl-containing compounds as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was evaluated. The agricultural bioactivity results of these compounds showed that the insecticidal activity varied from good to moderate against cowpea aphid insects.

Effect of some natural products on productivity and some pests of cabbage

The study were conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2018 and 2019 in a private farm at Marsa Matrouh Governorate which located in on Egypt northwest Mediterranean coast (latitude 31o 21’ N, longitude 27o 14’ E) to evaluate the effects of Kaolin (Aluminum phyllosilicate [Al2Si2O5 (OH)4]), Bentonite (Calcium aluminosilicate [Al2O3SiO2H2O]), Atabouglite (Magnesium aluminosilicate [Al2Mg3O18Si6]) products as well as chloropyrophose pesticide as foliar spraying and potassium fertilizers as soil additives on cabbage growth, yield, quality and pests control. Although foliar spray treatments did not have any significant effect on growth characters, chemical insecticide treatment produced the highest average head weight and highest yield compared with other foliar spray treatments. High rate of potassium supply as 75 kg gave the best value of growth and yield as well as quality characters followed by 50 kg then 25 kg compared with control treatment which produced the lowest values. Cabbage plants treated as foliar spraying with atabouglite, kaoline formulations exhibited high decrease of aphid population compared with bentonite application which gave the least potential towards adult of aphid insects. Also, atabouglite had a superior effect on average cumulative cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) infestations of leaves and larvae followed by Kaolin. Bentonite had the lowest effect. While, chloropyrophos (chemical treatment) reduced the infestations in highly effect compared with all treatments.

Distribuição espacial de Aphis craccivora Koch 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Determinar o tipo de distribuição espacial de uma praga agrícola é uma das principais ferramentas para estabelecer uma metodologia de amostragem, portanto o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a distribuição espacial de Aphis craccivora em feijão-caupi. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no período de cultivo de feijão-caupi “da seca” na fazenda experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), em Aquidauana-MS. A área experimental 300 m2, foi formada por 40 parcelas de quatro linhas com 5 metros de comprimento, espaçadas a 0,50 metros entre si, considerando-se como área útil as duas linhas centrais. As amostragens foram realizadas semanalmente a partir do aparecimento do primeiro pulgão. Foi determinada a variância media e os índices de agregassão. A distribuição de Poisson, distribuição binomial negativa e distribuição binomial positiva foram utilizadas para descrever a distribuição teórica de frequência para as amostras da população: As variâncias das amostragens foram sempre superior à média, o que indica ajuste à distribuição binomial negativa, com a disposição do inseto tendendo à agregação, o que normalmente ocorre no campo para os índices de Razão Variância-Média (I), Índice de Morisita (Iδ) e Expoente k da Distribuição Binomial Negativa (k), foi obtido para a distribuição da comunidade de pulgões pretos no feijão caupi, a distribuição no formato agregado. Para os testes de distribuição de freqüência o que mais se enquadra para as amostragens foi o da distribuição Binomial Negativa, indicando população de pulgão preto se comporta de forma agregada na cultura do feijão caupi.

Evaluation of yellow sticky trap and imidacloprid 17.8% SL against mustard aphid on farmers field

Performance of yellow sticky trap and imidacloprid 17.8% SL was assessed on farmers field through front line demonstrations. The per cent increase in the yield under demonstration technology was 18.52 % and 26.99 % over the farmers practices during both the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Under the demonstrated technology, farmers were got maximum net return of Rs. 45680/ha and Rs. 62806/ha in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively followed by Rs. 24600/ha and 30662/ha net return under farmers practice. The cost benefit ratio was also higher (1:2.34 and 1:3.17) under demonstration technology as compared to farmers practices (1:2.19 and 1:2.72) in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.

Field Evaluation of New Insecticides Against Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. on Cabbage in South Tigray, Ethiopia

Cabbage aphid is attacks plants in the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), which includes such important crops such as oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., mustard, Sinapis (Brassica) alba (L.) and nigra (L.) and cabbage vegetables. Field experiments were conducted at Alamata Agricultural Research Center (AARC) during 2019 cropping season to evaluate and verification of insecticide on Cabbage aphid insects, and the corresponding yield of cabbage. The treatments (three insecticide treatments, including unsprayed plots as a control) were laid out in factorial arrangement in RCBD with three replications. The efficacy of Candidate and standard check were recorded 68.12% and 65.21%, respectively. Insecticide treatments significantly reduced the infestation of the insects. The lowest insect population and incidence values of 81.27% and 66.05% and 8.33% and 3.33% were recorded, when treated with lmida-win and Con-Fidence respectively. Candidate (lmida-win) and standard check (Con-Fidence) reduced cabbage aphid population by 94.6% and 91.2%, as compared to unsprayed plot. In conclusion, the results of the present studies revealed that lmida-win foliar spray was effective in reducing cabbage aphid infestation and increased yield. However, more extensive studies are recommended for developing better management of cabbage aphid through integration of insecticide spray schedules and cultivars to enhance sustainable cabbage production in Ethiopia.

Lady Beetle Oviposition Site Choices: Maternal Effects on Offspring Performance

Maternal effects can result in adaptive phenotypic responses of offspring that increase their fitness. Several recent studies report a positive relationship between maternal choices and offspring fitness. However, few studies have assessed the associations between aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection, the adequacy of food resources for their offspring, and offspring performance. To clarify these issues, we explored whether aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection can influence offspring performance, thereby reflecting adaptive maternal behavior. To assess the effect of food resources on offspring performance, we fed the larvae of 3 lady beetle species: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), and Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (all Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with different types of aphids (Uroleucon and Brevicoryne) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae) then measured development time, survival, adult body mass, brightness, and chromatic coloration of the adult beetles. We found that Ha. axyridis larvae fed Brevicoryne exhibited a higher survival rate than those fed Uroleucon. Also more adults emerged from C. sanguinea larvae fed Uroleucon aphids, and these adults were heavier, shinier, with more chroma, and developed faster than those fed on Brevicoryne. Overall, lady beetles performed better when fed aphids commonly found near their respective oviposition sites. We conclude that aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection reflects adaptive maternal choices associated with an adequate food resource positively affecting offspring fitness. Elucidating the links between lady beetle oviposition site choice and optimal resource for their offspring enhances our understanding of habitat use and co-existence of aphidophagous lady beetle communities in Brazilian agroecosystems. Resumo Os efeitos maternos podem resultar em respostas fenotipicas adaptativas da prole que aumentam sua aptidao. Varios estudos recentes relatam uma relacao positiva entre escolhas maternas e aptidao dos filhos. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram as associacoes entre a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos, a adequacao dos recursos alimentares para a prole e o desempenho da prole. Para esclarecer essas questoes, avaliamos se a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos pode influenciar o desempenho da prole, refletindo assim o comportamento materno adaptativo. Para avaliar o efeito dos recursos alimentares no desempenho da prole, alimentamos as larvas de tres especies de besouros: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), e Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (todos Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), com diferentes tipos de pulgoes (Uroleucon e Brevicoryne) (ambos Hemiptera: Aphididae), medimos o tempo de desenvolvimento, a sobrevivencia, a massa corporal adulta, o brilho e a coloracao cromatica dos besouros adultos. Foi observado que larvas de Ha. axyridis alimentadas com Brevicoryne exibiram uma taxa de sobrevivencia mais alta do que aquelas alimentadas com Uroleucon. Tambem emergiram mais adultos de larvas de C. sanguinea quando alimentadas com pulgoes Uroleucone e esses adultos eram mais pesados, mais brilhantes, com mais croma e se desenvolveram mais rapidamente do que aqueles alimentados com Brevicoryne. No geral, as joaninhas tiveram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com pulgoes comumente encontrados perto de suas respectivas posturas. Concluimos que a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos reflete escolhas maternas adaptativas associadas a um recurso alimentar adequado que afeta positivamente a aptidao da prole. A elucidacao dos vinculos entre a escolha do local de oviposicao do besouro e o recurso ideal para seus filhotes aprimora nossa compreensao do uso do habitat e a coexistencia de comunidades de besouros afidofagos nos agroecossistemas brasileiros. Key Words: Cycloneda sanguinea; Harmonia axyridis; Hippodamia convergens; Uroleucon; Brevicoryne; adaptative maternal behavior View this article in BioOne

Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Morphogenesis and Production Process of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Morphogenesis and Production Process of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Population Fluctuation of Some Piercing-Sucking Pests and Their Associated Predator on Broad Bean Plants in Ismailia Governorate and Yield Loss for Aphid infestation

Faba bean is an important position between leguminous food crops in Egypt. A piercing-sucking pest associated with broad bean plants causes serious damage, directly by sucking plant juices or indirectly as the aphid insects are vectors to plant diseases. A field experiment was conducted at Wadi Elmalak, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt in winter growing seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. To evaluate the population fluctuation of some piercing-sucking pests and the common natural enemies and relation to weather factors on broad bean plants. Results indicated that the important piercing-sucking pests, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) were the most dominant, followed by Aphis craccivora Koch, while green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Thrips tabaci Lind. and Jassid, Empoasca discipiens Poali were found in low densities throughout the two seasons. The eleven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata L., green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. are the most important predators which associated with the sucking insect pests on faba bean. The population fluctuation of piercing-sucking pests and associated predators were higher in the first season than in the second season. The pea aphid, A. pisum started with attacks broad bean in the second week of November and reached it has two peaks early January and in mid-May in the two successive years. The relationship between both of the population of piercing-sucking pests and associated predators and weather factors were studied. The loss in seed yield in the two successive seasons was evaluated all together being (330.0 kg. /fed). The avoidable losses in seeds yield were (19.18% per fed.) during two seasons

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Managing Aphids in Cotton, 2019

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Managing Aphids in Cotton, 2019

English

English

A Word from OLAW and APHIS.

A Word from OLAW and APHIS.

Are bioinsecticides able to effectively substitute chemicals in the control of insect pests of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in Cote d'Ivoire?

Objective: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Malavaceae) production faces pest and disease attacks that leads to use of chemical pesticides. This study was performed to compare effectiveness of the bioinsecticide Levo 2.4 SL (Oxymatrin 2% and Prosular 0.4%) to the chemical pesticides Abalone 18 EC (Abamectin 18g/l) and Viper 46 EC (Acetamiprid 16g/l and Indoxacarb 30g/l) against okra insect pests in Cote d'Ivoire. Methodology and Results: So a field experiment was carried out at Bonoua (05°16'17N; 03°35'40 W) in the South East of Cote d’Ivoire, in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and four treatments; Levo 2.4 SL, Abalone 18 EC, Viper 46 EC and the Control. Insect communities, damages and yield profit rate were assessed and analyzed with Statistica 7.1 at 5%. The inventory of insect allowed the identification of 28 species distributed into 19 families and 10 orders. The main pest insects observed were Hemiptera; Aphis gossypii (41.59%), Bemisia tabaci (39.11%), Jacobiasca sp (1.26%) and Dysdercus wolkerii (1.44%), Coleoptera; Podagrica decolorata (9.03%) and caterpillars of Lepidoptera; Syllepte derogate (1.36%). Then control plots presented no healthy plants (0%), while the bioinsecticide (Levo 2.4 SL), and the chemical insecticides; Abalone 18 EC and Viper 46 EC presented respectively 60%, 77.5% and 90% of healthy plants (index 0). Overall, the effectiveness of the bioinsecticide to control insect pests appeared similar to those of the chemical pesticides. However, Levo 2.4 SL seems to be less effective against Aphis gossypii and Dysdercus wolkerii populations. Highest fruit yield of okra was recorded in treated plot with Viper 46 EC (12.55±0.98 t/ha), followed by Abalone 18 EC (12.2±0.8 t/ha) and Levo 2.4 SL (11.15±1.09 t/ha). Whereas, the lowest yield obtained from control plots was 6.84±0.15 t/ha. The yield profit rates were 62.82; 78.18 and 83.28% respectively for Levo 2.4 SL, Abalone 18 EC and Viper 46 EC when compared to the control. The control of insect pests by the bioinsecticide and the chemical insecticides increased significantly the okra yield. Conclusion and application of Results: Therefore, the bioinsecticide can be eco-friendly alternative to control insect pest of okra in Cote d’Ivoire. Then, the bioinsecticide Levo 2.4 SL can be proposed to limit damages caused by chemicals on the environment and human health.Keywords: Bioinsecticide, Levo 2.4 SL, Abelmoschus esculentus, insect pests, Cote d’Ivoire.

Contribution to Aphid’s Fauna of Gujranwala (Punjab), Pakistan

Contribution to Aphid’s Fauna of Gujranwala (Punjab), Pakistan

Tomato-Aphid Interactions in Plants Grown on Soil with Biochar

Plants are affected by various types of stress. The resistance or the susceptibility of plants to stress depends on the mutual characteristics of the plant and the stress. The plant can counteract the stress through the expression of specific genes, through changes in metabolism or through quantitative and qualitative variations of gene expression. Biotic stress is due to the action of viruses, bacteria and small insects and it is the cause of most of the reduction in crop yield. Biochar is a fine-grained vegetable carbon that is obtained from the pyrolysis of different types of plant biomass, and, if added to the soil, it can improve soil characteristics and at the same time it can reduce carbon emissions. Biochar also appears to have an unclear role in the activation of systemic resistance responses to pathogens. Biochar has a carbon content of about 90%; its high porosity increases the retention of water and nutrients by reducing the need for water and fertilizers and increasing agricultural yield. Aphids are one of the major sources of biotic stress for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a crop of significant agro-food and socio-economic importance, especially in the Mediterranean area and in southern Italy. In this study, we first evaluated, through a proteomic analysis, the differential protein expression of tomato leaves infected by aphid and grown on control soils and on biochar-modified soil. The results of the proteomic analysis showed a differential expression mainly in the proteins involved in stress and defense, so we decided to deepen this aspect through a molecular analysis. A Real-time PCR of some fundamental genes involved in the Jasmonic acid pathway was made because, although it is clear that aphid infection activates the salicylic acid pathway, we have less data in literature about the resulting tissue damage involves Jasmonic Acid (JA). The regulation of jasmonic acid after phytophagous insects attack is particularly important for the plant’s ability to initiate promptly to the defense responses.

BIOCHEMICAL IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT SORGHUM AND MAIZE CULTIVARS ON THE CORN APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

Aphids cause serious damage to cereal crops worldwide leading to great economic loss. In this work, we addressed the correlation between the infestation rate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the changes in some biochemical parameters after feeding on three cultivars of both sorghum (local, dorado, and sphinx) and maize (local, unique 6 and triple 310) plants cultivated at Assiut University farm in Egypt. Local variety of sorghum showed lower infestation rate by R. maidis than dorado and sphinx varieties, as well as it led to significant enhancement of total antioxidant, carbohydrates, and lipids, and activity of amylase and lipase. On the other hand, local strain of maize showed higher infestation rate by R. maidis than unique 6 and triple 310 varieties. The higher infestation rate to local variety of maize was associated with significant increase in total antioxidants, carbohydrate, and lipid content, and activity of amylase and lipase. This research suggests that there was no correlation between the infestation rate of R. maidis fed on different cultivars of sorghum and maize and the total content of antioxidants, carbohydrate and lipid content, as well as their catabolic pathways.