Introduction Diphtheria is a potentially fatal disease that still causes deaths mainly in unvaccinated children. Over the last decades, the incidence of this disease has reduced drastically in face to the increase in vaccination coverage. Diphtheria is mainly caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae , however, in more recent years, invasive infections due to nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae have emerged. Given this epidemiological threat, the continued surveillance remains essential to guide prevention and control measures. Methodology Using whole genome sequencing, we characterized 299 Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates, assessing their clinical origin, age distribution of patients, tox gene carriage, antimicrobial resistance markers, and phylogenetic relationships. Results The tox gene was identified in 255 isolates (85.3%). Antimicrobial resistance genes aph(3’’)-Ib , aph(3’)-Ia , aph(6)Id , cmx , tet(33) , tet(O) , tet(W) , and tet(Z) were detected in low (<10%) frequencies, but sul1 was found in 72 (24.1%) isolates. Phylogenetic analyses identified 11 main clades comprising 286 isolates, represented by 46 different sequence types (ST); the remaining 13 isolates were distributed in the other 12 ST. Twenty-one novel ST were described, comprising 51 isolates. Discussion Our study represents the largest genomic survey of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Latin America. These results enhance global understanding of diphtheria and reinforce the need for vigilance against reemergence in areas with suboptimal vaccination coverage.

Purpose. The nutrient richness of milk and dairy products makes these food items highly susceptible to bacterial contamination during production, processing, storage, and distribution. Within the genus Hafnia, the species H. alvei and H. paralvei group together strains used for technological purposes, strains related to food spoilage, and pathogenic strains associated with infectious diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. This study aims to characterize Hafnia paralvei at the genomic level, isolated from raw milk and dairy products, in order to assess its potential hazard to human health. Methods. Following species confirmation by biotyping, the genomes of 20 Hafnia alvei isolates collected from raw milk, cheese, and the cheese processing environment were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq platform. The reads were assembled using Unicycler V0.5.1, and the assembly metrics were evaluated using QUAST. Taxonomic assignment was performed using RefSseeker v1.8.0. The resistome and virulome were analyzed using the ABRIcate v1.0.1 tool with the ResFinder and Ecoli_VF databases, respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on SNPs using kSNP4.1 and visualized with iTOL v6. The SNP distance matrix was calculated using snp-dists v0.6. Three The heatmaps were created using ggplot in R Studio. The search for genetic mutations associated with the antibiotic resistance phenotype was conducted using the ResFinder v4.7.1 tool available on the website of the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (http://genepi.food.dtu.dk/resfinder). Results. Following biotyping, all 20 isolates were found to belong to the species Hafnia alvei. Using WGS, 18 isolates (90%) were reassigned to the species Hafnia paralvei, 1 to Escherichia coli, and 1 to Lelliottia adecarboxylata. A total of 12 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were found, with blaACC-1 present in all isolates. The genome of an isolate (HAF_8010_norm_3 isolated from raw milk) was positive for 7 ARGs (mdf(A), blaACC, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)Id, sul2, and tet(Y), predicting phenotypic resistance to class C beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. Two genomes (HAF_5SWP4 and HAF_6SWM4 from the cheese processing environment) contained the mcr-9 gene located on the chromosome, predicting resistance to colistin. A total of 42 virulence genes were detected, with the following genes present in all isolates: cheBDRWYZ, clp, fepA, flgBCFGI, flhABC, fliAGIMPQS, galU, htpB, kdsA, lpxAC, mgtB, motA, msbA, ompA, and rfaDF. The remaining genes such as chuA, flgH, glf, gtrB, hcp-2, rfaE, rffG, shuA, and vip/mglB were present in a subset of isolates. Conclusions. In conclusion, the application of WGS technology has revealed its great potential in identifying H. paralvei, a genetically similar species often confused with H. alvei. The presence of ARG like mcr-9, which confers resistance to a critically important antibiotic like colistin, and the co-occurrence of virulence genes previously identified in extraintestinal Escherichia coli, suggest the potential of some H. paralvei strains isolated from milk and dairy products as potential hazards to human health.

Insecticidal effects of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil against Spodoptera littoralis and Aphis gossypii insect pests

Inter-gall dispersal in a socially parasitic aphid

In this study, the resistance of the industry-standard M26 and M9 rootstocks and the promising elite G or CG rootstocks was evaluated not only for soil-borne diseases, such as Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora cactorum), white root rot (Rosellinia necatrix), and southern blight (Athelia rolfsii), but also for woolly apple aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Huasm.)]. On February 27, 2019, each unworked rootstock plant was harvested from stool-beds, then planted in 2-L pots and grown in a greenhouse. For P. cactorum, M9 was the most resistant, and CG5087 and G935 were not. There was little difference in susceptibility to R. necatrix among rootstocks, but G or CG rootstocks were generally less susceptible than the M series. The susceptibility to A. rolfsii was higher (p < 0.05) in M series rootstocks than in G or CG series rootstocks, and the mortality reached 80% and 53% for M9 and M26, respectively, and 7% for G935. As a result, M9 and G11 showed resistance to P. cactorum, whereas G or CG rootstocks showed relative resistance to R. necatrix and A. rolfsii. For woolly apple aphid, G11, G202, G214, and CG5087 were immune, but G935, CG4814, M26, and M9 were not.

The study were conducted during two consecutive seasons of 2018 and 2019 in a private farm at Marsa Matrouh Governorate which located in on Egypt northwest Mediterranean coast (latitude 31o 21’ N, longitude 27o 14’ E) to evaluate the effects of Kaolin (Aluminum phyllosilicate [Al2Si2O5 (OH)4]), Bentonite (Calcium aluminosilicate [Al2O3SiO2H2O]), Atabouglite (Magnesium aluminosilicate [Al2Mg3O18Si6]) products as well as chloropyrophose pesticide as foliar spraying and potassium fertilizers as soil additives on cabbage growth, yield, quality and pests control. Although foliar spray treatments did not have any significant effect on growth characters, chemical insecticide treatment produced the highest average head weight and highest yield compared with other foliar spray treatments. High rate of potassium supply as 75 kg gave the best value of growth and yield as well as quality characters followed by 50 kg then 25 kg compared with control treatment which produced the lowest values. Cabbage plants treated as foliar spraying with atabouglite, kaoline formulations exhibited high decrease of aphid population compared with bentonite application which gave the least potential towards adult of aphid insects. Also, atabouglite had a superior effect on average cumulative cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) infestations of leaves and larvae followed by Kaolin. Bentonite had the lowest effect. While, chloropyrophos (chemical treatment) reduced the infestations in highly effect compared with all treatments.

Determinar o tipo de distribuição espacial de uma praga agrícola é uma das principais ferramentas para estabelecer uma metodologia de amostragem, portanto o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a distribuição espacial de Aphis craccivora em feijão-caupi. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no período de cultivo de feijão-caupi “da seca” na fazenda experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), em Aquidauana-MS. A área experimental 300 m2, foi formada por 40 parcelas de quatro linhas com 5 metros de comprimento, espaçadas a 0,50 metros entre si, considerando-se como área útil as duas linhas centrais. As amostragens foram realizadas semanalmente a partir do aparecimento do primeiro pulgão. Foi determinada a variância media e os índices de agregassão. A distribuição de Poisson, distribuição binomial negativa e distribuição binomial positiva foram utilizadas para descrever a distribuição teórica de frequência para as amostras da população: As variâncias das amostragens foram sempre superior à média, o que indica ajuste à distribuição binomial negativa, com a disposição do inseto tendendo à agregação, o que normalmente ocorre no campo para os índices de Razão Variância-Média (I), Índice de Morisita (Iδ) e Expoente k da Distribuição Binomial Negativa (k), foi obtido para a distribuição da comunidade de pulgões pretos no feijão caupi, a distribuição no formato agregado. Para os testes de distribuição de freqüência o que mais se enquadra para as amostragens foi o da distribuição Binomial Negativa, indicando população de pulgão preto se comporta de forma agregada na cultura do feijão caupi.

Performance of yellow sticky trap and imidacloprid 17.8% SL was assessed on farmers field through front line demonstrations. The per cent increase in the yield under demonstration technology was 18.52 % and 26.99 % over the farmers practices during both the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Under the demonstrated technology, farmers were got maximum net return of Rs. 45680/ha and Rs. 62806/ha in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively followed by Rs. 24600/ha and 30662/ha net return under farmers practice. The cost benefit ratio was also higher (1:2.34 and 1:3.17) under demonstration technology as compared to farmers practices (1:2.19 and 1:2.72) in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively.

Opto-acoustic recorders have been utilised to record the flight of weak-flying insects including aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and beetles (Coleoptera). These data include 52 extracted features from 4928 audio recordings collected in 2019 and 2020 of 8 distinct species.

Opto-acoustic recorders have been utilised to record the flight of weak-flying insects including aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and beetles (Coleoptera). These data include 4928 audio recordings collected in 2019 and 2020 of 8 distinct species.

Genome Wide Identification of MRLK Family Genes and Expression Analysis in Response to Aphid Infection in Peach

Cabbage aphid is attacks plants in the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), which includes such important crops such as oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., mustard, Sinapis (Brassica) alba (L.) and nigra (L.) and cabbage vegetables. Field experiments were conducted at Alamata Agricultural Research Center (AARC) during 2019 cropping season to evaluate and verification of insecticide on Cabbage aphid insects, and the corresponding yield of cabbage. The treatments (three insecticide treatments, including unsprayed plots as a control) were laid out in factorial arrangement in RCBD with three replications. The efficacy of Candidate and standard check were recorded 68.12% and 65.21%, respectively. Insecticide treatments significantly reduced the infestation of the insects. The lowest insect population and incidence values of 81.27% and 66.05% and 8.33% and 3.33% were recorded, when treated with lmida-win and Con-Fidence respectively. Candidate (lmida-win) and standard check (Con-Fidence) reduced cabbage aphid population by 94.6% and 91.2%, as compared to unsprayed plot. In conclusion, the results of the present studies revealed that lmida-win foliar spray was effective in reducing cabbage aphid infestation and increased yield. However, more extensive studies are recommended for developing better management of cabbage aphid through integration of insecticide spray schedules and cultivars to enhance sustainable cabbage production in Ethiopia.

&lt;p&gt;Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), which belongs to family Solanaceae, is one of the most popular and cost-effective vegetables for fresh consumption and processing. Certain sucking insects viz., thrips, whiteflies and aphids cause severe damage to crop by transmitting virus disease rather than direct feeding, particularly to the tomato plants. The present study was carried out in RCBD with four replications in open farmer&rsquo;s fields by irrigation water for the period from October to March 2018/2019 for two consecutive years. Two new insecticides Sivanto Energy EC 85 and Delta 2.5 E.C with the doses of the former and later, 800, 1000 &amp; 1200ml-1ha and 350, 400 &amp; 450ml-1ha respectively; and Diazinon 60 E.C at 1000ml-1ha were tested for their efficacy against sucking insect pests on tomatoes. Percent efficacy recorded after 48 hours of each spray in the fields was significantly affected by the dose applied. The percent efficacy obtained by Sivanto Energy EC 85 and Delta 2.5% E.C at the highest doses proved to be the most effective and gave better efficacy against whiteflies, thrips and aphids. Therefore, both insecticides can be used for the management of sucking pests (whitefly, thrips, and aphid) on tomato crops in the field.&lt;/p&gt;

Maternal effects can result in adaptive phenotypic responses of offspring that increase their fitness. Several recent studies report a positive relationship between maternal choices and offspring fitness. However, few studies have assessed the associations between aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection, the adequacy of food resources for their offspring, and offspring performance. To clarify these issues, we explored whether aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection can influence offspring performance, thereby reflecting adaptive maternal behavior. To assess the effect of food resources on offspring performance, we fed the larvae of 3 lady beetle species: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), and Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (all Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with different types of aphids (Uroleucon and Brevicoryne) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae) then measured development time, survival, adult body mass, brightness, and chromatic coloration of the adult beetles. We found that Ha. axyridis larvae fed Brevicoryne exhibited a higher survival rate than those fed Uroleucon. Also more adults emerged from C. sanguinea larvae fed Uroleucon aphids, and these adults were heavier, shinier, with more chroma, and developed faster than those fed on Brevicoryne. Overall, lady beetles performed better when fed aphids commonly found near their respective oviposition sites. We conclude that aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection reflects adaptive maternal choices associated with an adequate food resource positively affecting offspring fitness. Elucidating the links between lady beetle oviposition site choice and optimal resource for their offspring enhances our understanding of habitat use and co-existence of aphidophagous lady beetle communities in Brazilian agroecosystems. Resumo Os efeitos maternos podem resultar em respostas fenotipicas adaptativas da prole que aumentam sua aptidao. Varios estudos recentes relatam uma relacao positiva entre escolhas maternas e aptidao dos filhos. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram as associacoes entre a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos, a adequacao dos recursos alimentares para a prole e o desempenho da prole. Para esclarecer essas questoes, avaliamos se a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos pode influenciar o desempenho da prole, refletindo assim o comportamento materno adaptativo. Para avaliar o efeito dos recursos alimentares no desempenho da prole, alimentamos as larvas de tres especies de besouros: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), e Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (todos Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), com diferentes tipos de pulgoes (Uroleucon e Brevicoryne) (ambos Hemiptera: Aphididae), medimos o tempo de desenvolvimento, a sobrevivencia, a massa corporal adulta, o brilho e a coloracao cromatica dos besouros adultos. Foi observado que larvas de Ha. axyridis alimentadas com Brevicoryne exibiram uma taxa de sobrevivencia mais alta do que aquelas alimentadas com Uroleucon. Tambem emergiram mais adultos de larvas de C. sanguinea quando alimentadas com pulgoes Uroleucone e esses adultos eram mais pesados, mais brilhantes, com mais croma e se desenvolveram mais rapidamente do que aqueles alimentados com Brevicoryne. No geral, as joaninhas tiveram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com pulgoes comumente encontrados perto de suas respectivas posturas. Concluimos que a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos reflete escolhas maternas adaptativas associadas a um recurso alimentar adequado que afeta positivamente a aptidao da prole. A elucidacao dos vinculos entre a escolha do local de oviposicao do besouro e o recurso ideal para seus filhotes aprimora nossa compreensao do uso do habitat e a coexistencia de comunidades de besouros afidofagos nos agroecossistemas brasileiros. Key Words: Cycloneda sanguinea; Harmonia axyridis; Hippodamia convergens; Uroleucon; Brevicoryne; adaptative maternal behavior View this article in BioOne

Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Morphogenesis and Production Process of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Faba bean is an important position between leguminous food crops in Egypt. A piercing-sucking pest associated with broad bean plants causes serious damage, directly by sucking plant juices or indirectly as the aphid insects are vectors to plant diseases. A field experiment was conducted at Wadi Elmalak, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt in winter growing seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. To evaluate the population fluctuation of some piercing-sucking pests and the common natural enemies and relation to weather factors on broad bean plants. Results indicated that the important piercing-sucking pests, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) were the most dominant, followed by Aphis craccivora Koch, while green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Thrips tabaci Lind. and Jassid, Empoasca discipiens Poali were found in low densities throughout the two seasons. The eleven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata L., green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. are the most important predators which associated with the sucking insect pests on faba bean. The population fluctuation of piercing-sucking pests and associated predators were higher in the first season than in the second season. The pea aphid, A. pisum started with attacks broad bean in the second week of November and reached it has two peaks early January and in mid-May in the two successive years. The relationship between both of the population of piercing-sucking pests and associated predators and weather factors were studied. The loss in seed yield in the two successive seasons was evaluated all together being (330.0 kg. /fed). The avoidable losses in seeds yield were (19.18% per fed.) during two seasons

Deposition and distribution of six insecticides in greenhouse cucumber canopies and the impact on the control efficacy to Aphis gossypii

This dataset contains Moth and Aphid catch abundance data from the Rothamsted Insect Survey light-trap and suction trap networks. The dataset is a supplement to Bell et al (2020) (https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12412) and can be used to reproduce the R analyses presented.

The pests control in agriculture are increasingly complex, the irrational use of products can cause environment pollution and the production cost increase. The aphids are insects and when they eat plant they can cause direct damages, that´s because sap sucking, and direct damages, by sick transmission by toxin injections. The essential oils of aromatic and medicinal plants whit insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal properties lead to promising ways and as result a “clean” agriculture, free of pesticides. For the purpose to contribute with the knowledge generation about the action of the essential oils in the pest insects was the objective of this work, study the essential alfacava ( Ocimum grtisssimum) oil efficiency in the control of black aphid ( Aphis craccivora) . The experimente was performed in the Entomologia e Apicultura Lab in the Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia da Paraiba, campus Sousa. The design was completely randomized and consisted in four treatments: T0 water + 0,5% of neutral detergent (control); T1 0,5% of essential oil + 0,5% of neutral detergent “diluted with water”; T2 1% of essential oil + 0,5% of neutral detergent; T3 2% of essential oil + 0,5% of neutral detergent. Ten repetitions were done for each treatment every repetitions had ten insects. The first insect mortality analysis was made twenty-four hours after the alfacava essential oil application and the second one with forty-eight hours. All the treatments presented significant insect mortality rates by Tukey test. At a concentration of 0,5% of alfacava oil essential it was noted be enough to cause an average aphids mortality of 90%, making it preferable to use since there was not significant changes by the F teste of ANAVA between this one and the higher concentration, therewith reducing product application costs with high efficiency.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Managing Aphids in Cotton, 2019