Aphid Biology Research Articles

高温胁迫及其持续时间对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 高温胁迫及其持续时间对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201201070033 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室;新疆生态与地理研究所,中国科学院研究生院;中国科学院干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室,中国科学院干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室;中国科学院干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国沙漠气象科学研究基金(sqj2011010);国家国际科技合作专项项目(2011DFA33170);中国科学院院地合作项目(XBXJ2011029) Effects of pattern and timing of high temperature exposure on the mortality and fecundity of Aphis gossypii Glover on cotton Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Key Laboratory of Biography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探索高温胁迫对棉蚜的影响,室内采用叶子圆片培养基饲养棉蚜的方法,研究不同温度(32,34,36,38,40 ℃)、不同处理时间(1,2,4,6 h)对棉蚜死亡和繁殖的影响。结果表明:棉蚜每日死亡率可用互补重对数模型较好地拟合。随着温度的升高和持续天数的延长,棉蚜累计死亡率呈上升趋势,38 ℃条件下其累计死亡率明显迅速上升。棉蚜半数致死温度随着每天高温处理时间的增加和高温持续天数的延长而降低,且第1-2天下降明显。棉蚜繁殖率随着温度的升高呈下降趋势,每天处理时间不同其繁殖率规律不同,但均是在38 ℃时下降最多。38 ℃可能是棉蚜耐高温能力的拐点。研究结果为提高棉蚜种群预测准确性、科学决策最佳化学防治时间提供依据。 Abstract:The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is an important and damaging pest of cotton crops worldwide and is now the most serious pest of cotton in Xinjiang, China. The weather in Xinjiang is extremely hot during the summer, with maximum daily temperatures consistently above 35℃. Temperature is an important environmental factor that can affect insect survival and fecundity, but how the biology of the cotton aphid is impacted by brief exposures to high temperatures is poorly understood. A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the effects of high-temperature shocks on the bionomics of A. gossypii in the laboratory. Cotton aphids were kept under the background conditions of (24±1)℃, (50±10)％ RH, and a photoperiod of 14h∶10h (light∶dark). Adult aphids were exposed to high temperatures of 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40℃ for 1-6 hours per day, and their mortality and fecundity were determined. Complementary log-log regression model considering the effects of both temperature and time could well simulate the daily mortality of aphids that had been briefly exposed to high-temperature conditions. Pearson's chi-square test and the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic showed that the regression function was significant when high-temperature shocks lasted for 1-4 h/d; t-tests indicated that the parameters of the models were significant (P<0.05). The value of γj, the parameter for the time effect of temperature, changed as the number of treatment days increased, indicating that assessing the effects of both temperature and time was important and reliable. Analysis of variance showed that high-temperature shocks significantly affected the mortality and fecundity of the cotton aphid, and the effects depended on both the temperature and the duration of exposure. Analysis showed that the cumulative mortality of A. gossypii increased proportional to both temperature and duration of exposure. There was no significant difference in cumulative mortality of cotton aphids within the ranges of 32-38℃ for 1 h and 32-36℃ for 2-6 h. The cumulative mortality of A. gossypii increased rapidly when treated at 38 and 40℃ for 2-6 h. The median lethal temperature of A. gossypii decreased as both the hours per day and the number of days of heat treatment increased; the median lethal temperature decreased rapidly over 1-2 d by 10.66℃ (1 h heat/day), 2.54℃ (2 h), 0.85℃ (4 h), and 1.54℃ (6 h). The median lethal temperature of A. gossypii decreased rapidly as the number of treatment days increased when heat-treatment lasted for 1 h but increased more slowly with 2-6 h/day treatment. The reproduction rate of A. gossypii decreased as the temperature increased and varied with the hours of heat-treatment. No significant effect was found in reproduction rate at 32-36℃ for 1 h and at 32-34℃ for 2-6 h. Reproduction rate declined rapidly at 38℃ for 1-6 h; the average fecundity was only 0.97 nymphs per day at 38℃, the inflection point of high-temperature tolerance of A. gossypii. The observations provide basic information for improving the accuracy of pest forecasts and deciding when to spray insecticides. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Stay at home aphids: comparative spatial and seasonal metapopulation structure and dynamics of two specialist tansy aphid species studied using microsatellite markers

2 ) using polymorphic microsatellite markers. Both species were found in approximately 60% of sites formerly known to harbour the aphids, although, generally when they did occur, they occurred singly (MA ~50%; ME ~60%) and rarely together on the same plant at the same time (approximately 10%) and then usually only in the early part of the growing season. This difference may be a result of quasi-apparent competition effects elicited by ants farming ME aphids, and preferentially actively eliminating or disturbing MA aphids. In terms of population genetics, both aphids showed extreme genetic heterogeneity within a metapopulation structure, with ME more than MA (i.e. higher FST values, approximately 0.4 versus 0.15, respectively), and limited levels of interpopulation gene flow. Subpopulations often deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and showed linkage disequilibria, as expected in animals with extended parthenogenetic reproduction, and had positive FIS values for most large samples, suggesting inbreeding, and possibly philopatry, certainly in ME. Hierarchical analysis (allele range and number per locus, analysis of molecular variance and FST) strongly suggested that the plant rather than site governs the level of genetic variation. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed that both species had heterogeneous historical genetic patterning, with K (number of subgroups) in the range 3-7. Evidence is also provided from isolation-by-distance and private allele analyses indicating that, in MA, the presence of winged autumn males, absent in ME where males are wingless, influences comparative population genetic structuring, such that ME subpopula- tions are comparatively more inbred and genetically differentiated than MA subpopulations. Lastly, additional spatial arrangement (ALLELES-IN-SPACE) analysis showed that, in both species, certain subpopulations were genetically isolated from the remainder, probably as a result of geographical barriers, including intervening buildings and woods. As such, the biology of these tansy aphids living in semi-natural habitats is very different from many pest aphid species examined within agro-ecosystems and infesting ephemeral crops. This is because the former appear to be much more reluctant to fly and hence show contrastingly much higher levels of interpopulation divergence, even at small spatial scales as investigated in the present study. Indeed, the number of genotypic clusters found for tansy aphids using Bayesian approaches is similar to that globally for the major pest, the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 838-865. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: gene flow - genetic variation - historical patterns - inbreeding - migration - population divergence.

Biology of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Homoptera: Aphididae), on its summer hosts in eastern Washington

In surveys of apple-production areas east of the Cascade Mountains of Washington, broadleaf plantain, Plantago major Linnaeus (Plantaginaceae) was common throughout while narrowleaf plantain, P. lanceolata Linnaeus, was most common south of Orondo, Douglas County (47.7° latitude). Rosy apple aphid was the most common aphid on these two herbaceous plants; however, colonies were scarce, on only 19% of broadleaf and 11% of narrowleaf plantain samples. Colonies were also generally small, fewer than 25 individuals. Adult rosy apple aphid was collected on plantain from late May through October. Adults reached their highest levels in July before declining in August. Colonies increased again in September and October. Relatively few predators (mainly syrphids) and parasitoids (two species of Aphidius) were found on plantain. On apple, the most common predators were the mirid Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür), earwigs, coccinellids, cecidomyiids and syrphids; the most common primary parasitoid was Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). Secondary or hyperparasitoids consistently outnumbered the primary parasitoids. Plantains growing outside of orchards but within 1 km of apple trees had the highest incidence of RAA infestation. The potential for management of RAA on its summer hosts is discussed.

Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their parasitoids

Many organisms, including entomopathogenous fungi, predators or parasites, use aphids as ressources. Parasites of aphids are mostly endoparasitoid insects, i.e. insects which lay eggs inside the body of an other insect which will die as a result of their development. In this article, we review the consequences of the numerous pecularities of aphid biology and ecology for their endoparasitoids, notably the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We first examine the various mechanisms used by aphids for defence against these enemies. We then explore the strategies used by aphidiine parasitoids to exploit their aphid hosts. Finally, we consider the responses of both aphids and parasitoids to ecological constraints induced by seasonal cycles and to environmental variations linked to host plants and climate. The fundamental and applied interest of studying these organisms is discussed.

The “acrostyle”: A newly described anatomical structure in aphid stylets

The recent demonstration that a plant virus could be retained on protein receptors located exclusively in a small area inside the common duct at the tip of aphid maxillary stylets indicated the possible existence of a distinct anatomical structure at this level. Since no distinct feature within the common duct of any aphid species has ever been reported in the literature, we first carefully re-examined the distal extremity of the maxillary stylets of Acyrthosiphon pisum using transmission- and scanning-electron microscopy. Here, we describe an area of the cuticle surface displaying a different structure that is limited to a “band” paving the bottom of the common duct in each opposing maxillary stylet. This band starts at the very distal extremity, adopts a “comma-like” shape as it continues up towards the salivary canal, reducing in width and disappearing before actually reaching it. Investigations on several aphid species led to the conclusion that this anatomical feature—which we have tentatively named the “acrostyle”—is highly conserved among aphids. We then produced an antibody recognizing a consensus peptide located in the middle of the RR-2 motif of cuticular proteins from A. pisum and showed that this motif is accessible specifically within the acrostyle, indicating a higher concentration of cuticular proteins. While it is clear that at least some viruses can use the acrostyle to interact with their aphid vectors to ensure plant-to-plant transmission, the role of this new “organ” in aphid biology is unknown and calls for further investigation in the near future.

Characterization of Solanum chomatophilum resistance to 2 aphid potato pests, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

The aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are responsible for yield reduction in potato ( Solanum tuberosum) production by direct phloem feeding and by spreading viruses. Breeding resistant traits from Solanum chomatophilum into the potato germplasm provides alternative means to control aphid infestations. Integrated pest management strategy, using plant resistance, benefits from the characterization of the resistance and of its impact on aphid biology. Our objective was to characterize the resistance of S. chomatophilum by assessing the effects of accessions, plant parts on aphid performance, and by assessing the impact of the resistance factors on different aphid developmental stages and on alate morph production. Detailed aphid performance was obtained by measuring fecundity, survival, percentage of nymphs that reached adult moult, and population growth using whole plant and clip cage experimental designs. Accession and plant physiological age, but not aphid developmental stage, influenced all life-history parameters, except for alate morph production which was not induced on the resistant accessions. Plant part influence was independent of plant species and accession. Both experimental designs resulted in congruent resistance levels at the accession level for each of the two aphid species, supporting the use of any of them in S. chomatophilum resistance screening. PI243340 was resistant to both aphid species, while PI365324 and PI310990 were also resistant to M. euphorbiae and M. persicae, respectively.

Expansion of the miRNA pathway in the hemipteran insect Acyrthosiphon pisum.

The pathways that allow short noncoding RNAs such as the microRNAs (miRNAs) to mediate gene regulation and control critical cellular and developmental processes involve a limited number of key protein components. These proteins are the Dicer-like RNases, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins, and the Argonaute (AGO) proteins that process stem-loop hairpin transcripts of endogenous genes to generate miRNAs or long dsRNA precursors (either exogenous or endogenous). Comparative genomics studies of metazoans have shown the pathways to be highly conserved overall; the major difference observed is that the vertebrate pathways overlap in sharing a single Dicer (DCR) and AGO proteins, whereas those of insects appear to be parallel, with distinct Dicers and AGOs required for each pathway. The genome of the pea aphid is the first available for a hemipteran insect and discloses an unexpected expansion of the miRNA pathway. It has two copies of the miRNA-specific dicr-1 and ago1 genes and four copies of pasha a cofactor of drosha involved in miRNA biosynthesis. For three of these expansions, we showed that one copy of the genes diverged rapidly and in one case (ago1b) shows signs of positive selection. These expansions occurred concomitantly within a brief evolutionary period. The pea aphid, which reproduces by viviparous parthenogenesis, is able to produce several adapted phenotypes from one single genotype. We show by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction that all the duplicated copies of the miRNA machinery genes are expressed in the different morphs. Investigating the function of these novel genes offers an exciting new challenge in aphid biology.

Genome sequence of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum.

Author SummaryAphids are common pests of crops and ornamental plants. Facilitated by their ancient association with intracellular symbiotic bacteria that synthesize essential amino acids, aphids feed on phloem (sap). Exploitation of a diversity of long-lived woody and short-lived herbaceous hosts by many aphid species is a result of specializations that allow aphids to discover and exploit suitable host plants. Such specializations include production by a single genotype of multiple alternative phenotypes including asexual, sexual, winged, and unwinged forms. We have generated a draft genome sequence of the pea aphid, an aphid that is a model for the study of symbiosis, development, and host plant specialization. Some of the many highlights of our genome analysis include an expanded total gene set with remarkable levels of gene duplication, as well as aphid-lineage-specific gene losses. We find that the pea aphid genome contains all genes required for epigenetic regulation by methylation, that genes encoding the synthesis of a number of essential amino acids are distributed between the genomes of the pea aphid and its symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, and that many genes encoding immune system components are absent. These genome data will form the basis for future aphid research and have already underpinned a variety of genome-wide approaches to understanding aphid biology.

Relevance of the Mi23 Marker and the Potato Aphid Biology as Indicators of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Resistance to Some Pests

Relevance of the Mi23 Marker and the Potato Aphid Biology as Indicators of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Resistance to Some Pests Mi-1.2 gene, expressed in tomato plants, contributes to endogenous resistance against nematodes and some Hemiptera insects. The aim of this study was to screen the presence of dominant/recessive locus of the Mi-1.2 gene in tomato cultivars with different allelic combination using Mi23 SCAR method and to assess the capacity of the local potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas) population to develop on different tomato cultivars (dominant and recessive homozygotes in Mi-1.2 locus). The results showed that both Mi23 marker and potato aphid performance are relevant methods in screening tomato cultivars with a different allelic combination of Mi-1.2 gene. The assessment of biological potential of M. euphorbiae proved that, in comparison with control (tomato plants with recessive alleles of Mi-1.2 gene), the aphid mortality increased 9- and 4 - fold (in the first and second experimental series, respectively) and the female longevity decreased 3 - fold when fed on tomato cvs with dominant alleles of Mi-1.2 gene. Furthermore, the resistance against aphids manifests as an antibiosis mechanism in tomato plants carrying dominant alleles.

Why red‐dominated autumn leaves in America and yellow‐dominated autumn leaves in Northern Europe?

Why red‐dominated autumn leaves in America and yellow‐dominated autumn leaves in Northern Europe?

Seasonal dispersal of pests: one surge or two?

Many agricultural pest species occur in seasonal metapopulations with a period of asexual reproduction. We use evolutionary theory to predict timing of dispersal for such species, and identify four sequential phases: no dispersal, dispersal from initially occupied patches, dispersal from later colonized patches, and no dispersal. The third type of phase occurs only when reproductive rates are relatively high; we speculate that this could explain why among aphids there can be either one or two waves of dispersal during a season, depending on the species. Our model also explains other features of aphid biology, including a summer crash in colony size, and a decline in the number of colonies towards the end of each reproductive season. The presence of an additional surge of dispersal becomes more likely as season length increases, and does not require further evolution. This could have profound implications for pest management during future climatic warming.

Biology of the European large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora idaei): its role in virus transmission and resistance breakdown in red raspberry

Abstract1 The European large raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei Börner is the most important vector of viral diseases afflicting commercially grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in Northern Europe, with European raspberry production amounting to 416 000 tonnes per annum. This review synthesizes existing knowledge on its biology and interactions with other organisms, including its host plant and the viral pathogens it vectors.2 Information about trophic interactions with other insect herbivores and natural enemies is reviewed. Vine weevils Otiorhynchus sulcatus compromise aphid resistance in some raspberry cultivars, increasing A. idaei abundance by 80%. Parasitoids show mixed success in parasitizing A. idaei, although Aphidius ervi attack rates more than doubled when A. idaei fed on a partially susceptible raspberry cultivar, compared with a resistant variety. These findings are discussed in the context of potential biological control as part of an integrated pest and disease management framework.3 Amphorophora idaei transmits four known viruses: Black raspberry necrosis virus, Raspberry leaf mottle virus, Raspberry leaf spot virus and Rubus yellow net virus, with A. idaei taking as little as 2 min to transmit some viruses.4 Existing control strategies, including resistant cultivars, insecticides and eradication of disease from parent plants, are described. In particular, strong selection pressures have resulted in A. idaei overcoming genetic resistance in many raspberry cultivars and most insecticides are now ineffective.5 Future directions for the sustained control of A. idaei are suggested, taking into consideration the possible effects of climate change and also changes in agronomic practices in U.K. agriculture.

Biologia de aphis gossypii em plantas infectadas pelo vírus do mosaico das nervuras do algodoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biologia do pulgão-do-algodoeiro, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), em plantas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sadias e infectadas com o vírus causador do mosaico das nervuras. O experimento foi realizado em câmara climatizada mantida a 25±1 ºC, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os dois tratamentos corresponderam a pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas sadias e infectadas com o vírus. As unidades experimentais consistiram de placas de Petri contendo ágar-água a 1% solidificado e um disco foliar de plantas sadias ou infectadas, com 30 repetições cada uma. Os pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas infectadas tiveram menor duração da fase ninfal (4,5 dias) em relação àqueles que se alimentaram de plantas sadias (4,9 dias). Os períodos pré-reprodutivo, reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo e a longevidade não foram influenciados pelo vírus. A maior mortalidade também foi observada em pulgões alimentados com plantas infectadas. O tempo decorrido entre gerações (T) e o tempo necessário para duplicar em número (TD) foram menores para pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas infectadas (9,74 e 1,66 dias respectivamente), as quais também acarretaram maior mortalidade ninfal. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro), a capacidade inata de aumentar em número (r m) e a razão finita de aumento (λ) foram favoráveis aos pulgões que se alimentaram de folhas de algodoeiro infectadas. Conclui-se que os pulgões mantidos em folhas de algodoeiro sadias atingiram melhores índices de desenvolvimento enquanto na reprodução os melhores índices são observados em pulgões mantidos em folhas infectadas.

Exploring Pattern Analysis with Sycamore Aphids

Many students enjoy biology as a qualitative science but struggle with its quantitative aspects. Yet the detection of patterns and testing hypotheses about their causes is a central aim of biological inquiry. That is the goal of the laboratory analysis described in this article. This exercise involves the students right away in collecting data from living organisms, calculation of some basic statistics, and the formal test of a hypothesis. This fall will be the 10th year I've used this exercise at the college freshman level, but I believe this lab could be used on almost any campus and adapted to any class size. The equipment requirements are minimal and the protocol is simple to follow. The real value lies in empowering students to work with their own data and to see that patterns in biology can be approached quantitatively (requiring only algebra), all critical tools for inquiry-based learning. The aphid of study, likely to be found on practically any sycamore tree in North America, is Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schrank), a relatively large pale or dark green or reddish yellow species with the wing veins slightly dusky (Essig, 1958, p.234). A few other aphids may be found on sycamore leaves (Drepanaphis spp., Periphyllus spp.) and may be used instead. The point is to illustrate how individuals in a population may be distributed and to test a null hypothesis of randomness that, if rejected, suggests a host of possible biotic or abiotic causes. To activate student interest in the project, solicit their own ideas for causes, after a brief discussion of aphid biology. What follows is the handout I give to the students on the first day; they have a week to complete the lab. After the handout discussion is a section for the instructor on implementation of the techniques used and some possible extensions. Purpose In this lab you will practice important aspects of biological inquiry: observation, data collection, data analysis, and scientific writing. You will work in pairs and do the lab on your own time. The objectives of this laboratory are: 1. to become familiar with how to calculate a sample mean and variance 2. to become familiar with population sampling and data analysis 3. to collect your own data from live organisms and puzzle over a real biological pattern. Ecology has been defined as the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms (Andrewartha & Burch, 1954). This is because patterns we see may reflect and reveal unseen ecological relationships. Thus the analysis of spatial pattern can lead to a better understanding of the biotic and abiotic forces that affect organisms. Our null hypothesis may be that individuals of a species are distributed at random, implying no particular interactions with each other or the environment. For example, when cottonwood seeds drift down onto a newly-formed Platte River sandbar, they may land randomly (that is, any chosen square meter of sandbar has an equal probability of receiving a seed). Later, the emerging seedlings may not show a random pattern. Pattern analysis might reveal a population of organisms to be aggregated (clumped) or evenly-distributed (regular). Both terms refer to a deviation from randomness that can be quantified. One must use care in selecting a technique for sampling organisms that will not bias one's results. Also, different techniques and scales will have different powers of detection. For example, consider that a newspaper photo represents an image at a distance but only dots of various sizes on very close inspection. What we choose to measure, count, etc. has a great influence on the pattern we detect. In some cases, sampling units (SUs) present themselves naturally (i.e., leaves on a plant). In other cases we may choose the size, shape, and location of the SUs. Over a century ago, two University of Nebraska graduate students (Roscoe Pound & Frederick Clements, 1898) championed the use of the quadrat in plant community analysis. …

Biology and Management of Aphids in Sustainable Field Production of Cucurbits

ENY-847, a 3-page illustrated factsheet by O. E. Liburd and T. W. Nyoike, provides information about aphids, their biology and lifecycle, damage, monitoring and management strategies for sustainable agriculture. Includes references. Published by UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, January 2008.

Efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em algodoeiro sobre a biologia de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glove, is one of the pests of cotton crop and its relation with the host seem to depend on the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. The biology of A. gossypii using different cotton nitrogen fertility regimes was studied under greenhouse conditions, in Dourados, MS. A completely randomized design with nine replications in a factorial scheme (2x4x2)+1 was used. Two nitrogen sources (sulphate of ammonium and urea), four doses of nitrogen (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), two different times of nitrogen application and one additional treatment without nitrogen were taken as factors. The nymphal phases, the pre-reproductive, reproductive and pos-reproductive periods, longevity, the life cycle and fecundity of the cotton aphid were evaluated. The doses of nitrogen influenced the cotton aphid biology in both sources and times of application, favoring its development and fecundity.

&lt;I&gt;Insect Herbivore–Host Dynamics: Tree-Dwelling Aphids&lt;/I&gt;

Literature on the population dynamics of insect herbivores tends to favour a top-down regulation of abundance, owing much to the action of natural enemies. Originally published in 2005, this volume challenges this paradigm and argues that tree-dwelling species of aphids, through competition for resources, regulate their own abundance. The biology of tree-dwelling aphids is examined, particularly their adaptation to the seasonal development of their host plants. When host-plant quality is favourable, aphids, by telescoping generations, can achieve prodigious rates of increase which their natural enemies are unable to match. Using analyses of long-term population censuses and results of experiments, this book introduces students and research workers to insect herbivore-host dynamics using the interaction between aphids and trees as a model.

Is Horsenettle, Solanum carolinense L. (Solanaceae), an Alternate Host for Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)?

Since its recent introduction to the United States in 2000, the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has expanded its geographic range throughout most of the soybean growing regions in the United States. In Missouri, the geographic range of the aphid has expanded from 19 counties being infested in 2000 to more than 70 counties in 2004. In its native range of Asia and its latest expansion into North America, soybean aphid is heteroecious and considered to have a narrow host range. Multiple authors (Takahashi et al., 1993; Blackman and Eastop, 2000; Voegtlin et al, 2004) have reported several Rhamnus spp. (Rhamnaceae) as being the primary (overwintering) host(s) of this insect. In North America, it is well documented that the secondary (summer) host is cultivated soybean, Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) (Ragsdale et al., 2004). In addition to soybean, Venette and Ragsdale (2004) state that secondary hosts are restricted to species within Fabaceae as several works (Blackman and Eastop, 2000; Alleman et al., 2002) show that soybean aphid is capable of feeding and reproduction on several fabaceous species albeit with a range of poor to good success. Other works have examined the potential for soybean aphid biology to be supported upon secondary host species in plant families beyond Fabaceae such as the Solanaceae. However, experimental evidence has indicated that species such as tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., and potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), are not likely to support soy bean aphid biology (Fang et al., 1985; Ragsdale and McCornack, 2002; Venette and Ragsdale, 2004). Horsenettle, Solanum carolinense L., is a native perennial solanaceous weed that is commonly found throughout the north-central United States in fields, gardens, and waste areas (Wax et al., 1981). It is considered a noxious weed in many states and key pest for many field cropping systems including soybean and crops commonly rotated with soybean such as corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) (Medlin et al., 2001; Wlialey and Vangessel, 2002). WJiile there are several examples of many insect species colonizing horsenettle (Judd et al., 1991; Nichols et al., 1992; Mena-Covarrubias et al., 1996; Nault et al., 1997), the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) is the only aphid reported to colonize horsenettle (Leonard, 1963). In this paper, we present our field observations indicating that soybean aphid utilizes and reproduces on horsenettle. This is the first report of soybean aphid utilizing a secondary host species beyond Fabaceae.

The Soybean Aphid in China: A Historical Review

Since the discovery of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, in North America in the summer of 2000, a great deal of interest has developed in the biology, ecology, and control of this insect in its native range of eastern Asia. Although there is a wealth of literature on A. glycines that could help guide the efforts of North American entomologists, much of it is written in Chinese. Here, we review the Chinese-language literature on the biology, ecology, natural enemies, and control of the soybean aphid in China.

The Soybean Aphid in China: A Historical Review

Since the discovery of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, in North America in the summer of 2000, a great deal of interest has developed in the biology, ecology, and control of this insect in its native range of eastern Asia. Although there is a wealth of literature on A. glycines that could help guide the efforts of North American entomologists, much of it is written in Chinese. Here, we review the Chinese-language literature on the biology, ecology, natural enemies, and control of the soybean aphid in China.