Apatite Research Articles

Renal Stone Characterization using High Resolution Imaging Mode on a Photon Counting Detector CT System.

In addition to the standard-resolution (SR) acquisition mode, a high-resolution (HR) mode is available on a research photon-counting-detector (PCD) whole-body CT system. In the HR mode each detector consists of a 2x2 array of 0.225 mm × 0.225 mm subpixel elements. This is in contrast to the SR mode that consists of a 4x4 array of the same sub-elements, and results in 0.25 mm isotropic resolution at iso-center for the HR mode. In this study, we quantified ex vivo the capabilities of the HR mode to characterize renal stones in terms of morphology and mineral composition. Forty pure stones - 10 uric acid (UA), 10 cystine (CYS), 10 calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and 10 apatite (APA) - and 14 mixed stones were placed in a 20 cm water phantom and scanned in HR mode, at radiation dose matched to that of routine dual-energy stone exams. Data from micro CT provided a reference for the quantification of morphology and mineral composition of the mixed stones. The area under the ROC curve was 1.0 for discriminating UA from CYS, 0.89 for CYS vs COM and 0.84 for COM vs APA. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the percent UA in mixed stones was 11.0% with a medium-sharp kernel and 15.6% with the sharpest kernel. The HR showed qualitatively accurate characterization of stone morphology relative to micro CT.

New methods for the evaluation of bone quality. Bone anabolic agents and bone quality.

Teriparatide(TPTD)products that can be used clinically in Japan include a daily subcutaneous injection form produced by genetic engineering and a weekly subcutaneous injectable TPTD acetate form produced by chemical synthesis. Published reports indicate that both forms exhibit excellent antifracture efficacy, and as the only anabolic agents that promote osteogenesis, TPTD products now occupy a prominent position. However, the two forms differ considerably, not only in frequency of administration, but also in mechanism of action. The daily form stimulates osteogenesis and accompanying resorption through more radical high bone turnover, and early in the course of treatment, intracortical porosity and apatite crystallization decrease, while immature collagen crosslinking increases. However, because daily formulations also produce an increase in cortical surface area or cortical thickness, the effects are counterbalanced, and bone strength is maintained. In contrast, the weekly form prioritizes osteogenesis, and by concurrently lowering turnover below pretreatment levels, improves trabecular bone mass and structure, and enhances strength without leading to cortical porosity and other undesirable phenomena. Abaloparatide, a PTHrP(1-34)analog that is homologous with the biologically active site of PTH drugs, is currently under development, and we eagerly anticipate further clarification of the mechanism of action of each formulation on bone.

Nature of Apatite Crystals in the Tooth of <i>Eusthenopteron</i> from Devonian

Nature of Apatite Crystals in the Tooth of <i>Eusthenopteron</i> from Devonian

STRONTIUM DISTRIBUTION IN UPPER DEVONIAN CONODONT ELEMENTS: A PALAEOBIOLOGICAL PROXY

Conodonts are an extinct group of marine animals possessing debated affinities. The conodont elements are composed of calcium phosphate [apatite (CaF)] and collagen-like proteins. Distribution of Sr in the bioapatite of albid, lamellar and paralamellar tissues of some Upper Devonian conodont element crowns from NW Russia was studied by microprobe. The calcium phosphate of the lamellar and paralamellar tissues demonstrates periodical oscillation of Sr contents across the lamellae (0.4-0.5 wt% in the outer part of lamella, and 0.2 wt% in the inner part). The albid tissue contains Sr of less than 0.4 wt%. It is suggested that oscillations of Sr concentrations reflect the periodic growth of the lamellae, and the average Ca/Sr ratio can be a proxy of the growth rate.

IMPACT OF CRYSTALLINE-ENGINEERED BIOACTIVE GLASS ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMER REINFORCED COMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS.

In this research, the bioactive glass (BG)with different microstructure was compounded with poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) by freeze drying method to fabricate composite scaffold. The CaO-P 2 O 5 -SiO 2 -ZnOglass powder was first produced by sol-gel method followed by heat-treatment processing at 500, 700 and 900 C and analyzed by Thermal Gravimetric (TG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analysis, and also the scaffolds were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).It was observed that the increasing in heat-treatment temperature of BG powder has reduced the amorphous to crystalline phase ratio. In composite scaffolds, there is70 to 80 vol.% interconnected open pores with 50 to 200 m m size and reinforced powder well distributed in their structure. The ion exchange (degradation/re-precipitation) properties of different scaffolds were assessed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) after 45 days of immersing and it was found that the weight of scaffold reduced about 25 wt% and the pH of media changedabout0.6 unit. The re-precipitation products were assessed and it can be understood that the increasing of BG crystallinity structure can reduce the amount of biological apatite product and change its chemical composition. Osteoblast culture analysis was performed and observed that the cells could attach and spread well with high alkaline phosphatase activity. These results prove that using of crystalline-engineered BG in polymer matrix as composite scaffold control the biological interaction of tissue engineering scaffolds

Cholesteatoma affected incus bone surface shows unusual iron-rich crystals, microvesicles and altered bone turnover

Cholesteatoma is a noncancerous cystic lesion consisting in an abnormal growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium that invades the middle ear cavity. Due to its capacity of intracranial complications, cholesteatoma is cause of pediatric morbidity and death in countries with scarce hygiene and low possibility to access to advanced medical care (1). In order to understand cholesteatoma etiopathogenesis, we performed a SEM morphological analysis of 11 incus bones affected by cholesteatoma. Samples were fixed immediately upon recovery in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS at 4°C for 48 h, then they were gently sonicated (to remove excess of keratinizing squamous epithelium, that would have prevented surface observation) and finally they were prepared with standard method for scanning electron microscopy observation. Five consecutive fields at 100X magnification aligned in 3 raws, the first one proximal and the last one distal to surgical removal point were analized. Images were obtained in secondary electron mode and in backscattering, bidimensional EDX analysis and mapping was also carried on. Incus bone surface analysis reveals the existence of an environment in which abnormal bone turnover takes place, in fact area of marked erosion were present together with areas of new bone formation. Resorbing bone surfaces with their characteristic lacunae were observed, resting surfaces (smooth and with collagen fibre bundles evident) were found and forming bone surface (collagen bundles in which calcium salts were just deposited) were also observed. Unusual flower-like apatite crystals rich in iron were uncovered in one sample. Iron presence may be due to cholesteatoma itself, being it made up of corneocytes that are iron-rich cells (2). Microvesicles of cellular origin, alone or clustered in groups or in about to fusing together, were found. Macrophages, lymphocytes osteoblast and osteoclast were observed in fully activated stage. The picture of these cell near to each other is the morphological representation of the complex cytochemical dialog existing among them. Taken all together our morphological results let us hypothesize that cholesteatoma creates an environment of chronic infection with peculiar biochemical characteristics that alters normal bone turnover on incus bone.This work was supported by grants from MIUR.

米仓山—汉南隆起白垩纪以来的剥露作用：磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄记录

The apatite (U-Th)/He dating results of 13 granitic samples collected in Nanjiang-Nanzheng transect are used to systematically study Micang Shan's exhumation and thermo-tectonic evolution.While taking into consideration of the influence of the sample's cooling rates and crystal sizes on (U-Th)/He closure temperatures of respective apatites, this research also quantifies the effects of topography, heat conduction, advection and production on regional geothermal gradients.The inversion results reveal a period of rapid exhumation with an average rate of ～70 m/Ma in the southern sedimentary area of Micang Shan since about 50 Ma B.P., which removed above 3 km-thick sub-surface rock in the region;the Guangwushan Complex in the middle part of Micang Shan-Hannan Uplift experienced a fast exhumation event at ～90 Ma B.P.with an exhumation rate of 75 m/Ma;the northern Hannan Uplift was exhumed to the surface with a fast rate above 40 m/Ma before ～100 Ma B.P., and then slowly with an average exhumation rate of ～10 m/Ma.The whole research region, Micang Shan-Hannan Uplift experienced a very slow exhumation with an average rate of 10～25 m/Ma during 90～50 Ma B.P.

Occurrence of Unusual Quartz Xenocryst-Laden Dykes in the Chhota Udaipur Alkaline-Carbonatite Sub-province, Deccan Igneous Province, India

Occurrence of unusual basaltic dykes laden with a dense population of quartz xenocrysts within the Chhota Udaipur alkaline-carbonatitic sub-province of the Deccan Igneous Province is reported here. These dykes occur near Rorda (22°07.890 ' N; 74°04.267 ' E) and Samalavat (22°05.586 ' N; 74°07.261 ' E). The xenocrysts vary in size and shape and show effects of corrosion and partial assimilation by the host magma. These dykes have been affected by the carbonatitic fluids which commonly attack quartz xenocrysts, resulting in the formation of a complex growth pattern between quartz and carbonates. Mineralogical study confirms the presence of plagioclase, magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, chlorite, apatite, barytes and hydrated Fe-oxides. Original basaltic texture (sub-ophitic) and mineralogy (plagioclase, magnetite, ilmenite) is preserved, though pyroxenes are converted to chlorite; hematite, ilmenite, calcite and altered glassy material occur profusely in the groundmass. Basaltic dykes of such description have not so far been reported from the Deccan Igneous Province, although there are few references to the occurrence of quartz xenocrysts within basaltic dykes. It appears prima facie that quartzite xenoliths were selectively escalated by the basaltic magma at depth at the time of crustal extension leading to formation of Narmada rift; roughly coinciding with the emplacement of alkaline-carbonatite magma.

Frontiers in Live Bone Imaging Researches. Development of fluorescent pH probe for imaging osteoclast activation

For the clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis, X-ray CT and biochemical bone metabolism markers, however, there is no method to monitor osteoclast activity in the living system. We have developed the fluorescent probe to monitor osteoclast activity, by the combination of pH sensitive fluorescent dye with bisphosphonate which is delivered to the bone surface by its high affinity to hydroxyl apatite, which is named BAp-E. In vivo mouse imaging of activated osteoclast was successfully demonstrated using two photon excitation laser microscope.

Comparison of Physical-chemical and Mechanical Properties of Chlorapatite and Hydroxyapatite Plasma Sprayed Coatings.

Chlorapatite can be considered a potential biomaterial for orthopaedic applications. Its use as plasma-sprayed coating could be of interest considering its thermal properties and particularly its ability to melt without decomposition unlike hydroxyapatite. Chlorapatite (ClA) was synthesized by a high-temperature ion exchange reaction starting from commercial stoichiometric hydroxyapatites (HA). The ClA powder showed similar characteristics as the original industrial HA powder, and was obtained in the monoclinic form. The HA and ClA powders were plasma-sprayed using a low-energy plasma spraying system with identical processing parameters. The coatings were characterized by physical-chemical methods, i.e. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, including distribution mapping of the main phases detected such as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), oxyapatite (OA), and HA or ClA. The unexpected formation of oxyapatite in ClA coatings was assigned to a side reaction with contaminating oxygenated species (O2, H2O). ClA coatings exhibited characteristics different from HA, showing a lower content of oxyapatite and amorphous phase. Although their adhesion strength was found to be lower than that of HA coatings, their application could be an interesting alternative, offering, in particular, a larger range of spraying conditions without formation of massive impurities.

Apatite fission-track thermochronology of Laramide plutonic rocks in northwestern Mexico: Distinguishing Basin and Range extension versus Gulf of California rifting

Presentamos resultados termocronologicos en apatitos de dos plutones Laramides del centro y del este de Sonora, Mexico. En Sonora central, el batolito de Hermosillo se extiende a lo largo de relieves orientados N-S por 150 km aproximadamente. En el NE de Hermosillo, en el Cerro Bachoco, edades de trazas de fision en apatito se ubican entre 14.7 y 8.1 Ma, con una distribucion de longitud de trazas de fision que indica un enfriamiento rapido a traves de la zona de retencion parcial. El pluton de la Sierra La Madera se encuentra en el este de Sonora, en la longitud 109°30', en la cercania del escarpe oeste de la Sierra Madre Occidental. Las rocas intrusivas de la Sierra La Madera tienen un rango de edad de trazas de fision entre 26.5 and 18.4 Ma, con un enfriamiento moderadamente rapido a traves de la zona de retencion parcial, lo cual tambien es sugerido por la modelacion de historia termica. Interpretamos el enfriamiento rapido del Mioceno tardio de las rocas del Cerro Bachoco como una respuesta a la exhumacion tectonica provocada por la apertura del Golfo de California y el enfriamiento del pluton de la Sierra La Madera debido a su exhumacion durante la tectonica extensional Basin and Range y de la erosion contemporanea. Los plutones de Sonora presentan respuestas termicas y estructurales distintas controladas por la provincia extensional en la cual se encuentra y el marco geologico, principalmente el espesor de la cobertura volcanica o sedimentaria cenozoica. En la provincia extensional del Golfo, a lo largo de la costa de Sonora, co-existen edades de trazas de fision asociados a la extension Basin and Range y a la apertura del Golfo de California

Rare Earth Element Abundances in some A-Type Pan-African Granitoids of Karbi Hills, North East India

This is a preliminary report of the rare earth metal abundances in certain Pan-African granitoids of Karbi Hills, Assam, North East India. Higher abundance of rare earth metals is apparently related to the mineralogical abundance of certain key rare earth element (REE)-bearing accessory minerals like allanite, xenotime, bastnaesite, apatite, zircon and monazite. The bulk chemistry of the granitoids suggests their A-type, calcium-deficient but alkali-rich, anomalous, anorogenic, within-plate granitoid character. Textural variants considered for the present study are: (1) porphyritic to sub-porphyritic, medium to fine-grained, mylonitized grey and pink-coloured granitoids of the Panbari-Geleki area in northern Karbi Hills, and (2) the non-porphyritic, medium to fine-grained granitoids of Kathalguri area in northwestern Karbi Hills. Compositionally, the plutons are granitic to granodioritic in composition. The study reveals that the grey porphyritic granitoids are poor in REE, but the pink porphyry/sub-porphyry variety is enriched in REE. The pink granitoids show richness in La (average 1086 ppm) and Ce (average 2329 ppm) in particular. The average LREE content in the nonporphyritic Kathalguri granitoids is 607.46 ppm, but their HREE content is slightly higher (average 26.50 ppm) than normal granitoids. Chondrite normalized LREE-HREE profile and ratios of Ce N /Yb N , La N /Yb N , La N /Sm N and Tb N /Yb N of individual plutons indicate co-magmatic derivation of magmatic masses from the lower crust.

Correlation between stone size and color Doppler twinkling artifact in urinary stones: a quantitative study

Objective To quantitatively analyze the correlation between stone size and color Doppler twinkling artifact in urinary stones.Methods Five types of cylinder urinary stone phantoms (calcium oxalate monohydrate,whitlockite,apatite,L cystine,uric acid) were prepared according to standard pharmaceutical preparation protocols.For each type,stone phantoms of ten different standard diameters were prepared(5.0 mm,5.5 mm,6.0 mm,6.5 mm,7.0 mm,7.5 mm,8.0 mm,8.5 mm,9.0 mm,9.5 mm).One stone phantom was selected from those artificial stones with the same composition and diameter and embedded in the collecting systems of porcine kidneys in vitro.Color Doppler ultrasound scanning was performed on the stone phantoms.Color pictures with twinkling artifact were recorded.The length of twinkling artifact (TAL) and the width of twinkling artifact (TAW) were measured and the intensity of twinkling artifact (TAI) was calculated.Results All the stone phantoms generated consistently distinguished twinkling artifact.Of all the stone phantoms,TAI was 244.00-11 544.00,2 998.80 in average.TAI,TAL and TAW were significantly correlated with stone diameter (r =0.976,0.940,0.974 respectively,P ＜0.001) for all the stone phantoms.TAI,TAL and TAW increased with increasing stone diameter.TAL and TAW were significantly correlated with TAI (r =0.825,0.779 respectively,P ＜0.001).Multivariate regression analysis showed that TAI =-599.48 + 687.07TAL + 356.97TAW,TAL and TAW were significant predictive factors for TAI (β =0.555,0.430 respectively,P ＜0.001).Conclusions The appearance of twinkling artifact is highly dependent on stone size.The intensity of twinkling artifact significantly increased with increasing stone size.TAL and TAW are good predictors of TAI. Key words: Ultrasonography, Doppler, color ; Urinary calculi ; Twinkling artifact

OPTIMIZING OF NEW APPROACH SINTERING METHOD ON CARBONATED HYDROXYAPATITE BIOCERAMIC

Synthetic carbonated apatite ceramics are considered as alternative to autograft and allograft materials for bone substitute. This study was to investigate and compare the effect of carbonation introduced during cooling down of sintering of dense CHA with two kind of wet CO2 atmosphere (direct wet CO2 and dry CO2 flow through water). Pelletized samples were sintered to 800°C and soaked for 120 minutes. Upon cooling down to 150, 200, 250 and 300°C, carbonation with wet CO2 in desiccators were performed. The sintered CHA after carbonation at the various cooled temperatures was found to retain as B-type CHA. Carbonation of sintered CHA by dry CO2 through water showed an overall better results as compared to carbonation by direct wet CO2. Sample D200 with carbonation temperature of 200oC has the highest carbonate content (3.35%) and relative density (94%) while D250 with carbonation temperature of 250oC has the highest DTS value (18MPa). In vitro testing using SBF solution showed that apatite layer formed on the sintered CHA surface after one week of immersion, thus indicating the bone-forming ability. This indicated that the CHA synthesized in this study has sufficient biocompatibility to be applied as bone substitutes.

Correlation between urinary stones and urinary tract infections

To explore the correlation of urinary stones and urinary tract infections. 300 cases with urinary tract stones received in our hospital from Feb. 2010 to Oct. 2013 were chosen as study samples. Urine routine index, situation of urine positivity and urinary tract infection after surgery were analyzed while, intraoperative cotton swabs were tested after being dipped in liquid near stones. Main components of stones in non-infected and infected stone group were analyzed and compared. Data on urolithiasis was collected. 96 infected stones were found in 300 patients, accounting for 32%, which including 35 cases of E. coli (36.5%), 28 cases of Staphylococcus epidermidis (29.2%), and 15 cases of Proteus mirabilis (15.6%). Numbers of urine abnormalities, urine positivities, positive intraoperative cotton swabs and urinary tract infections in patients in the group with infected stones, were significantly higher than in the group without infected stones and the differences were statistically significant (χ² = 8.203, 73.99, 178.9, 24.26, P < 0.05). The incidence rates of hexahydrate magnesium ammonium phosphate, carbonate apatite and hydroxyapatite stones in the group with infected stones were significantly higher than those in the non-infected-rock group while the incidence rates of calcium oxalate and uric acid stones were found significantly lower than those in the non-infected-stone group, with differences statistically significant (χ² = 167.6, 21.00, 8.586, 73.17, 48.79, P < 0.05). Bacteria could cause urinary tract stones, and infected stones were always associated with urinary tract infections. Bacteria detection in patients with urinary calculi was particularly important to avoid the urinary tract infections.

Biomimetic mineralization of a single-layer reconstituted type I collagen model induced by sodium tripolyphosphate and polyacrylic acid

To investigate the functions of sodium tripolyphosphate (STTP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in the process of collagen biomimetic mineralization. This would allow future applications to other collagen matrices such as bone collagen or 3-D collagen scaffolds. Glass cover slips and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids were coated with reconstituted typeIcollagen fibrils. Mineralization of the reconstituted collagens was demonstrated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM using a Portland cement-containing resin composite and a phosphate-containing fluid in the presence of PAA and STTP. The rest were immersed in a biomimetic remineralization medium without PAA and/or STTP (control). In the presence of PAA and STTP in the mineralization medium, intrafibrillar mineralization based on the non-classical crystallisation pathway could be identified. Mineral phases were evident within the collagen fibrils as early as 12 h after the initially-formed amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursors were transformed into apatite nanocrystals. Collagens at 72 h were heavily mineralized with periodically arranged intrafibrillar apatite platelets. Conversely, only large mineral spheres with no preferred association with collagen fibrils were observed in the absence of biomimetic analogues in the medium (control). Intrafibrillar apatite deposition can be achieved via biomimetic mineralization system containing PAA and STTP when amorphous calcium phosphate precursor is stabilized.

Carbonatitic melts in olivine and magnetite from rare-metal carbonatite of the Belaya Zima alkaline carbonatite complex (East Sayan, Russia)

The problem of the origin of carbonatite is still a priority in Russian and foreign publications. Attention to these rocks is mostly explained by their raremetal specialization and links of Nb, Ta, Zr, Sr, Ba, and REE deposits to them. In addition to the hypothesis of the magmatic origin of carbonatites, currently some authors consider these rocks as products of hydrother� mal-metasomatic activity. This contradiction may be solved by study of the inclusions of mineralforming media in minerals, which provide direct evidence for natural melts or fluids captured in host minerals. In spite of the active investigation of melt inclu� sions in minerals from rocks of the alkaline carbonatite complexes over the last decade, there are still some data including the quantitative characteristics of the chemical composition of melts for carbonatites, as well as on other associated nonsilicate (fluorite, apa� tite, etc.) rocks (1-6). Only a few publications con� cern carbonatites properly (3, 5, 6). However, estima� tion of the role of melts and their compositions is of great importance for understanding of the origin of alkaline carbonatite complexes including the pro� cesses and conditions of accumulation of commercial minerals in them. In this paper, we report the results of the study of the melt and crystalline inclusions coexisting in min� erals of orebearing forsterite-calcite carbonatite from the Belaya Zima massif (East Sayan), which allowed us to distinguish the carbonatitic melts responsible for the formation of these rocks for the first time. A number of complex (Nb, Ta, REE, U, Pb, Zn, and P) deposits including the largest Belaya Zima nio� bium deposit related to the carbonatite massif of the same name are distinguished within the East Sayan province of ultrabasic alkaline rocks and carbonatites. Based on the data of geochronological U-Pb study of zircons, the age of this deposit is 643 Ma (7). The Belaya Zima (Nizhnesayanskii) massif is located in the northern foothill of East Sayan, in the upper reaches of the Belaya Zima River. The massif occurs in the zone of large faults of northwestern orientation, in the area of the junction of the Siberian Platform and folded complexes of East Sayan. In plan, it has a pearlike shape and spreads to the northwest for 8.5 km includ� ing a branch elongated in the same direction (8). The central part is composed of carbonatites of various types. Ultrabasic alkaline rocks form a semiring zone surrounding the stock along the periphery.

Anisotropic crystallization of biominerals

Bone tissue exhibits an oriented microstructure comprising apatite crystals and collagen fibers. The mechanical, biological and chemical properties of bone tissue represent the highly anisotropic feature depending on the degree of anisotropy in crystallographic structure of apatite. Preferred orientation of apatite crystals is one of the promising parameters which determine bone quality, because the bone mechanical function is dominated by the degree of apatite crystallographic orientation rather than bone mineral density. The anisotropic microstructure of bone tissue is regulated by the mutual activities of bone cells in response to the various kinds of environmental factors. In this report, we introduce the evaluation of bone quality based on the analysis of preferential orientation of apatite c-axis by using micro-beam XRD method and our recent research about cellular regulation of bone tissue anisotropy, especially focusing on the morphological changes of bone cells regulated by the microenvironment surrounding the cells.

(U-Th)/He thermochronometry constraints on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-thermal evolution of Kuqa basin: A case study of well TZ2

The oil and gas resources in Kuqa foreland basin are rich,however,there is a lack of effective researches of the tectonic thermal history in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic period,which is important for oil and gas exploration.Based on the tested apatite and zircon He ages data from drilling well samples,the He closure temperature of borehole apatites from Kuqa basin isdetermined(about 89℃)by analyzing the relationship between apatite ages of(U-Th)/He and depth/temperature in profile.Mesozoic-Cenozoic thermal history of the well TZ2will has been modeled by using the He ages and vitrinite reflectance(Ro)data.The modeling result shows that the forming time of Tuziluoke anticline started at 5 Ma,and it uplifted and eroded about 670 min Cenozoic period with the average erosion rate of 0.133mm/a.According to structural evolution analysis of Tuziluoke anticline,the time of gas-migrating fault activity and trap formation was determined,which demonstrated the time of gas accumulation in the Tuziluoke anticline was5Ma.The consistency of the times of the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,fault activity and trap formation was key factor for gas accumulation in Tuziluoke anticline.Therefore,application of the(U-Th)/He technology to the tectono-thermal evolution of sedimentary basin has the important significance for oil and gas exploration in Kuqa basin.

Characterization and In Vitro Bioactivity of Calcium and Phosphorous Containing Titania Layer on Ti6Al4V Alloy

Calcium and phosphorous containing titania layers on Ti6Al4V biomedical alloy were formed by micro arc oxidation (MAO) in an electrolyte containing calcium acetate and sodium phosphate, and then subjected to hydrothermal treatment (HT) in order to achieve improved biocompability with modified titania layer. Samples were hydrothermally treated in water solution whose pH was adjusted to 11.0-11.5 by adding NaOH, at 230 °C for 10 h and cooled in the autoclave . Surface morphology, microstructure, and phase com position of titania layer were investigated systematically before and after HT. Their biomimetic apatite inducing ability in a simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated. The bioactivity tests of modified MAO surface on Ti6Al4V alloy showed a considerable improvement compared to the unmodified MAO surface. Abstract: Ti6Al4V biomedikal titanyum alasimi uzerinde kalsiyum asetat ve sodyum fosfat iceren elektrolit icinde gerceklestirilen mikro ark oksidasyon islemi ile kalsiyum ve fosfor iceren titanyum oksit tabakasi olusturulmustur. Olusturulan oksit tabakasinin biyomimetik apatit olusturma ozelligini iyilestirmek amaciyla numuneler 10 saat sureyle 230 °C'de sodyum hidroksit iceren sulu cozelti icerisinde hidrotermal isleme maruz birakilmistir. Numunelerin yu zey morfolojileri, oksit tabakalarin mikroyapisi ve faz kompozisyonlari hidrotermal islem oncesi ve sonrasinda incelenmistir. Numunelerin biyomimetik apatit olusum karakteristigi incelemesi yapay vucut sivisi icinde gerceklestirilmistir. Mikro ark oksidasy on islemini takiben uygulanan hidrotermal islem sonucunda Ti6Al4V numunenin yuzeyinde biyomimetik apatit olusumunun iyilestigi gozlemlenmistir.