Apartment Units Research Articles

The application of modular architecture on apartment buildings

Housing crisis become one of the world problems, where many people cannot afford a decent shelter. This problem is mostly experienced by young people, where young people have a middle-level income, so they feel it difficult to get suitable housing for them and their needs. Research using descriptive methods with literature study approach. The study is aimed to provide affordable housing for young people with developing financial condition. The aspect to be considered is about how the application and method of modular architecture can provide affordable housing for young people in the form of vertical housing or apartment. This study will discuss about a comparison between modular and conventional construction and the impact of applying modular architecture to apartments to produce affordable apartment units. The results of this study discuss about how the influence of modular architecture to provide an affordable apartment.

Offsite construction supply chain strategies for matching affordable rental housing demand: A system dynamics approach

Australian housing affordability is influenced by both housing supply and demand factors. These factors include lengthy construction and planning process. The affordability crisis affects the housing rental sector, which accommodates more than 20 % of Australian household. This research developed a system dynamics model to simulate demography-linked affordable rental housing demand and supply in South East Queensland (SEQ). A Prefabricated Offsite Construction (OSC) housing supply strategy is compared with a traditional building approach (BAU) to investigate the effectiveness of OSC techniques to reduce informational asymmetries during development planning stages to deliver better affordable rental housing is linked to housing needs in SEQ. The model focuses on demographic groups housing demand of one, two- and three-bedroom apartment units and examines how reductions in the development process, through OSC methods, influence the efficiency of Government supported affordable rental housing supply schemes. Overall, the study finds that reduced planning and construction timeframes through OSC methods may improve demography-linked rental housing supply by approximately 6.6 % overall compared to BAU in SEQ. For 1,2- and 3-bedroom apartment demand, OSC strategies are expected to improve supply efficiency by 8.7 %, 8.4 % and 9.2 %, respectively. Optimal OSC strategies were assessed and found that flexibility in development sizes have an outsized positive effect. The study has implications for Government supported affordable rental housing strategies, including the build to rent sector.

Evaluation of the effect of a building energy efficiency certificate in reducing energy consumption in Korean apartments

The building energy efficiency certificate (BEEC) is considered an important tool for saving energy in buildings and for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Korea. To evaluate its effects, data on the site energy use intensity (EUI) of 2,660,159 certified and non-certified apartment units were collected from the Korea National Building Energy Database and compared. The site EUIs for total energy use of the certified apartment units with BEEC levels 1+ and 1 were 1.4–20.2% lower than those of the non-certified apartment units. Particularly, the gas use (for heating) intensity was 3.5–26.4% lower compared to that of the non-certified apartment. However, the electricity use intensity has not decreased despite BEEC because it does not consider the electricity consumption by appliances. In addition, the EUI of the certified apartment units with BEEC level 2 was higher than that of the non-certified apartment units in Group B. These show that the BEEC level 1 or higher contributed to reducing heating energy although its effect was different by climatic regions and the size of apartment units, but its effect on the electricity use intensity was insignificant. It shows that BEEC needs to be improved and some policies are needed to make residential building occupants more aware of the need for them to reduce their electricity consumption and to encourage them to do so.

The land governance cost on co-ownership: A study of the cross-lease in New Zealand

Higher land-use intensity can be achieved by subdividing the land or by subdividing the structure built on it. The former avoids co-ownership but is subject to topographical constraints, whereas the latter (e.g. apartment units) uses each unit of land more efficiently but entails management of the common parts. This study examines a hybrid approach to subdivision, known as “cross-lease” in New Zealand, where land is co-owned, and each co-owner singly and separately holds his or her structure (a detached or semi-detached house) through a very long lease. The delineation of boundaries and the maintenance of communal resources relies on self-governance. From the owners’ perspective, how well does the self-governance of cross-lease work, as compared to government regulation of unit titles? Based on preferences revealed by property transactions, cross-lease is found to trade at a price discount of 0.42% per owner relative to unit titles of property of equivalent quality. Moreover, the discount increases with the number of owners sharing the land. Self-governance is, therefore, more costly than government regulation when there are multiple co-owners, making monitoring and conflict resolution difficult.

OPTIMALISASI KINERJA TERMAL SELUBUNG BANGUNAN UNIT HUNIAN DI RUSUNAWA CIBESUT JAKARTA TIMUR

Most of the flats that have been built show the same building envelope design in various orientations, both in terms of design, opening area, and material. The level of solar radiation from each orientation of the facade is certainly different and will result in differences in the energy level of the building envelope for each orientation of the residential unit. If the apartment units are conditioned by air conditioning (AC), it will also produce different levels of energy consumption. How is the difference in thermal performance of the facade and energy consumption in each orientation direction?The purpose of this study is to identify the level of the energy difference between the residential unit building envelope in the west side and the east side of the Rusunawa Cibesut, in East Jakarta, and to find alternative efforts that can be made to produce building envelope energy levels that are relatively the same in both orientations and it’s post-construction applications. This research was carried out by performing thermal calculations on building envelopes (OTTV) and computer simulations to obtain results. In the option of applying glass wool insulation and gybsum board as it protection, the average EUI can be reduced by 10.7%, and achieve a level of energy consumption that is relatively the same in both unit orientations

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH IN NEWLY CONSTRUCTED APARTMENTS OF INDONESIA: CASE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF MODIFICATION

In Indonesia, sick building syndrome (SBS) and related health problems are suspected among the residents in emerging new urban houses constructed of modern building materials without sufficient material standards or minimum ventilation rates. First, this study investigates the current conditions of indoor air quality (IAQ) and health in newly constructed high-rise apartments in major cities of Indonesia, in contrast with traditional landed houses, the so-called Kampongs. Concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC were measured, whereas a face-to-face interview was conducted. A total of 896 respondents were interviewed, and 207 rooms were measured during 2017-2019. The results showed that overall, the newly constructed apartments recorded higher formaldehyde levels compared to Kampongs. The status of the self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) among occupants was significantly different between the two building types. Furthermore, the occupants with higher levels of TVOC, in particular, were associated with the higher MCS risks, especially in the apartments. Second, we conducted a modification project in several apartment units of Surabaya to examine the effects of exhaust fans on IAQ. In most units, the concentrations of both formaldehyde and TVOC were reduced after the modification. Further, a follow-up measurement was conducted in the same units for about a month.

The effect of ventilation during peak hours and cooking activities on coarse airborne particulates (PM10 and TSP) in middle-class apartments in Surabaya: a multilevel approach

Indoor air pollution is a serious problem today in part because many people spend the majority of their time indoors. The result of multiple indoor activities and outdoor pollutants entering indoor spaces, indoor pollution can cause various potentially fatal respiratory diseases and yet is rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ventilation, peak hours and cooking activity on indoor pollutants. This research was conducted December 2017-April 2019 in 59 apartment units in Surabaya, Indonesia. A multilevel model with three models was used to determine the relationships between ventilation, peak hour, cooking activities and indoor pollutants, specifically, PM10 and TSP. The concentrations of indoor PM10 and TSP were generally 25-99 μg/m3, and at that concentration, peak hours occurred in the afternoon. Peak hour in the morning can increase indoor PM10 and TSP. Cooking activities carried out near an open window can increase indoor concentrations of PM10 and TSP, likely due to higher outdoor than indoor concentrations.

Eksistensi Perhimpunan Pemilik dan Penghuni Satuan Rumah Susun (PPPSRS) dalam Kewenangan Pengelolaan Rumah Susun Sewa

Flats are a response to the needs of housing for the community and become an alternative choice for providing ideal housing for developing countries. The purpose of research and writing of this scientific paper through the normative approach method is to analyze the Activities of Management of Flats by the Management Agency, the existence of the Association of Owners and Occupants of Apartment Units (PPPSRS), Voting Rights Related to the Authority of Management and Management of Rental Flats compared to Management of Flats Commercial. In this study using an empirical juridical approach because the researcher was carried out directly on the manager of the rental apartment. The scope of this research is the management of flats and its objects are flats in urban areas. The materials used are field materials and library materials. The data collection technique is document study and the analysis technique is qualitative analysis. The activity of managing the apartment is obliged to be the manager of a legal entity, namely the Association of Owners and Residents of Apartment Units which have been made a legal deed by the Regent or Mayor of the Level II Region and the determination of the voting rights of these members has not been fully realized. Management of simple rental apartments is required by Technical Management Unit (UPT), while Management of Commercial Flats is the Management Body of Commercial Flats, which is the Association of Owners and Occupants of Flat Units, developer as a temporary Management Agency.

Influence of environmental conditions on the dithiothreitol (DTT)-Based oxidative potential of size-resolved indoor particulate matter of ambient origin

Much of human exposure to particulate matter (PM) of ambient origin occurs indoors. While the oxidative potential (OP) of PM is an emerging indicator of the intrinsic toxicity of PM, little is known about the OP of indoor PM of ambient origin. Here we characterize the OP of indoor and outdoor size-resolved PM in an unoccupied apartment unit in Chicago, IL, free from indoor emission sources, to explore how the transport of ambient PM from outdoors affects OP indoors. Simultaneous measurements were conducted in both indoor and outdoor locations for at least 5 consecutive days during 11 separate sampling campaigns spanning all seasons. OP was assessed by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were consistently lower than outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, with an average (±standard deviation, SD) indoor/outdoor (I/O) PM2.5 mass concentration ratio of 0.36 ± 0.10. The volume-normalized (or extrinsic) OP of the particles was much higher for the outdoor for PM2.5 samples across all size-ranges, with an average (±SD) indoor-to-outdoor ratio (I/O) of 0.54 ± 0.57. However, the mass-normalized (or intrinsic) OP of indoor PM2.5 samples was greater than concurrent outdoor PM2.5 samples during 7 of the sampling periods and had an overall average ± SD I/O of 1.38 ± 0.97. The extent of enhancement in intrinsic OP of ambient-infiltrated indoor PM2.5 was positively correlated with differences in indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity (RH). We hypothesize that changes in the intrinsic OP of ambient PM as it infiltrates indoors may be influenced by transformation processes such as size-resolved penetration, indoor deposition, evaporation of volatile chemical components with lower OP, and/or temperature/RH-dependent partitioning of redox-active substances to indoor-infiltrated PM. However, further investigations, including chemical analyses of the size-segregated indoor and outdoor PM samples and the effect of environmental factors on this chemical composition, will be needed to confirm these hypotheses.

Cyber-Physical Systems Improving Building Energy Management: Digital Twin and Artificial Intelligence

The research explores the potential of digital-twin-based methods and approaches aimed at achieving an intelligent optimization and automation system for energy management of a residential district through the use of three-dimensional data model integrated with Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The case study is focused on Rinascimento III in Rome, an area consisting of 16 eight-floor buildings with 216 apartment units powered by 70% of self-renewable energy. The combined use of integrated dynamic analysis algorithms has allowed the evaluation of different scenarios of energy efficiency intervention aimed at achieving a virtuous energy management of the complex, keeping the actual internal comfort and climate conditions. Meanwhile, the objective is also to plan and deploy a cost-effective IT (information technology) infrastructure able to provide reliable data using edge-computing paradigm. Therefore, the developed methodology led to the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of integrative systems for renewable energy production from solar energy necessary to raise the threshold of self-produced energy, meeting the nZEB (near zero energy buildings) requirements.

Evaluation of PV integrated sliding-rotating overhangs for US apartment buildings

The paper evaluates the benefits of integrating PV arrays with sliding and rotating overhangs to both generate electricity and reduce heating and cooling thermal loads for housing units in US apartment buildings. Optimal controls to operate the sliding-rotating overhangs are considered to minimize annual net energy demands with and without the integrated PV arrays. A series of sensitivity analyses is performed to assess the impact of design and operating conditions on the energy performance as well as the environmental impacts of the sliding-rotating overhangs. The analysis results clearly indicate that when integrated with PV modules, sliding overhangs can significantly reduce the energy demand for US housing units especially when they are set at the optimal angles specific to the building location to maximize their electricity generation and solar shading effects. Specifically, it is found that sliding overhangs can not only reduce energy demand but also can achieve net-zero energy conditions for US apartment units with large windows and located in mild climates even when monthly adjustments are applied to operate the shading systems. For instance, 9.2% of the total energy use of an apartment housing unit located in Boulder, CO, can be reduced using the sliding-rotating overhang with no-PV. In San Francisco, CA, more than 100% of the apartment housing unit energy demand can be avoided using PV-integrated sliding-rotating overhangs. To minimize design and operation complexities, it is recommended to consider sliding-only overhangs set at the latitude of the location to reduce both heating and cooling demand as well as increase PV array output. For instance, it is found that sliding overhang set at the latitude angle can be sufficient to achieve net-zero status and even a carbon-neutral operation for an apartment housing unit located in San Francisco, CA, even when adjusted on a monthly basis.

Natural L ighting of Studio Apartment with East-Oriented Opening

Less optimized natural lighting would result in apartment residents being dependent on artificial lighting, thus increasing energy consumption. Building opening orientation considerably influences the natural light intensity. This research aimed to analyze the natural lighting pattern on apartment units with east-oriented opening orientation and determine methods to support the existing condition to be optimized. This research applied the descriptive analysis research method assumed from calculation outcome of the software DIALux. Results indicated a proportion of units in The H-Residence Apartment do not meet the requirements specified by SNI 03 6197-2011, predominantly in the kitchen area. The average light intensity in a day in units with east-oriented opening reached its peak at 08.00 – 09.00 a.m. and decreased towards 16.00 p.m. following the sun path. The light intensity in numerous areas exceeded the requirements significantly. Other factors influencing the natural light distribution are layout and interior element. Several ways to optimize the natural light intensity utilization are adding suitable shading device, using dark-colored interior elements, and considering the sun path in designing building openings.

STUDI KELAYAKAN TEKNIS DAN FINANSIAL PEMBANGUNAN APARTEMEN ORLIN GRAND SUNGKONO LAGOON SURABAYA

Apartment business is a business carried out by a developer with the aim of obtaining a return on investment. In developing this apartment business, a feasibility study is an important aspect in a construction project in order to see the impact of investment on increasing opinions between the project development plan and the realization after the project is implemented. Grand Sungkono Lagoon Apartment which will be built on an area of ​​4,516 m² with a building area of ​​1,209 m2. Investment in the construction of this project requires a large cost, so it is necessary to do a technical feasibility analysis, financial feasibility analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine the feasibility of this apartment construction project. The required data were of basic design, work unit, and Surabaya HSD 2019. The parameters used for financial feasibility study are Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate Return (IRR), and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) methods, based on From the results of the technical feasibility study for the Orlin apartment itself obtained KDB of 26.77%, KLB of 14.10%, so the analysis is said to be appropriate to the feasibility parameters. Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate Return (IRR), and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). After calculating the financial analysis, the construction of Orlin Apartment is said to be feasible by producing MARR = 11.20%, an investment cost of Rp 557,367,280,654 is obtained; NPV of Rp. 207,599,344,809; BCR of 1.52; PP for 2 Years 1 Month; and IRR of 39.16%. The Sensitivity analysis with parameter of unit selling price and interest rate, If the selling price of Tower Orlin apartment units is reduced to 40%, the NPV will be negative and at an interest rate of 39.16% or can be declared inappropriate.

Applying reinforcement learning to estimating apartment reference rents

In apartment revenue management, rental rates for new and renewal leases are often optimized around a reference rent, which is defined as the “economic value” of an apartment unit. In practice, reference rents are usually estimated using some rules-based approaches. These rules are mostly intuitive to understand and easy to implement, but they suffer from the problems of being subjective, static, and lacking self-learning capability. In this study, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to estimating reference rents. Our intent is to find the optimal reference rent estimates via maximizing the average of RevPAUs over an infinite time horizon, where RevPAU (Revenue per Available Unit) is one of leading indicators that many apartments adapt. The proposed RL model is trained and tested against real-world datasets of reference rents that are estimated with the use of one rules-based approach by two leading apartment management companies. Empirical results show that this RL-based approach outperforms the rules-based approach with a 19% increase in RevPAU on average.

Legality of Notary Deals Concerning Land Selling Not At Actual Price

Notary as PPAT is a public official who is given the authority to make authentic deeds regarding certain legal actions regarding land rights or property rights over apartment units. The formulation of the research problem is: How as a result of the notarial deed regarding the sale and purchase of land that did not match the actual price in Kendari City? This research method uses a sociological juridical approach with research specifications using descriptive research specifications. Meanwhile, the method of collecting research data is through field studies and literature studies. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative analysis is carried out by describing and describing the data and facts resulting from a field study with an interpretation, evaluation, and general knowledge. The conclusions of this study are: As a result, the notary deed regarding the sale and purchase of land does not match the actual price in Kendari City has an impact on the Notary because it is not suitable Article 17 letter i Act No. 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary Public. Where the action in question can affect the honor and dignity of the position of a Notary who can be subject to sanctions in accordance with Article 85 of Act No. 30 of 2004. The legal consequence is that there is a violation of Article 16 paragraph (1) of Act No. 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary which may cause administrative sanctions in accordance with Article 85 of Act No. 30 Of 2004 which include: a. verbal warning, b. written warning, c. temporary dismissal, d. honorific dismissal; or, e. dishonorable discharge.

Flats for Foreigner After the Issuance of the Omnibus Law in Indonesia

This research is normative juridical research that uses a statutory approach. The government has issued its latest policy, namely, law number 11, the year 2020, concerning omnibus law, which regulates foreigner property rights regarding flats. Based on this regulation, a foreigner can have ownership rights over the flats. However, it results in problems because a nationality principle is regulated in Indonesian Land Law, prohibiting foreigners from having ownership rights. In Minister of agricultural regulation held that foreigners can only own flats unit based on usage rights. The result of this study, a foreigner, can have an apartment through the transfer of ownership such as buying and selling, grants, auctions, and so on, but it is only a right to use, not an ownership right. Foreigners who wish to own an apartment unit must meet the requirements and restrictions to maintain and prioritize Indonesian citizens’ interests.Keywords: Flats, Foreigner, Omnibus Law.

Legal Protection of Flat Buyers Whose Land is Actually Being Secured with Hak Tanggungan

The study, entitled legal protection of flat buyers whose land is actually being secured with Hak Tanggungan, first aims to find out and analyze how disputes are resolved for flats buyers who experience law execution of their future apartment units because the land rights are secured. This is normative legal research that will explore the contents of statutory regulations. The results of this research are that several instruments exist as a unit in purchasing an apartment/flats, one of which is PPJB, the status of the buyer is as a buyer, not bezitter, eignar, or non-litigation channels with specific steps prioritize detentor, the dispute settlement mechanism according to the Agreement in the PPJB. Following statutory regulations, however, the buyer can still take the litigation route as a mechanism for settling the dispute, with compensation claims and suit for default based on the existing PPJB.Keywords: PPJB, Flat, Hak Tanggungan

Legal Vacancies in the Transfer of Rights to Class III State Houses in the Form of Flats

Class III state houses are in the form of flats including those whose rights can be transferred either independently and / or in the form of Apartment Units with or without their land by means of leasing, there are sectoral regulations that regulate these matters such as rules regarding state houses, flats, state property, and land registration have the impact of disharmony and legal vacancies. The research method used is the juridical-normative research method. The final part of this research concludes that the validity of Class III State Houses in the Form of Flats must meet the requirements stipulated in statutory regulations, including the status of land rights, the distribution of apartment elements such as shared land, shared objects, and parts together as regulated in the Law on Flats, the existence of the Association of Owners and Occupants of Apartment Units (<em>PPPSRS</em>) which is formed by the agency concerned, as well as the issuance of the Occupancy Permit of Class III State Houses in the Form of Flats. Holders of occupancy permits have rights, namely SIP Holders of State Houses of Category III can apply for transfer of Class III State Houses to the relevant Minister, protection of efforts to apply for transfer of these rights is preventive based on positive law in Indonesia which regulates the transfer can be carried out. There was a vacuum and disharmony in the Legislation regarding the Transfer of Rights to Group III State Houses in the Form of Flats, seen from the existence of Regulations that govern the transfer as in Presidential Regulation Number 11 of 2008, on the other hand there are no regulations governing the transfer of Class III State Houses. In the form of a Flat with the implications regarding the status of the Flat Ownership Unit (<em>SHM Sarusun</em>) as well as the status of joint shares, common objects, and common land, whether it can be transferred and managed by the Association of Owners and Residents of Flats (<em>PPPSRS</em>) or still become State Property

Car ownership and commuting mode of the “original” residents in a high-density city center: A case study in Shanghai

As a result of rapid urbanization and motorization in China, numerous mega-cities have emerged, and large numbers of people live and work in the city centers. Consequently, developing a public transport-oriented urban structure and promoting sustainable development are major planning strategies for the country. To understand the impact of rail transit on motorization in a high-density city center, we conduct a household travel survey in three neighborhoods around metro stations in the central area of Shanghai. We examine the car buying and commuting behavior of those Shanghai “original” residents who lived there when the city began growing, engulfing them in the center. Studies have shown that 40 percent of commuters in the city center commute outward, following a virtually reversed commute pattern, and the factors significantly affecting their car purchasing choice include their attitude toward cars and transit, household incomes, ownership of the apartments they live in, and the distance between family members’ workplaces and nearest metro stations. Despite easy access to the metro from their home in the city center, those who purchase their apartment units also likely own a car, while those who rent their apartment units are less likely to own a car; however, these odds are still higher than for those who live in an apartment unit inherited from their relatives or provided by their company. In the city center, if a family owns a car, then that car would almost certainly be used for daily commuting. A multinomial logistic model is applied to examine the factors influencing the tendency for using cars. The results show that people’s choices of commuting by alternative modes rather than cars are also shaped by their attitude toward public transportation, but other factors can also subtly change people’s commuting behavior under certain conditions. The commuting distance discourages people from walking and taking buses (but not metro). As the egress distance to the workplace increases, the metro becomes less appealing than cars. Mixed land use encourages people to walk or take buses instead of driving. Older people prefer riding buses and walking to driving, and female respondents tend to prefer walking, cycling, and riding the metro to driving compared to male respondents. These findings contribute to understanding the behavior of people who are familiar with public transportation and how to encourage them to switch from driving cars to alternative transport modes.

Improved Aedes/dengue field surveillance using Gravid Oviposition Sticky trap and dengue NS1 tests: Epidemiological, entomological outcomes and community acceptance

The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and outcomes of using Gravid Oviposition Sticky (GOS) trap and dengue NS1 antigen tests for indoor and outdoor dengue/Aedes surveillance in the field. A one-year community-based study was carried out at Sungai Buloh Hospital Quarters, Selangor, Malaysia. GOS traps were first placed outdoors in three apartment blocks (Anggerik, Bunga Raya and Mawar). Beginning 29th week of the study, indoor traps were set in two apartment units on every floor in Anggerik. All female Aedes mosquitoes caught were tested for the presence of dengue NS1 antigen. Dengue seroprevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices on dengue prevention of the community and their reception to the surveillance approach were also assessed. Dengue-positive mosquitoes were detected at least 1 week before a dengue onset. More mosquitoes were caught indoors than outdoors in block Anggerik, but the total number of mosquitoes caught in all 3 blocks were similar. There was a significant difference in distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus between the 3 blocks. 66.1% and 3.4% of the community were positive for dengue IgG and IgM, respectively. Most respondents think that this surveillance method is Good (89%) and support its use nationwide. Dengue case ratio in the study apartment blocks decreased from year 2018 to 2019. This study demonstrated the practicality of performing proactive dengue/Aedes surveillance inside apartment units using the GOS traps. This surveillance method can be performed with immediate result output in the field.