APA Style Research Articles

Intrastate Warfare


 
 
 On October 15th, 2020, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted its sixth Digital Roundtable event of the year, Intrastate Warfare. The presentation was conducted by guest speaker Dr. Arjun Chowdhury, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia.
 Dr. Chowdhury’s presentation delivered a historical overview of types of conflicts, and a brief analysis on the patterns of conflicts and whether they have changed over a period of approximately 200 years, with a particular focus on the last 50 years. He described two types of war, interstate and intrastate, mentioning trends in intrastate war and the contrast to interstate war, as well as the consequences to life expectancy and infrastructure in the regions affected by intrastate wars. Subsequently, Dr. Chowdhury answered questions submitted by the attendees, which elaborated on the concepts of interstate and intrastate wars, using current examples such as, COVID-19, right-wing extremism, cybercrimes, and foreign aid.
 APA Citation
 CASIS Vancouver. (2020). Intrastate warfare. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 66-71. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2411/1814.
 
 

COVID-19


 
 
 On July 16th, 2020, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted its third digital roundtable event of the year, COVID-19: China’s Foreign Policy in the South China Sea. The presentation was conducted by guest speaker Mr. Brett Witthoeft, senior analyst in N39 International Engagement, at Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) HQ at CFB Esquimalt, Canada’s west coast naval formation. Mr. Witthoeft’s presentation gave an overview of the South China Sea (SCS) and its importance as well as how this fits into the larger picture to the rest of the world. Subsequently, Mr. Witthoeft answered questions submitted by the audience, which focused on the ramifications of the SCS conflicts.
 APA Citation
 CASIS Vancouver. (2020). COVID-19: China’s foreign policy in the South China Sea. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 54-60. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2408/1817.
 
 

Decoded Launch Roundtable


 
 
 During the Decoded Launch Roundtable, presenters Candyce Kelshall and Natalie Archutowski discussed the reasoning and methods behind creating DECODED: Understanding the Post-COVID-19 Security Landscape Using Structured Models, Approaches, and Analytic Techniques.
 APA Citation
 CASIS Vancouver. (2020). Decoded launch roundtable. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 73-76. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2410/1815.
 
 

The Potential Threat of The Sinaloa Cartel to Canada

Since the first police bust of fentanyl in Canada in 2013, fentanyl may have become a more powerful and deadly drug than ever before (Howlett & Woo, n.d.). The Canadian healthcare system is likely impacted, with the likelihood of the situation worsening because of COVID-19. One of the possible reasons for this could be Canada’s role as a consumer in the supply chain of fentanyl. Accessibility to fentanyl is becoming easier with online purchases and delivery services, such as Canada Post (Brownell, 2019; Howlett & Woo, n.d.). This threat may continue as long as there is financial motivation for drug cartels, such as the Sinaloa cartel to transport fentanyl across borders with the assistance of China. Additionally, the success could potentially incite the production of more man-made synthetic drugs. Hence, in order to minimize this potential risk to Canadian communities, the direct impact Canada is facing must be addressed first. 
 APA Citation
 Tung, G. (2020). The potential threat of the Sinaloa cartel to Canada: production and transportation of fentanyl. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 46-53. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2373/1811.

Fake News on Twitter in 2016 U.S. Presidential Election: A Quantitative Approach

The flow of misinformation and disinformation around the 2016 U.S. presidential election put the problem of “fake news” on the agenda all over the world. As a result, news organizations and companies have taken measures to reduce or eliminate the production and dissemination of fake news. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software was employed in the current study to examine 1,500 randomly selected tweets that were used to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Results showed fake news are less likely to have analytical thinking. Moreover, both alt-Right troll accounts and alt-Left troll accounts posted fake news on Twitter. Lastly, Cluster analysis revealed that the fake news tweets are more likely to be retweeted and use fewer analytical thinking.
 APA Citation
 Padda, K. (2020). Fake news on Twitter in 2016 U.S. presidential election: a quantitative approach. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 18-45. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2374/1810.

The Protective Power of Behavioural Threat Assessment (& Management) (BTAM)

On August 20th, 2020, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted its fourth digital roundtable event of the year, The Protective Power of Behavioural Threat Assessment (& Management) (BTAM). The presentation was conducted by guest speaker Andrea Ringrose, Director of Campus Public Safety at Simon Fraser University, who is also on the Board of Directors at Canadian Association of Threat Assessment Professionals. Ringrose’s presentation gave an overview on behavioural threat assessment and management, and how public safety and caring for persons of concern are interconnected when assessing threats and risks. Subsequently, Ringrose answered questions submitted by the audience, which focused on the assessment of different offender types, the handling bias during the BTAM process, the role of artificial intelligence, and the possibility of echo chambers accelerating behaviour.
 APA Citation
 CASIS Vancouver. (2020). The protective power of behavioural threat assessment (& management) (BTAM). The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 3(2), 77-83. https://journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/jicw/article/view/2409/1816.

APA STYLE – QUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERS

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the APA style, which has been used since 2017 in the design of citations, references, lists of used literature in dissertations and scientific publications in Ukraine. The normative documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, which contributed to the spread of APA style in modern Ukrainian science, are analyzed; some problems of APA style application and its separate elements in registration of dissertations and scientific publications in Ukraine are revealed and revealed. APA style is an independent style of design of scientific publications, created for use in the English-speaking scientific environment. It contains: recommendations for the design of scientific work (font, margins, paragraph, placement of text on the page); rules for the use of writing and grammar style (language recommendations, spelling, principles of word transfer, abbreviations, use of capital letters); rules of punctuation, italics and quotation marks; rules of registration of applications (tables and figures); rules of registration of quotations and references in the text; compiling a bibliographic description, rules for compiling a “List of references”, etc. The first problem is that the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for the dissertation contradict the use of some elements of the design of scientific papers in the style of APA. The second problem is that in the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science for the design of dissertations there are no clear instructions on compliance with the rules of citation, reference and compilation of the list of used literature in the style of APA. The third problem is that when designing dissertations, the author can choose to use other elements of the APA style that do not contradict the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science. The fourth problem is the use of the APA style in an element called “reference” in the design of scientific articles. “Reference” is a transliterated version of the list of used literature from Cyrillic to Latin, but its compilation is carried out without following the rules of the APA style. Accordingly, out of the whole style of APA, its separate elements were introduced into scientific circulation in Ukraine – bibliographic description, citations, references, transliteration. Active use of APA-style bibliographic description in the preparation of the list of used literature in dissertations and scientific articles has led to the stereotypical perception of APA style as a kind of bibliographic description, rather than a full-fledged style of scientific work

Scientific Style and Format Update: Capitalize Racial and Ethnic Group Designations

As editors and publishers, most of us understand that preparing and publishing an updated edition of a book is a multi-year undertaking. In the case of style manuals and other reference titles, 7 to 10 years is a typical interval between editions. Even in the most mundane times, an awful lot can change in the better part of a decade. And as we know all too well, the current climate can hardly be described as mundane. To date, CSE’s practice with respect to Scientific Style and Format has been not to introduce changes to its rules and recommendations between editions. When the 8th edition was published in 2014, however, an online edition was introduced. The Introduction to the 8th edition noted that “The Scientific Style and Format 8th Edition Subcommittee worked to ensure the continued integrity of the CSE style and to provide a progressively up-to-date resource for our valued users, which will be adjusted as needed on the website.” And so we find ourselves 6 years later, with a call to be—and, fortunately, a platform that allows us to be—”progressively up-to-date.” In light of recent events and in keeping with announcements and changes made in a number of other style manuals, including the Chicago Manual of Style, the AMA Manual of Style, APA Style, and the AP Stylebook, an Editor’s Note will be incorporated into the online version of Scientific Style and Format 8th Edition (SSF8) advising that editors should capitalize designations based on color or local usage, including […]

Mastering the New APA Publication Manual: Teaching Techniques

Since the new Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA Publication Manual, Manual, 2020) can be confusing and sometimes overwhelming for students enrolled in and faculty teaching couple and family classes, this article focuses on a pedagogical framework for assisting students in understanding the new Manual. Specifically, this article focuses on practical ways for faculty to help graduate students, especially doctoral-level students, understand how to successfully implement the content of the manual in their writings. Emphasis is placed on experiential learning techniques, and a 50-item exercise is provided to assess the student’s understanding of the many changes in the 2020 edition of the Manual.

Teaching the ‘Soul of English Language’ to the Learners’ of Schools: Bangladesh Perspective

Tense is called the soul of English Language (Hossain: 2000). It means the time, period or duration of any actions. Tense identifies the time of actions that happen as an accident or incident. Understanding Tense for a fresher is not so easy if it is not properly designed. The words ‘Tense’ is derived from Latin word ‘tempus’ which mean time (Agarwal: 2016). It is Tense that assumes an indispensable part in developing meaning. It is thought confidently that the present methods of the available books are considered as the toughest methods to the learners. The students fall in a hard situation to memorize the forms and structures frequently. And in that way it is quite difficult to compare one structure with other or others. That’s why it has been arranged in a new method such as Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite. The purpose of this paper and its graphical design is to convey the learners the proper ideas on Tense according to the newly designed style. The given style will provide 80% easy method to the students to obtain proper and long lasting knowledge on Tense. The APA style manual is followed for the research and the teaching method is found as fruitfully effective for the students as it is expected.

“Muzarah” Share-Cropping and “Musagah” Irrigation as Methods of Partnership for Financing Agricultural Sector and Micro Finance Projects Practiced by Islamic Banks.

In this paper, the researcher expected to explain provisions of Islamic financial jurisprudence in respect to the related and selected commercial contracts and to relate their implantation to Islamic Banking system. The objectives are to tell the reader: (1) how the pioneer Muslim scholars compiled and documented the provisions of Muzarah and Musagah as essential methods for partnership recently in Islamic Banking systems. The researcher adopts the APA style that is well known method for referencing to evaluate literature. Findings from the research showed that (1) Sharing corps is a contract allowed within Hanbali School of thought and in the view of Abu Yousuf and Mohammed bn Al-Hassan Alshybaini. (2) for the validity of share cropping conditions of: The land that should be cultivated, the seeds, the employees, the profit and the duration of the contract should be well stated. (3) Share cropping could be valid or vitiated. (4) The contract of Musagat or irrigation will be formed by offer and acceptance. (5) Contract of irrigation is handling tree to workers for purpose or irrigation or harvesting. (6) Contract of Musagah and Muzarah sharing the same conditions. (7) Both of the contracts bearing the same reasons of void or invalidity. The researcher recommends that relevant academic area of knowledge in particular Department sof: economics, banking and finance, law, Islamic Sciences, Business and Management to include the Islamic methods of investment in business, in their curriculums and syllabus at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Keywords: “Muzarah”, Share-Cropping, “Musagah”, Irrigation, Partnership, Financing, Agricultural Sector, Micro Finance, Projects, Islamic Banks.

Advocacy for Couples and Families: New Directions APA Publication Manual (7th Edition)

The 7th edition APA Publication Manual ( Manual) was released in October 2019. The significant changes between the 6th edition and 7th edition of the Manual were described in a previous issue of The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families. This article is written to expand on the substantial changes to the Manual’ s guidelines and to focus on bias-free language and inclusivity. Using the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors Code of Ethics as a cornerstone, this article will focus on such diverse issues as advocacy, bias-free language, gender, inclusivity, racial/ethnic identity, sensitivity (avoiding labels), socioeconomic, and intersectionality issues. Recommendations are made, and examples are provided to help couple and family counselors become cognizant of the changes.

Editorial Policy

Editorial Policy

Research Competencies and its Relationship with the Scientific Production of University Teachers in Peru

Teaching research at a university becomes important because it reflects the quality of the academic institution, this quality is measured through scientific production, which is product of teaching and research experience. The objective of this investigation was to determinate the relationship of research competencies and scientific production university teachers in several institutions located in Peru. The methodology developed was of quantitative approach, correlational level, non-experimental design; two instruments were applied to 205 teachers who taught courses related to research competencies. The first variable, research competencies, had three dimensions: development of research projects, methodology of research projects, and use of APA style, constructed and validated previously by Ceballos and Tobón. The second variable, scientific production, whose authors were Rodríguez and Rivas it consisted of four dimensions: project training, training in scientific publication and dissemination, project implementation and scientific visibility. The questionnaire contained of 21 items, whose valuations were through the frequency Likert scale (1=never, 2=rarely, 3=occasionally, 4=frequently, and 5=very frequently). Spearman’s rho determinate a high ratio (r=0.788) correlation between the two variables (research competencies and scientific production). The dimensions of research competencies were also correlated with the main variable scientific production, finding that development of research projects, methodology of research projects, and use of APA style have a positive relation (r=0.702; 0.821 and 0.658). The main conclusion is that teachers who are in charge of research courses have greater possibilities of having scientific production, such as publishing scientific articles in indexed journals, but there is a flaw that predominates this group over the application of the APA Style Standards, suggesting the need to develop workshops for writing scientific articles.

Nuevos desafíos en la Educación Superior: análisis de resultados obtenidos y dificultades experimentadas en la realización del Trabajo Fin de Grado de estudiantes de los Grados de Maestro de la Universidad de Salamanca

En la universidad española, el Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFG) es el último escalón en el periodo formativo de los estudiantes de grado, y desempeña una importante función en la evaluación de las competencias, conocimientos y aptitudes adquiridas. Esta asignatura supone un reto para los futuros graduados ya que deben hacer frente a diferentes dificultades durante su proceso de elaboración. La base de inicio de este trabajo se encuentra en el estudio de las variables que determinan estas dificultades, así como de aquellas que influyen en el resultado final del TFG. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los resultados obtenidos –nota y satisfacción- y las dificultades experimentadas por una muestra de alumnos universitarios durante la elaboración de su TFG. Para alcanzar el objetivo formulado, se contó con la participación de 251 estudiantes egresados de los Grados de Maestro (Infantil y Primaria) de la Universidad de Salamanca, a los que se administró un cuestionario online, elaborado ad hoc para el presente estudio, compuesto por 17 ítems. Los resultados desvelan que las principales dificultades experimentadas por los alumnos se concretan en el uso correcto de la normativa APA y en la compatibilidad del TFG con el desarrollo de otras actividades. Además, el nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes con el trabajo realizado es inferior a la nota obtenida, siendo el papel que desempeña el tutor, uno de los principales factores predictivos de los resultados obtenidos. Este trabajo pretende complementar los estudios existentes sobre el TFG al profundizar en aquellos aspectos que más entorpecen su desarrollo desde la perspectiva del propio alumnado, así como las variables que más directamente se relacionan con el resultado final.

The APA Publication Manual: Changes in the Seventh Edition

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA Publication Manual, Manual) is a challenge for many counselors. The seventh edition (latest edition) of the Manual, published in October, 2019, has several changes. To demystify the changes, this article describes the major changes between the sixth and seventh editions of the Manual. The authors first describe the changes and then follow the changes with a table that highlights and contrasts the changes. The major premise of this article is that regardless of whether the counselor is a writer or reader of articles and books, the counselor should be familiar with the APA Publication Manual.

نظام التوثيق العالمي APA في نسخته السابعة

نظام التوثيق العالمي APA في نسخته السابعة

PARTICIPATIVE FANDOM BY ARMY BTS INDONESIA IN THE DIGITAL COMIC OF WEBTON APPS

The development of technology, communication and information facilitates cultural exchange in individuals and groups. One form of the phenomenon of cultural exchange is K-Pop. K-Pop has given rise to presence of idol, fans and fandom. Uses and gratification theory shows that individuals actively use the media to fulfill their goals as fans with a form of participatory fandom. In economy context, idols are used as a media consumer attraction. Idol cooperation with a media, attracted fans to participate with the media. With the presence of digital media, fans do online participatory fandom activities, such as digital comics. The features of digital comics are used by fans as a medium for participatory fandom. By making fans of BTS (ARMY BTS Indonesia) in LINE Webtoon, this research was conducted to look at patterns of fan participation with different categories in utilizing digital comic applications as fandom media. Research used constructivism paradigm through a qualitative digital ethnographic approach. Semi-structured interviews were carried out on five informants who were ARMY BTS Indonesia as readers of Save Me webtoon and digital observations in LINE Webtoon. The results show that there are two characteristics of fans, namely temporary fan and devoted fan. Other results show that devoted fans take advantage of the features in LINE Webtoon more optimally as a form of dedication to their idols, while temporary fans have other phenomena besides idols to do participatory fandom activities. To cite this article (7 th APA style): Irwansyah & Lestari, A. F. (2020). Participatory Fandom of Army BTS Indonesia in the Digital Comic on Webtoon Apps. Journal Communication Spectrum, 10 (1), 46-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36782/jcs.v9i1.1872

COHESIVENESS, SENSE OF ETHNICITY, AND STEREOTYPING IN THE GROUP COMMUNICATION OF BATAK STUDENTS IN BENGKULU UNIVERSITY

This article provides an overview of how group communication among Punguan Raja Sonang members, namely the association of students with Batak ethnic backgrounds from the clans of Gultom, Samosir, Sitinjak, Pakpahan and Harianja at the University of Bengkulu. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach with data collection methods by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, the results show that the members of Punguan Raja Sonang need the closest people that can help them get to know their fellow Bataks in a clan. The same background, area of origin, belief, and language make the members of Punguan Raja Sonang at the University of Bengkulu have cohesiveness or strength to remain in the clan group. In addition, their sense of Batakness is nurtured through group communication, although there are indications that some group members are colonized by certain Batak character stereotypes, which makes them participate in prejudging other group members who have anomalous characters. Above all, a close togetherness among them can create a high sense of solidarity both with older members and with young peers. To cite this article (7 th APA style): Ningrum, D. P. & Arrianie, L. (2020). Cohesiveness, Sense of Ethnicity, and Stereotyping in the Group Communication of Batak Students in Bengkulu University. Journal Communication Spectrum, 10 (1), 38-45. http://doi.org/10.36782/jcs.v10i1.1957

MIND, SELF, AND SOCIETY IN THE ONLINE GAY COMMUNITY: Study on Grindr Apps

Self-identity is a unified thing with someone's self-concept. The experience that is owned by someone is personal knowledge from experiencing and having various moments and references. The advancement of information technology in the Industry 4.0 era is now facing 5.0, opening up the opportunity to youths especially generation Z (Gen Z) who much more cares about freedom, having high self-confidence, and capability to quickly adopt various applications across internet media outlets. Nevertheless, they lack eagerness to dig deeper into something. Those factors have influenced the development of their self-concept through internet media. Grindr has known as an online gay-dating application, where a homosexual male exposes himself to what he wants to be seen by other users. This article focused on the review and describe how the self-concept development process of gen Z in using the application. Analyze the research using Mead's symbolic interactionism theory, furthermore to find out what factors that influence self-concept development of the application active users in their daily life. This research using virtual ethnography to four homosexual men in the age of 16-23. The results indicated that through the online application, a homosexual male is capable to develop his self-concept that wants to be seen on that medium. Moreover, the close read of data also uncovered at least ten types of aforesaid application users based on the self-concept that they form To cite this article (7 th APA style): Pranata, R. H. and Putri, D. M. (2020). Mind, Self, and Society in the Online Gay Community: Study on Grindr Apps. Journal Communication Spectrum: Capturing New Perspectives in Communication, 10 (1), 68-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36782/jcs.v10i1.2007